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PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS GROUP I TO VIII (FAMILY A AND B) NIELS BOHR PERIODIC TABLE...

PHARMACEUTICAL CHEMISTRY OF INORGANIC MEDICINALS GROUP I TO VIII (FAMILY A AND B) NIELS BOHR PERIODIC TABLE Proposed the Bohr model of the atom in 1913 - also known as the periodic table of elements, is a tabular display of the Introduced the idea that electrons orbit the nucleus in fixed energy chemical elements, which ARE ARRANGED by atomic number, levels or shells (planetary model). electron configuration, and recurring chemical properties.The structure of the table shows periodic trends. NOTES: - Organized by Dmitri Menddeleev (First version of Periodic table) Ore - Atomic Number = proton = electron - A rock that contains sufficient minerals with important elements - Mass number = Neutron + proton (typically metals) that can be extracted profitably. - Atomic weight = Average mass of the atoms Group 1A alkali metals HISTORY - (Li, Na K) + H2O = caustic bases (Highly reactive) ANTOINE LAVOISER - Alkali metals react with water to form strong bases and release hydrogen gas, which can be explosive Father of Modern Chemistry Disproved alchemy; established the law of conservation of mass Mc Murry (Matter cannot be created nor destroyed by chemical reactions.) - Modern educator of chemical structure organic chemistry List 33 chemical elements (including Oxygen, Sulfur and Hydrogen) - Write the latest rule in naming a structure Identified elements as substances derived from non-living things. Explosion JOHANN WOLFGANG DÖBEREINER - Francium react with water Law of Triads (Dobereiner’s triad) related properties Based on chemical properties Group IA Alkali Metals LEOPOLD GMELIN Group IB Coinage elements Gmelin System he had identified 10 triads, 3 groups of 40, and 1 group Group IIA Alkaline Earth Metals of 5. Group IIB Volatile elements JEAN BAPTISTE DUMAS Group IIIA Boron group Describing relationships between various groups of metals based on properties Group IIIB Scandium subgroup Properties: Conductivity, malleability, luster, & ductile Group IVA Carbon group AUGUST KEKULE Group IVB Titanium subgroup Ability of Carbon to bond other 4 elements. Proposed the structure of benzene (six-membered ring with alternating Group VA Nitrogen group single and double bonds). Founder of theory of chemical structure Group VB Vanadium subgroup JOHN NEWLANDS Group VIA Chalcogens Law of Octaves based on electron on the outermost shell Group VIB Chromium subgroup Arrange the elements according to atomic number but slightly differ from modern P.T. Group VIIA Halogens Electron at the outermost shell (max: 8 electron) Group VIIB Manganese subgroup DMITRI IVANOVICH MENDELEEV & JULIUS LOTHAR Group VIIIA or O Noble gases or Inert gases MEYER Independently Published periodic table Periodic Law His version of the periodic table was revolutionary because he arranged the elements in order of increasing atomic weight and grouped them according to recurring chemical properties Sanskrit numerals (1- eka; 2-div; 3-tri) for predicting elements HENRY MOSLEY Provided the foundation for the modern periodic law. Discovered the concept of atomic number. ERNEST RUTHERFORD Gold foil experiment: Discovered the atomic nucleus. Proposed that the atom has a small, dense nucleus at its center, containing most of the atom's mass and being positively charged. Discovered proton  PERIODIC TRENDS GROUP 1A ALKALI METALS 1. Atomic Radius (RL - BT) H, Li, Na, K, Rb, Cs, Fr, NH4 - ½ the distance between 2 nuclei Hydrogen: is not an alkali metal, it is often included in discussions due to - Based on size its similar reactivity to the alkali metals under certain conditions.) - Right to Left Increase Ammonium (NH₄⁺): While not an alkali metal, the ammonium ion is a - Top to Bottom Increase common cation in chemistry. It is a positively charged polyatomic ion that - Highest: Francium resembles alkali metal cations in some of its properties. - Lowest: Helium Lithium to Francium are soft, silvery metals, except for cesium, which 2. Electronegativity is golden-yellow. - Ability of atom to attract electrons developed by Linus Pauling. “MOST REACTIVE GROUP” - Left to Right Increase ○ Stored in inert solvent: kerosene coated with paraffin since they do - Bottom to Top Increase react with water and moisture in air violently. - Highest: Fluorine Don’t occur free in nature - Lowest: Francium Salt soluble ○ Salts of the Group 1A elements tend to be extremely soluble in water 3. Ionization Potential Valence electron: 1 - Energy required to remove an electron from the outermost shell of ○ The alkali metals have one valence electron (ns¹) and are the largest an atom in its gaseous state. elements in their periods with the lowest ionization energies. They - Left to Right Increase easily lose this electron to form 1+ ions. - Bottom to Top Increase Oxidation state: +1 except H (-1) - Highest: Helium Activity ⬆ with atomic number - Lowest: Francium Alkalinity ⬆ with atomic number Degree of solvation ⬇ with atomic number 4. Electron affinity Reactivity ⬆ with ⬆ atomic number - amount of energy released or absorbed when an electron is added Alkali metals (except hydrogen) are soft, shiny, highly reactive, and to a neutral atom in its gaseous state. tarnish in air. They are usually found as ionic compounds due to their - Left to Right Increase reactivity. - Bottom to Top Increase They are solid at room temperature with low melting points: lithium - Highest: Chlorine (181ºC) to cesium (28ºC), and are soft, with sodium and potassium - Lowest: Neon cuttable by a butter knife. Their large ion size results in low charge density, making them easily THINGS TO REMEMBER separated from anions and solvated by polar solvents like water. Valence electron REACTIONS: - These are the electrons located in the outermost shell of an atom. Alkali metals + Water = Metal hydroxides/Strong alkali Oxidation state Alkali metals + Water = Explosive reaction - It represents the number of electrons an atom has gained or lost Alkali metals + Oxygen = Metal oxides relative to its neutral state. Alkali metals + Halogens = Ionic Salts Periodic and Groups HYDROGEN (H) - The periodic table has a total of 7 periods and 18 groups. Discovered by Henry Cavendish (1766) Groups A are referred to as representative elements (s and p Aka: “inflammable air” block) It has no therapeutic uses. Groups B are transition elements (d and p block) It is the lightest element and the most abundant in the universe, Inner transition elements include Actinides and lanthanides series comprising 75% by weight or 88% of all atoms. (f block) Hydrogen and helium together make up 99% of the normal matter in the universe. AUFBAU PRINCIPLE It is an essential constituent of all acids and a powerful reducing agent. In the Earth's crust, it is the 10th most abundant element. MADELUNG ENERGY ORDERING RULE/ ATOMIC BUILDUP IONS: Also known as the Atomic build up ○ Cation (+1 oxidation state): monovalent or hydronium ○ Anion (-1 oxidation state): hydride ○ Uses: production of margarine and balloons.  ○ Lithium Aluminum Reducing agent, esp. In pharmaceutical and Preparation: LANE PROCESS & MESSERSCHMIDT: 99% PURE Hydroxide perfume manufacturing HYDROGEN ○ Messerschmidt process produces 99% pure hydrogen by Lithium Hydroxide Absorb carbon dioxide, esp. In spacesuits decomposing superheated steam with metallic iron, followed by reducing the resulting iron oxides using a mixture of carbon Lithium Citrate Bicarbonated drinks monoxide and hydrogen (blue water gas). Isotope - Same element with the same number of protons but different mass numbers due to varying numbers of neutrons: SODIUM (NATRIUM) ○ Protium - The most abundant form of hydrogen, with one proton and “Natrium” (Latin), “From Nature” no neutrons; makes up 99.985% of hydrogen. Previously known: Salarium ○ Deuterium - Contains one proton and one neutron; makes up Discovered by Humphry Davy 0.015% of hydrogen. Discovered by Harold Urey in 1931. Used in 6th most abundant element in Earth’s crust. heavy water (D₂O) for nuclear reactors and as a potential fusion fuel. 5th most abundant metal Heavy water is heavier than regular water. the CATION OF CHOICE to optimize the pharmaceutical utility of organic ○ Tritium - A radioactive isotope with one proton and two neutrons. medicaments (therapeutic action due to anion, except NaCl) Found in trace amounts due to cosmic rays and nuclear reactions. It Na+ organic salts = increase solubility in the body has a half-life of 12.3 years and decays into helium-3. Prepared in Most abundant extracellular fluid cation since it is the major contributor 1934 by Ernest Rutherford, Mark Oliphant, and Paul Harteck. in osmotic pressure with direct correlation with blood pressure Used in luminous paint. Osmotic pressure: movement of a highly concentrated of solution to less Hydrogen gas is combined with nitrogen in the Haber process to concentrated synthesize ammonia (NH₃), which is widely used in fertilizers. Daily amount: 2.3g of sodium for male and female Hydrogen is lighter than air and was used in balloons and dirigibles Pharmacology: (airships or zeppelins). ○ Fluid retention The monatomic form (H₁) is the most abundant chemical substance in ○ Respiratory edema formation the universe. Sodium is found in: ○ Halite (rock salt or sodium chloride) LITHIUM (Li) ○ Trona (sodium carbonate bicarbonate) Greek word, “lithos" means stone. “Earth Stone” ○ Seawater Source: Found in the ores Uses of salt: ○ Petalite: Lithium aluminum tectosilicate 60% is converted into sodium hydroxide, chlorine, or sodium ○ Amblygonite: Lithium sodium aluminum phosphate carbonate. ○ Lepidolite: 20% is used in the food industry as a preservative and flavoring ○ Spodumene: Lithium aluminum inosilicate agent. Discoverer: Johan August Arfvedson 20% is used for other applications, such as de-icing roads. Lightest metal and least dense solid metal on Earth Metallic sodium is stored in mineral oil or other hydrocarbons because it Lithium is a soft, silvery metal with low density, reacting vigorously with reacts with moisture in the air to form sodium hydroxide. water and quickly tarnishing in air. Zinc uranyl acetate, magnesium uranyl acetate, and cobalt uranyl acetate It is the 31st most abundant element in the Earth's crust, with a form insoluble salts with sodium. concentration of 20 ppm. The most suitable reagent for the qualitative testing of sodium is cobalt Lithium ions have high charge density due to their small size, leading to uranyl acetate. significant covalent bonding in many lithium salts. USES: SODIUM ACETATE ○ Heat exchanger in air condition “Acetado de Sosa” (Spanish) ○ Diuretic Uses: Compounds: ○ Urinary and systemic alkalizer ○ LiBr (Lithium Bromide) - antidepressant/PTSD ○ Diuretic ○ Li2CO3 (Lithium Carbonate) (Lithase ®) - DOC for Bipolar Disorder ○ Antacid ○ LiD (Lithium Deuteride) (Deuterium) - used in Hydrogen bombs Tests: ○ LiOH (Lithium Hydroxide) - CO₂ removal (submarines/spacecraft) ○ Zinc uranyl acetate/ Uranyl zinc/ Sodium reagent (ZnUO2(CH3COO)4) - Used for qualitative testing, forming a LITHIUM CARBONATE precipitate with sodium acetate. Quilonium R ○ Mg uranyl acetate (MgUO2(CH3COO)4) - Used in electron Lithane microscopy to form a precipitate with sodium acetate. Eskalith ○ Cobalt uranyl acetate - used for qualitative testing of sodium, Indication: Bipolar disorder (DOC) forming a characteristic precipitate. Relationship with Na: LITHIUM DISPLACE SODIUM Component of Lithia water: contains Lithium carbonate and lithium SODIUM BICARBONATE chloride Names: ○ Baking soda - Common name Compound Important Notes ○ Sal de Vichy - Type of sodium bicarbonate mineral water ○ Soda Saleratus - Old term Lithium Oxide Flux in ceramic glazed ○ Sodium hydrogen carbonate - Systematic name Baking Soda: Main ingredient used as a leavening agent in baking. Lithium Fluoride Manufacture of ceramics Systemic/Absorbable antacid Carbonating agent Lithium Strearate Cosmetics, in plastics, and as a lubricant in Acidic stomach has a ph of 3 when we take Na Bicarbonate it will change powder metallurgy the ph to 8 Lithium Chloride Manufacture of mineral water, esp. Lithia water HCO3 - 2nd major extracellular anion  Side effects: SODIUM CITRATE ○ Systemic alkalosis ○ Rebound hyperacidity Uses: ○ Edema ○ Alkalizer/ Antacid ○ buffer SODIUM BISULFITE ○ diuretic ○ Expectorant “Leucogen” ○ Sequestering agent (Benedict’s rgt: test for reducing sugars) Antioxidant (Reducing Agent) Shortens coagulation of blood Most powerful preservative ○ Anticoagulant in vitro (Sodium citrate is the ANTICOAGULANT OF CHOICE for most routine coagulation studies (Harr, 2007) SODIUM CARBONATE ○ Pro coagulant in vivo Primary standard for acid-base titrations (standardization of HCL or Denige’s test - specific test for citrate sulfuric acid) ○ Denige’s Test-pyridine & acetic anhydride: carmine red solution Manufacture of “soda lime glass” Preparation: SOLVAY PROCESS SODIUM FLUORIDE ○ Precursor: Bicarbonate undergoes solvay having a byproduct FIRST fluoride compound used in water fluoridation “anhydrous soda ash/ calcined soda ash” Water supplementation – they add minerals on the water such as: Hard water composed of magnesium and calcium + Sodium Carbonate = fluorine (teeth), calcium (bone), magnesium & chromium (blood Calcium Carbonate and Magnesium Carbonate (Insoluble in water) which sugar), iron (blood); but as time goes by, they had fluorosis (dental is used in the preparation of soft water carries, yellow teeth, brittle teeth). Efflorescence: loss of water of crystallization Anticariogenic (2% solution) - Help prevent tooth decay Forms: According to studies, consumption of dental products with sodium ○ Decahydrate - washing soda, sal soda, & soda crystal fluoride should only be 2x a day, not 3x a day. ○ Sesquihydrate - trona & urao To achieve the proper amount of fluoride on your teeth, don’t use ○ Anhydrous - soda ash & calcined soda water while brushing your teeth, use mouthwash. (after brushing the Used for centuries in washing clothes (removes calcium and magnesium teeth, don’t eat for at least 30 mins) from hard water) and in making glass, paper, and detergents. Stimulator of bone formation Teeth (compostion: Fluorapatite); needs fluorine, phosphate and SODIUM DIHYDROGENPHOSPHATE calcium Bone (composition: Hydroxyapatite) “Fleet enema” (Rectal) Uses: SODIUM HYDROXIDE ○ Cathartic - accelerates defecation ○ Saline Laxative (Salts) - Rapid emptying of the lower intestine and “Caustic soda”; “sosa”; “Lye”; Saponifying agent (Hard soap) bowel. “caustic” because of hydroxide ○ Source of P or phosphate “soda”, “sosa” & “lye” because of sodium (all hydroxides are ○ Urinary acidifier caustic) Titrant for acids; act as a secondary standard SODIUM METABISULFITE Component of soda lime (glass) (Ca(OH)2; NaOH, KOH) CO2 absorber Comes from NaOH and disulfur dioxide CO2 – makes the glass more brittle Na2S2O5 Very deliquescent substance Aka. “sodium pyrosulfite” Readily attack glass (in water attack test) Water soluble anti-oxidant (REDUCING AGENT) Water attack test – test for the strength of a glass Added to epinephrine as a preservative In water attack test, addition of HSO4 to the glass will neutralizes it, then water will attack the glass to see its strength. SODIUM CHLORIDE SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE Names: ○ Rock salt Dakin’s solution; Chlorox (5% NaClO) ○ Halite Daikin’s Solution: Modified Dakin’s Solution is Diluted NaClO solution, ○ Table salt NF ○ Soler salt ○ In hospitals, used as irrigant (disinfection of wound before, during or ○ Sea salt after surgery) ○ Sal ○ Used in the production of some shampoos and soaps before (approx. In Solid state it is called: 2-2.5% NaClO) ○ Rock salt Labarraque’s Solution: oxidizing and bleaching agent ○ Halite ○ Disinfectant (for minor surgeries only) ○ Fossil Salt ○ Bleaching agent ○ Sal Gemmae One of the most important compounds of sodium SODIUM IODIDE Uses: ○ Electrolyte replenisher (NSS, Lactated Ringer’s soln.) Solubilizer of iodine ○ Tonicity adjuster: Compounding ear and eye drops Iodine pellets are NOT SOLUBLE w/ water and alcohol ○ Condiments Preparation: Create a Sodium Iodide sol’n, add iodine, then slowly it ○ Preservative will be dissolved. ○ Antidote for Silver poisoning Iodide (I2) – diatomic, stable, soluble - Sodium Chloride + Silver = byproduct: Silver Cl (insoluble in Iodine – unstable, NOT soluble body) Uses: Lactated Ringer’s solution - NaCl, KCl, CaCl2, & Sodium Lactate ○ Expectorant – during 1800s; can irritate the bronchi w/c triggers the Ringer’s Injection - NaCl, KCl, & CaCl2 phlegm to be expelled  ○ Antifungal – Iodide (oxidation effect) ○ Sal mirabile ○ Treatment of goiter – known source of “iodized salt” ○ Sal mirabilis Saline cathartic (same concept with Sodium Dihydrogen Phosphate) SODIUM LACTATE Production of detergents (NaSO4 is a component of SLS or the Sodium Lauryl Sulfate – “pampabula”) Antacid (management of acidosis) Used in paper pulping (in recycling paper, removes the impurities) Acetate, Citrate, Lactate (all used as antacids no matter what metal is added) SODIUM TARTRATE Diuretic – because of the sodium Sodium lactate treats arrhythmias from class I antiarrhythmics and Primary standard of pressor sympathomimetics (hypertension). KFR (Karl Fischer Reagent Test) for water content determination Precursor of bicarbonate once metabolized in liver KFR – one the official moisture determination test, as per USP Given IV as a bicarbonate source to manage mild to moderate Sodium Tartrate is used as a primary standard metabolic acidosis in patients with restricted oral intake. KFR Reagents: ○ Pyridine SODIUM NITRITE ○ Iodine ○ Anhydrous Methanol “Salitre” (in Philippine market) – food preservatives ○ Sulfur dioxide Used as preservatives because of its antimicrobial property; Potassium Sodium Tartrate aka. Rochelle salt prevents the growth of “mo” and maintains the fresh color of meat Current events about preservatives: they already need to be SODIUM THIOCYANATE registered starting this October 2021 Uses: Hypotensive agent (After the treatment of cyanide poisoning) ○ Vasodilator ○ Preservative SODIUM THIOSULFATE Treatment of cyanide poisoning (can die in a span of 30 mins) Aka. “Photographer’s hypo” or “Prismatic rice” ○ CN higher affinity than Heme (protein found in the hemoglobin) to Photographer’s hypo – because it is one of the necessary Hgb ingredients during the film developing ○ Another protein is the ferritin - protein that carries the oxygen Uses: ○ CN + NO2 OCN (Cyanate) ○ Chemical antidote in cyanide poisoning ○ OCN (and other substances with “ate”) - insoluble in the body w/c will ○ Management of iodine toxicity (converts iodine to harmless iodide) prevent poisoning ○ Treatment of iodinism: NaCl NaNO2 is highly correlated to brain tumors, and digestive tract cancer NaCl – Iodine will be replaced by Chlorine (Pszezola ,1998) due to nitrosamine production Nitrosamine – formed from the deamination process on the Phase II OTHER SODIUM DERIVATIVES Metabolism; oxidizing agent that reduces the cells w/c gives way to ROS (reactive-oxygen species) that causes the formation of Ion exchangers: cancers Cellulose sodiumphosphate Everything in Phase II is converted into something toxic ○ binds with calcium ○ used in water treatment facilities CLINICAL CORRELATION Sodium polystyrene sulfonate CN Poisoning – can be treated by NaNO2 ○ tx of hyperkalemia due to acute kidney infection Together with: ○ px that undergo dialysis Amyl nitrite Sodium starch glycolate Sodium thiosulfate ○ Superdisintegrant Others: Saccharin sodium: ○ Methylene blue ○ Flavorant (Artificial Sweetener or Flavor enhancer) ○ Hydroxocobalamin Sodium cyclamate ○ Both of these have a goal of competitive binding/ competitive ○ Flavorant (Artificial Sweetener or Flavor enhancer) inhibitory effect Sodium Lauryl Sulfate ○ They will kick out CN and will replace it from the receptor; then it will ○ Surfactant o be a free drug w/c will be easier to expel from the body ○ Cleaning agent Sodium stearate SODIUM NITRATE ○ lubricant in manufacturing, “Chile Saltpeter” or “Peru Saltpeter” ○ Major component of soap (Emulsifier, binder, and stabilizer) Fertilizer (believed to be the oldest known inorganic fertilizer); prevent Sodium alginate pests ○ Extracted from brown seaweeds Also used as preservative in food (maintains the pink color of the meat) ○ Thickener In fishing and mining: used in the manufacturing of explosive (TNT, ○ Stabilizer of ice cream/cheese etc. dynamite) Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) Guggenheim process extraction process from ore ○ Flavorant (Artificial Sweetener or Flavor enhancer) Test: Sodium nitroprusside ○ Lunge test – (+) blue color at interface of 2 liquids ○ if used as a drug, infuse slowly to prevent rebound hypotension; DOC - Believe to be the most sensitive test for nitrates which utilizes for px w/ hypertensive crisis diphenylamine and sulfuric acid ○ Heart failure ○ Griess Ilosvay – (+) red color Sodium gluconate ○ Presence of Nitron reagent yield white ppt. ○ Chelating agents ○ Sequestrant SODIUM SULFATE ○ Less irritating ○ More water soluble than other salts Names: Disodium EDTA ○ Glauber's Salt ○ Chelating agents  ○ Cosmmetics, Pharmaceuticals, food DARROW’S SOLUTION ○ Anticoagulant for blood sample ○ Anticariogenic (Prevent cavities) Uses: Sodium perborate ○ Electrolyte replenisher ○ Mild disinfectant/Antiseptic ○ Treat metabolic acidosis ○ Deodorant/Detergets ○ Hypertension ○ Bleaching agent ○ Blood fluid loss Sodium borate Combination of diferent substances ○ Borax Oral glucose and electrolyte solution: ○ Local anti infective ○ KCl (1.5 mg) ○ Standard pH buffer solution ○ NaCl (2 mg) Soda lime ○ Na citrate (2.5 mg) ○ CO2 absorber ○ Glucose (25mg) ○ Anesthesia ○ Water for injection ○ Submarines Sodium ascorbate POTASSIUM CITRATE ○ Vitamin C supplement Extended release tablets ○ Antioxidant Uses: ○ Food preservation ○ Treat kidney stones ○ Diuretic (potassium) POTASSIUM (K) ○ Expectorant (citrate) Names: ○ diaphoretic (pampapawis) ○ “Kalium” (Latin) ○ urinary alkalinizer ○ “Potash” (English) Plant ash Note: All citrate, acetate lactate = ANTACID Most abundant and predominant INTRACELLULAR CATION (potassium in- sodium out) POTASSIUM HYDROXIDE Isolated by British chemist Humphrey Davy Found in high concentrations of wood ashes/Burn woods “Caustic potash” or “ lye potash” 8th most abundant elements in the Earth crust Saponifying agent “Saponification’’ Trivia: First isolated potash come from burnt plant Hard soap was made using soda; soft soap with potash. Kidneys cannot conserve potassium but sodium can Ores which potassium found: Potassium hydroxide is more corrosive than sodium hydroxide. ○ Sylvite: Potassium chloride ○ Carnallite: Potassium magnesium chloride hydrate POTASSIUM BROMIDE ○ Alunite: Potassium aluminum sulfate hydroxide Formerly: Depressant Deficiency: Hypokalemia – paralysis Uses: ○ Sign and Symptoms: Muscle weakness/Cramps ○ Depressant Toxicity: Hyperkalemia – cardiac arrest ○ Additives in bread (leavening agent - pampa alsa) ○ Sign and Symptoms: SOB, Palpitations, & chest pain Pharmacological: POTASSIUM IODIDE ○ Diuretic ○ Muscle contraction (Potassium regulates electrical signals for Same as sodium iodide muscle contraction and relaxation.) IODIDE OF CHOICE (Stable in air) Uses: Glass modification ○ Expectorant (Not demonstrated properly) Potassium gives glass brown and light resistant ○ Prevention of goiter MnO2: masks blue green color ○ To prefer thyroid before surgery Boron/ Borates: decreases the coefficient of expansion ○ DOC: Sporotrichosis (Rose gardener disease) Infection cause by Pb: increase refractive index (eyeglasses, lenses) fungus sporothrix ○ Refractive index - bending of light, Reflective appearance of glass Component of many reagents: WAGNER’S = Iodine + Potassium Iodide POTASSIUM DIHYDROGEN PHOSPHATE - AKA. Povidone iodine MAYER/VALSER;S REAGENT = Potassium Mercuric Iodide Uses: DRAGENDORFF’S/KRAUTS RGT = Potassium iodide + Bismuth ○ Cathartic nitrate ○ Under saline cathartic ○ Low pH (urinary acidifier) SULFURATED POTASH ○ Ingredient for fertilizer “Liver of sulfur” or “Heparis sulfur” POTASSIUM CHLORIDE Preparation of white lotion Uses: “Kalium durules ®” ○ Use to treat acne and parasitic infections (ringworms, scabies) Electrolyte replenisher (slow IV drip) ○ Production of dye ○ Lethal injection (fast bolus) ○ Used by artist to create antique look Source of potassium With zinc sulfate --- antipsoriasis Used in salt substitutes (Mixed with sodium chloride) to improve its flavor ○ Sulfur soap - Sulfurated potash (has drying and keratolytic IMPORTANT NOTE: Never give by rapid IV push (can cause heart attack) (skin-shedding) properties) Toxicity: Hyperkalemia ○ Zinc sulfate - Reduce inflammation and soothes the skin (making the Antidote: Insulin, NaHCO3 (Sodium Bicarbonate) flakiness of psoriasis less painful) POTASSIUM CHLORATE AMMONIUM CHLORIDE Oxidizing agent “Muriate of Hartshorn” Use in fireworks Uses: Component of gargle and mouthwashes (MEANING) ○ Urinary acidifier ○ Antiseptic property ○ Diuretic ○ Astringest property (Safety not yet established due to it causes ○ Expectorant (Not considered can cause irritation) bleeding of gums) AMMONIUM CARBONATE POTASSIUM NITRATE “Sal volatile”, “Salt of Hartshorn”, “Preston salt” “Salt peter”, “Salitre” , “Sal prunelle” baker’s ammonia (leavening agent) Uses: Preparation of aromatic spirit ○ Diuretic Aromatic NH3 - “Spirit of Hartshorn” ○ Meat preservative Uses: ○ Ingredients of gunpowder ○ Expectorant (ammonium) ○ Ingredients of toothpaste (For reduce tooth sensitivity) ○ Antacid (carbonate) ○ ONLY USP FDA Sensitizing agent 5% w/w ○ Respiratory stimulant POTASSIUM PERMANGANATE AMMONIUM MERCURY Aka. “Condyl’s crystals” “WHITE PRECIPITATE” “Mineral chameleon” Topical anti infective (Scabies treatment) Oxidizing agent (very powerful among all OA - it must not combine with strong reducing agent it can cause EXPLOSION) AMMONIUM IODIDE Antiseptic (1:5000) - can cause skin discoloration (brown/violet) Source of iodine Local infective Expectorant Volumetric Solution in permanganometry (REDOX reaction titration Antifungal (Presence of Iodide) process) KMnO4 --- valence of Manganese = 7 AMMONIUM HYDROXIDE In Permanganometry, what indicator --- Potassium permanganate (self-indicating volumetric solution) Leavening agent pH adjuster POTASSIUM SODIUM TARTRATE 16 DEGREES AMMONIA “Rochelle salt”, “Siegnette salt”, “Sal signette” cathartic “Degree Baume” sequestering agent 10% NH3 Citrate vs Tartrate: Denige’s reagent (to identify if its tartrate or citrate) ○ Citrate - Yellow fleas ppt. CESIUM ○ Tartrate - Pin or Red color Catalyst in polymerization of resin forming material First element discovered using spectroscope POTASSIUM THIOCYANATE Most reactive metal Hypotensive (for hypertensive crisis) 2nd most low melting point among metals 46th most abundant element in Earth crust at concentration of 3 ppm POTASSIUM BITARTRATE Primary obtained - Mineral (Pollucite) Properties: “Cream of Tartar” or “Creamor” or “Argol” ○ Can occur in free metal state THE ONLY INSOLUBLE POTASSIUM SALT in water ○ Complexes/Chelates Cathartic ○ Very malleable (Can be cut easily) Wine making process (to preserve wine) ○ Easy to recover from ore Came from acidorous fruit derived from tartaric acid Uses: ○ Atomic clocks/crust AMMONIUM ○ Catalyst ONLY HYPOTHETICAL alkali metal ○ Hydrogenation of cetain organic compounds Household ammonia: Circulatory stimulant and counterirritant ○ Space craft Preparation: Haber Process Spectral line: ○ Nitrogen from air + Hydrogen in natural gas ○ Cesium: blue ○ Rubidium: red Pharmacological action: Diuretic RUBIDIUM Buffer Expectorant Spectral line: RED Anti-cariogenic Uses: ○ Manufacture of vacuum and cathode ray tubes AMMONIUM ACETATE ○ Atomic clocks ○ Used in research “Spirit of Minderesus” or “Cell Ammoniac” ○ Component of photocells Styptic (same action with expectorant, irritating in mucosa) Can stop ○ Removal of traces of oxygen bleeding Properties: ○ Rubidium is a soft, silvery-white metal. ○ It reacts with water more violently than sodium and potassium.. 22nd Most abundant element in Earth crust at 90 ppm  Mineral Occurrence: Not found in unique minerals but present in trace - Phosphorous + Cupric sulfate = Phosphate (insoluble in our amounts in lepidolite, pollucite, carnallite, zinnwaldite, and leucite. body, it will be expelled (poop) ○ Ingredient of Bordeaux mixture FRANCIUM - Aka. Bordo Mix Francium: Extremely rare, radioactive metal. - Copper sulfate + Slaked lime (For fungicide in vineyards) Named After: France, where it was first isolated. Note: Blue - because it has water (oxidized) Abundance: Found only in trace amounts in the Earth’s crust, about 20-30 grams total. One of the least abundant elements on Earth COPPER ACETOARSENITE 2nd rarest metal discovered next to Astatine Properties: Exists only as unstable radioactive species. Cu3(AsO3)2.Cu(C2H3O)2 Formerly Known As: Eka-caesium and actinium K. “Paris Green” (Insecticide-Rodenticide) Decay Products: Decays into astatine, radium, and radon. ○ Stable Discovery: Found by Marguerite Perey in 1939; most unstable naturally Old name: “Schweinfurt” green color occurring element. Used as paints before GROUP 1B COINAGE METALS CUPRIC CITRATE Copper, Silver, Gold “Hatchett’s brown” Employed for ornamental and coinage purposes Uses: Properties: ○ Astringent (8%) ○ Can occur in free metal state ○ Dietary supplement (activate cytochrome enzyme) ○ Complexes / chelates ○ Better iron utilization and storing ○ Very malleable (Capable of being shaped by hammering or rolling) ○ Easy to recover from ore CUPRIC HYDROGEN ARSENITE They are low in the electromotive series and hence are not chemically “Scheele’s green” active Also used in painting Chemical activity decreases as the atomic weight increases ○ Not stable and toxic Arsenite + water = smell like garlic (it can accumulate in the blood) --- Roentgenium - belong to the group coinage. Exhibits metallic property but Napoleon Bonaparte found dead because of arsenite in the system no biological use because it is radioactive. It is used as a radioactive diagnostic agent in small amount SILVER Note: Copper, Silver and gold are soft and can easily be mold (very ductile, Aka: “Argentum”, “shining”, “bright” malleable) Oligodynamic property (germicidal action) ○ In 1980, silver door knobs were used in hospitals to prevent infections COPPER due to silver's oligodynamic effect, which disrupts microbial cell walls. Syn: “Cuprum” Protein ppt (bactericidal effect) Original name: “AES Cyprium” (Latin name Cyprus where it was 1st Best conductor of electricity discovered) Metal of cyprus 2nd malleable metal Only reddish metal Toxicity: “Argyria” (Discoloration of skin) ○ Copper +1 - Brown color (What we see like reddish brown/Maroon) Antidote: NSS (Normal Saline Solution or NaCl Solution) ○ Copper +2 - Green color (Used for paints before) and metal used like statue of liberty, Eiffel tower etc. SILVER NITRATE 3rd most malleable metal and 2nd best conductor “Lapiz infernulariz”, “lunar caustic”, “indelible ink”, “caustic pencil” Component of HEMOCYANIN (respiratory pigment facilitate oxygen in the ○ Causes skin discoloration and corrosion lungs) and Cytochrome oxidase Pharmacology: ○ Humans dont have Hemocyanin invertebrate such as Shrimp and ○ Treatment of warts crabs only ○ Eye antiseptic for newborn babies of mother with gonorrhea when oxidized: - Opthalmia neonatorum ○ Copper: Becomes bluish green (Verdigris) Copper carbonate ○ Wet dressing for 3rd degree burn at 0.5% ○ Iron: Forms rust (Reddish-brown) Iron oxide ○ Prevents nosebleed 2 important of alloys: ○ Brass: Cu 66% + Zn 34% - Common and Strong Note: Silver nitrate + Ethanol = Explosion ○ Bronze: Cu + Sn - Soft (Used as coins before) Pharmacologic actions: AMMONIACAL SILVER NITRATE ○ Protein precipitant (Gold,Silver,Copper) Ag(NH3)2NO3 ○ Enhances physiological utilization of iron “Howe’s solution” Toxicity: Wilson’s disease (Antidote: D-Penicillamine BN: Uses Before: Not safe due to silver Cuprimine/Depen) ○ Dental protective ○ Connected in Alzheimer’s disease. If your family has history of ○ Desensitizing agent (helps block dental nerves to avoid pangingilo) Alzheimer’s disease, it is encouraged to reduce copper consumption Tollen’s rgt (used for sugar - aldose or ketose) (copper can speed-up Alzheimer’s disease) SILVER PROTEINATES CUPRIC SULFATE CuSO4 5H20 (Copper sulfate pentahydrate) COMPOUND BRAND NAME USES “Blue vitriol”, “Blue stone”, “Roman vitriol”, “Salzburg vitriol” Uses: Mild silver proteinate Agyro Eye antiseptic, for vaginitis ○ Component of Benedict’s, Barfoed’s and Fehling’s ingredient (19-25% antiseptic) (Detection of sugars) ○ Antidote for Phosphorus poisoning  Never employed in medicine because it is the most toxic metal Strong silver proteinate Protargol Germicide for ear and ○ Inhalation or skin contact can damage lungs, leading to pneumonia (7.5- 8.5% germicidal) throat and potentially respiratory death. Colloidal silver proteinate Collargo General germicide Use in Fluorescent lamp (18-22 % gen. germicidal) Beryllium mixed with copper ○ can produce high speed aircrafts Colloidal silver chloride Lunosol Silver protein stabilizer: ○ Missiles Disodium EDTA Can cause lung carcinoma, chronic granuloma Sources: Naturally acquired in minerals ○ “beryl” and “bertrandite” GOLD Aka: “Aurum”, ” shining dawn”, “KING OF ALL METALS” MAGNESIUM Most malleable and ductile Lightest of all structurally important metals 3rd best conductor of electricity 9th most abundant in the universe (produce stars) supernova effect Dissolved by: 2nd most abundant intercellular cation ○ Aqua regia (Royal Water) Irreversible Calcium and Magnesium hindi nag sasama sa isang space. Calciunm in. - Composion: 1 part nitric acid and 3 parts hydrochloric acid (1:3) Magnesium out ○ Selenic acid (H2SeO4) > the only SINGLE acid that can dissolve gold Present in chlorophyll (Significance: Photosynthesis) - Magnesium acts The application of gold compounds to medicine is called as a co-factor in the electron transport chain, helping produce NADPH. "chrysotherapy" and "aurotherapy”. Present in grignard’s reagent (R Mg X) Class of Golds: ○ Combination of compound where magnesium always present ○ Rose gold: Copper + Gold ○ An example of the Grignard reaction is a key step in the industrial ○ White gold: Nickel/Zinc + Gold production of Tamoxifen ○ Blue gold: Iron + Gold ○ The Grignard reagent is represented as R-Mg-X, where: ○ Green gold: Silver + Gold ○ R = alkyl / aryl / alkenyl / allyl group ○ Purple gold: Aluminum + Gold ○ X = Cl / Br / I When 2 metals mixed together = Alloyed Natural Sources: ○ Gold and silver - Electrum ○ Silicates - Talc, Asbestos ○ Gold, copper, & palladium - Pyrite ○ Carbonates (CO3) - Magnesite, dolomite ○ Tellurium ○ Sulfates (SO4) - Kieserite Metals used to faking gold Process of Extraction: ○ “Tungsten” (Same density with gold) ○ Bolzano process ○ Pidgeon CHRYSOTHERAPY/ AUROTHERAPY Pharmacology: ○ Laxative Drugs COMPOUND BRAND NAME USES - with Magnesium can cause diarrhea if over used ○ Depressant Aurothioglucose Solganol - Treatment of gout and (IM) Rheumatoid Arthritis ○ Natural Ca-channel blocker - Felty's Syndrome - Magnesium more on relaxation ○ Rheumatoid Arthritis - Calcium more on contraction ○ neutropenia ○ Antidote for Magnesium poisoning: Ca gluconate (IV) ○ splenomegaly - Pag nasobrahan ng calcium, magnesium ang gamut - Pag nasobrahan ng magnesium, calcium ang gamot Last at least 3- 6 months IDENTIFICATION TEST FOR MAGNESIUM Gold Na Myochrysine - Treatment of gout and thiomalate (IM) Rheumatoid Arthritis Titan Yellow Red lake Last at least 3- 6mont p-nitrobenzene resorcinol / MagnesonI in alkaline Blue lake solution Auranofin Ridaura® - skin - Given orally for discoloration – purple Rheumatoid Arthritis dark grey (chrysiasis) Less effective than IM Oxine reagent Yellow precipitate (wear jacket sunblock, cap) Diphenyl carbazide Violet-red ○Purplish dark gray color when you’re always in the sun, especially Quinalizarin reagent: Blue precipitate in the area where you were injected (IM) Magnesium vs Beryllium 1st found effective against bacteria Mycobacterium tuberculosis Both produces blue precipitate with quinalizarin during 1900 reagent; addition of bromine water differentiates the two. ○ Gold cyanide mixture Produces same physical property GROUP 2A ALKALINE EARTH METALS MAGNESIUM CARBONATE Beryllium - least metallic Magnesium - only metal “Magnesia” Calcium, Strontium & Barium - reactive Uses: Chemical activities increases as the atomic radius increases ○ Antacid (Carbonate) Bearded Muggers Came Straight Back Rapidly. ○ Carbonating agent Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, & Ra ○ Laxative (Magnesium) ○ Used by athletes powder form for sticky or enhance grift (Weight lifter) BERYLLIUM MgCO3  Non-toxic magnesium Allowable intake is 350mg per day high dose of it can cause diarrhea QUESTION 2. What kind of magnesium have antiseptic properties ○ Answer: Magnesium borate, Magnesium salicylate, Magnesium MAGNESIUM OXIDE sulfate “Calcined Magnesia” NOTE: Any compound with Bromide (Expect it has sedation) Uses: ○ Antacid (Oxide) - “Milk of magnesia” CALCIUM ○ laxative (Magnesium) “LIME” COMPONENT OF UNIVERSAL ANTIDOTE: 2nd most abundant cation in EXTRACELLULAR fluid ○ (1 part) MgO Flame Test: brick red ○ (2 parts) Activated charcoal major constituent of bones and teeth → Hydroxyapatite ○ (1 part) tannic acid/tea Vitamin D (sunshine vitamin) is needed for its maximum absorption - Universal antidote is not longer use only activated charcoal ○ Sunlight only activates our Vit. D to reach full capacity can produce good effects ○ Calciferol (vit D1) Cholecalciferol (vitamin D3) or ergocalciferol (vitamin D2) MAGNESIUM SULFATE “Epsom salt” (Heptahydrate) MgSO4 Can produce exfoliating effect in skin Uses: ○ Cathartic (PO) ○ Anticonvulsant (IM) - Give magnesium because calcium promotes smooth muscle contraction so magnesium will relax the pumping of hea rt until it goes back to normal ○ Pre-eclampsia triad (Mga buntis) - HPN, proteinuria, edema ○ Eclampsia - triad + seizure Antidote: Barium toxicity & barbiturates poisoning ○ Antiphlogistic - Reducing inflammation or fever; anti inflammatory. MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE “Milk of magnesia”, “Magnesia magma” same as magnesium carbonate: Laxative and Antacid FYI: Do you know milk of amnesia? “PROPOFOL” ○ Propofol is the cause of death of Michael Jackson Component of Maalox (MgOH2 (diarrhea) + AlOH3 (constipation) + Simethicone (anti-flatulence/Pag Utot)) ○ Side effect: diarrhea → add aluminum hydroxide Type of bottle for dispensing milk of magnesia: BLUE BOTTLE (Extemporaneously) Mg(OH)2 USE: antacid and laxative MAGNESIUM TRISILICATE Advantage: Protectant Use: Protective coating Pharmacology: HYDRATED MAGNESIUM SILICATE ○ Blood coagulation factor - Clotting factor number 4 in platelets it participates on clotting “Talc”, “soapstone”, “French chalk” cascade ○ Talc is Less carbon footprint ○ Important muscle contraction ○ Adulterant to heroine - Calcium gives energy to move (myosin and actin) ○ Cement substitute ○ Important release of neurotransmitter Known as “Softest mineral” - Calcium IN Magnesium OUT Uses: ○ Primary element of bones and teeth, (98-99%) ○ Filtering agent Commonly found calcium in earth is CALCIUM CARBONATE ○ Clarifying agent (adsorption) Sources: ○ Dusting powder (JOHNSON BABY POWDER) ○ Dolomite ○ Gypsum MAGNESIUM CITRATE ○ Phosphate rock “Lemonada purganti”, “Purgative lemon” ○ Apatite (Rock) while Hydroxyapatite (Bone) ○ Bulk laxative Deficiency states: ○ 1 part of Mg and 1 part of citrate (1:1) ○ Osteoporosis: most common bone disorder; defective bone resorption (Maraming loose spaces or butas butas) QUESTION 1. What kind of magnesium that causes sedation ○ Osteomalacia: defective bone mineralization (Marupok ang buto) in ○ Answer: Magnesium bromide (Bromide produce sedative ADULT effects)  ○ Rickets: defective bone mineralization (Marupok ang buto) in CaOCl CHILDREN USES: ○ Hypocalcemia (less calcium can affect the pumping of heart) ○ Disinfectant (Hypochlorite) ○ Bleaching agent (Hypochlorite) CALCIUM BROMIDE ○ purification of water (clear of water) Sedative – depressant (Due to Bromide) CALCIUM SULFATE CaBr2 CaSO4 CALCIUM CHLORIDE CaSO4. ½H2O or 2H2O ○ plaster of paris (hemihydrate form) For broken arms “Muriate of lime” gypsum (dihydrate) For walls and house Ca replenisher (Capsebon-electrolyte replenisher) ○ terra alba CaCl2 USES: NOTE: Any compound that have Chloride (Good electrolyte replenisher) ○ Rodenticide ○ prep of surgical casts and dental impressions CALCIUM CARBONATE DIBASIC CALCIUM PHOSPHATE “precipitated chalk”, “prepared chalk” Ores sources: Recommended calcium salt as electrolyte replenisher ○ calcite CaHPO4 ○ marble ○ Limestone STRONTIUM CaCO3 Use: manufacture of flares (red fireworks) Most abundant calcium on earth Radioactive strontium is used as bone scanner (Diagnostic agent for bone) USES: Strontium has an affinity for bones and useful in studying bone lesions ○ Antacid Flame Test: Crimson Red ○ Ingredient of toothpaste (Diluents) (magaspang sa toothpaste) Use in production of red pyrotechnics ○ Dentifrice Allowable intake: 2mg per day Ores Sources: CALCIUM GLUCONATE ○ Celestite Ca supplement and replenisher (Small amount) ○ Strontianite Antidote: for Mg2+ poisoning STRONTIUM CHLORIDE CALCIUM LACTATE SrCl2 Ca supplement (Easily absorb by body and stored in fat) Sensodyne™ caltrate temperature desensitizing agent (Temporary Pangingilo) ADR: Darkens the teeth CALCIUM BIPHOSPHATE Strontium ranelate (supplement) ○ Lowers the bone breakdown while getting old source of Ca and PO4 ○ Non-toxic - Strontium Chromate (toxic) when inhaled CALCIUM HYDROXIDE ○ Chromate produce toxicity “slaked lime”, “milk of lime”, “calcium hydrate” Slaking the process of adding a limited amount of water to lime LIME: STRONTIUM RANELATE CALCIUM OXIDE -- CaO Used for bone density and growth USES: Very risky mimic the action of calcium ○ Antacid (Hydroxide) ○ Blood clots ○ saponifying agent ○ prevention of milk curdling → promoting digestability of the milk BARIUM ○ paper production Aka: “Heavy” (Baric mean heavy) CALCIUM OXIDE Toxicity: Baritosis ○ Baritosis is breathing difficulty “Lime”, “Quicklime”, “Calx” Antidote: Epsom salt (MgSO4) CaO Use as green flares USES: Doesn’t cause cancer ○ Component of Bordeaux mixture (Fungecide in vineyards) Flame Test: yellow green ○ Insecticide ○ Creating of porcelain and glass BARIUM SULFATE CALCIUM PHOSPHATE “Barium meal” Radiopaque subs used for GIT imaging “bone ash” ○ Doesn’t dissociate in the GIT Antacid (Phosphate) CO2 absorber Ca3(PO)4 BaSO4 BARIUM HYDROXIDE CALCIUM HYPOCHLORITE CO2 absorber “chlorinated lime”, “chloride of lime” Used in spaceships  Ba(OH)2 Zinc Chloride - Deodorants ORES: ZINC CHLORIDE Barite (Baryte) – Barium sulfate (BaSO₄) Witherite – Barium carbonate (BaCO₃) ZnCl2 “Burnett’s disinfectant fluid”,” Butter of Zinc” RADIUM Component of Lucas reagent ○ Test for alcohol Discovered: by Curie Astring-o-sol (original formula) mouthwash Measurement: Becquerel Escharotic Board Question: What is the FIRST radioactive element discovered by Weed’s killer (grass or talahib) curie? POLONIUM. (carcinogenic) USES: Radioactive element uses for: ○ Disinfectant/antiseptic in mouthwashes (Bactidol) (Presence of zinc) ○ Cancer radiotherapy ○ dentin desensitizer ○ Diagnostic purpose ○ corrosive Sources: ○ Uraninite (Pitchblende) - Mixture of Barium (Green) and Radium ZINC OXIDE (Red) ZnO RADIUM CHLORIDE/BROMIDE “Zinc white” Lassar’s paste, Flowers of Zinc Component of calamine lotion Radiotherapy ○ Zinc carbonate 15% ○ Zinc oxide 5% GROUP 2B VOLATILE METALS/ZINC FAMILY ○ Glycerin 5% Volatile metals means soft metals that became liquid at room temperature ○ Water 75% Property: ○ Ferric oxide 0.5% (produce pinkish color of calamine) ○ Exhibit auto complexation (At certain temp. Namumuo na sila) Use: Antiseptic, protective, astringent ○ Only zinc is amphoteric (both positive or negative or both acidic or basic) ZINC SULFIDE ○ Zn & Cd-soft metals ○ Hg-liquid at room temperature ZnS Both Mercury and Cadmium very very toxic white lotion ingredient ○ Itai-Itai and Minamata Disease Zinc sulfate + Sulfurated potash Only “white sulfide” ZINC Lithopone: 30% ZnS, 70% BaS ○ Percussion instrument (xylophone) Soft metal together with Cadmium and mercury USES: Present in insulin (metal in insulin) ○ Parasiticide Carbonic Anhydrase enzyme ○ topical protectant ○ Development of proteins, genes and development as human ○ Antiseptic Used to coat iron to make galvanized iron Deficiency: Parakeratosis, Anemia and hypogonadism in male, Stunted ZINC SULFATE growth ○ Parakeratosis (dandruff) ZnSO4 ○ Thickened inflamed skin ZnSO4. 7H2O ○ Parakeratosis is a mode of keratinization characterized by the “white vitriol” retention of nuclei in the stratum corneum. USES: ○ Parakeratosis is seen in the plaques of psoriasis. ○ Pharmaceutical necessity for white lotion Toxicity: Metal Fume Fever (tuberculosis like) ○ Emetic (internal) Antidote: NaHCO3 (Sodium bicarbonate) ○ Ophthalmic astringent (only FDA approved OTC ophthalmic Most common zinc ore = “CALAMINE” SPHALERITE astringent) → relief of minor eye irritation ○ Zinc sulfide material ○ Came from ZINKE means “prong or tooth” HYDRATED ZINC SULFATE TEST: Dithizone – (+) red color extract “Natural calamine” ○ Dithizone test for zinc forms: ZnSiO4.1 H20 a. red color extractable Use: topical protectant ○ Dithizone is used to assess the purity of human pancreatic islet preparations used for transplantation into patients with type 1 ZINC EUGENOL CEMENT diabetes. Dithizone binds zinc ions present in the islet's beta cells, and therefore stains the islets red. Exocrine tissue also present in the Dental protective preparations does not bind dithizone, and is therefore not stained Rinman’s Green Test CALADRYL ○ Cobalt green, also sometimes known as Rinman's green or Zinc ZnO+Fe2O3 Green, is a translucent green pigment made by mixing cobalt (II) CALADRYL ® CLEAR ® Anti-Itch Lotion. CALADRYL ® CLEAR ® oxide and zinc oxide Anti-Itch Lotion is a topical analgesic and skin protectant drug product. ○ The most common zinc ore is sphalerite (zinc blende), a zinc sulfide mineral. Test for zinc ○ Brass, which is an alloy of copper and zinc, ○ Cobaticyanide paper “Rinnmann’s Test’ Container for batteries & dry cell ○ Green disc (Presence of zinc) Pharmacology: astringent, antiseptic, protectant, antiperspirant CADMIUM NOTES: Came from word CALAMINE (Latin - Cadmia) Zinc Carbonate and Zinc Gluconate - Supplements Manufacture of “stink bomb”  Cadmium induces the synthesis of metallothionein, a protein with a high Use: cathartic, local antiseptic binding affinity for cadmium. Black lotion: calomel + lime water Metallothionein acts to protect certain organs such as testes. Pcol action: Astringent MERCURIC CHLORIDE Poisoning: “Itai-Itai Disease” (it hurts, it hurts) HgCl2 ○ Nawawala yung joints between the bones kaya masakit (it hurts it “Corrosive sublimate” hurts) Disinfectant (Chloride) ○ Characterized by osteomalacia with severe bone pain Wood preservative Antidote: BAL ○ Dimercaprol (INN) or British antiLewisite (abbreviated BAL) MERCUROUS IODIDE ○ It is used medically in treatment of arsenic, mercury, gold, lead, antimony, and other toxic metal poisoning HgI Management: Palliative therapy, EDTA immediately given after exposure Treatment of syphilis CADMIUM CHLORIDE MERCURIC IODIDE CaCl2 HgI2 Uses: Stimulant of indolent ulcers ○ Emetic ○ An indolent ulcer is a defect in the cornea that is unable to heal due ○ Anti-infective to a layer of denatured tissue on the surface of the eye. Produce new ○ Treatment of tinea infection skin CADMIUM SULFIDE MERCURIC POTASSIUM IODIDE CdS K2HgI2 Only “Yellow sulfide” Mayer’s reagent Anti-seborrheic Test for alkaloids Component of Capsebon MERCURIC OXIDE CADMIUM SULFATE HgO Ophthalmic Antiseptic “Yellow precipitate” CdSO4 Ophthalmic antibacterial Used in glass and film batteries (mercury batteries) MERCURY ○ But because mercury is toxic, they use now cadmium batteries Aka: “QUICKSILVER”, “messenger of God”, “Liquid Silver”, “Liquid Metal”, “Noble Metal” AMMONIATED MERCURY Hg (Hydrargyrum) “White precipitate” Industrial use: thermometer, amalgams (dental cement) Water soluble mercury SOURCE: mercury (10-20%) ○ Cinnabar/Aethrop’s mineral (HgS) (Bright red) cetylalcohol (70%) ○ Hg+1 SLS, dioctylsodium sulfosuccinate, glycerin and water ○ Hg+2-toxic Topical Anti infective AMALGAM - (Mercury mixed with other metals) ○ alloys of Hg GROUP 3A BORON GROUP ○ Pasta of teeth BORON PCOL: diuretic, antiseptic, antisyphilitic, cathartic, parasiticidal & fungicidal, dental permanent cement Industrial use: in vulcanizing rubbers Disease: In glass → decreases coefficient of expansion (Hindi basta mag react sa ○ Minamata disease (ataxia, numbness< paralysis sa buong katawan water or heat) hangga ng utak hanggang sa mamatay) In pharmaceutical and manufacturing use such as making packaging ○ “Pink Disease” Medically, it takes participation in the building of bones and treatment of ○ Erethism Osteoarthritis (used recently, aside from calcium and strontium) Antidote: It also helps in improving thinking skills (such as to be alert, for functioning ○ EDTA of the brain), and to development muscle coordination ○ Na formaldehyde sulfoxynate (Hydrargism) SourcesL ○ Albumin – emergency antidote ○ Tincal MERCURY (HG) BOARD QUESTIONS BORIC ACID All mercury salts are poisonous. YES The best antidote is SODIUM Group H3BO3 FORMALDEHYDE SULFOXYLATE. “Sal sativum” Question: How to remove mercury that falls into cracks? Cover with a solution wherein in high concentrations spilled on the skin, it will sulfur produce a blister ○ SUBLIMATE SULFUR Toxicity: lobster appearance ○ COVER NG FOOTSOCKS Uses: ○ Buffer (ophthalmic soln 2%) ○ Antiseptic (at a very low concentrations like 0.1%) ○ Tonicity adjusting agent MERCUROUS CHLORIDE BOROMYCIN HgClor or Hg2Cl2 FIRST NATURAL PRODUCT W/ BORON “Calomel” Isolated from S. antibioticus  A new candidate for new generation of antibiotics ○ Silicon is carcinogenic which causes irritation in the bronchi Much better antibiotics than Streptogramins (which is Streptogramins is ○ Aluminum oxide traps the silicon to prevent having silicosis the highest antibiotics) Anti-HIV in vitro ALUMINUM SILICATE “KAOLIN” SODIUM TETRABORATE ○ Aka: China clay, native hydrated aluminum silicate Na2B4O7. 10H2O ○ adsorbent (only in the surface) & demulcent in diarrhea AKA: “Borax” “BENTONITE” “Dobell’s solution” ○ Aka: soap clay, mineral soap, native colloidal hydrated Uses: aluminum silicate, WILHINITE ○ Antiseptic ○ Suspending agent - lessen interfacial tension, to prevent caking ○ Eye wash ○ Example: Bentonite magma ○ Wet dressing for wounds (Cold Cream) PUMICE ALUMINUM “Piedra Pomez” Most abundant metal in Earth crust ”Na, K, Al silicates” 3rd most abundant element volcanic origin Abrasive in industries dental abrasive, dentifrice Pharmacologic uses: Grades of Pumice: ○ Astringent ○ Pumice Flour or Superfine Pumice ○ Antiperspirant ○ Fine Pumice ○ Burns (Aluminum foil) ○ Coarse Pumice Toxicity: Shaver’s Disease (bauxide pneumoconiosis) ○ The patient’s experience a pneumonia-like disease GALLIUM Sources: Aka. “Eka Alimunum (EA)” ○ Cryolite – (Na3AlF6, sodium hexafluoroaluminate) Pharmacology: ○ Chief Source: Bauxite ore