Final Review REL C351 PDF

Buddhism 1. According to our in-class discussion, in Buddhism, “official doctrine” often gets overridden by what? Believe and do what you want 2. How important is conformity to “orthodox” beliefs or practices in Buddhism? Not very important 3. Who was the founder of Buddhism? And when did th...

Buddhism 1. According to our in-class discussion, in Buddhism, “official doctrine” often gets overridden by what? Believe and do what you want 2. How important is conformity to “orthodox” beliefs or practices in Buddhism? Not very important 3. Who was the founder of Buddhism? And when did the founder live? Siddhartha Guatama (563-483 BCE) 4. Who is Śākyamuni, according to Mahayana Buddhist tradition? “Sage of the Sakya tribe/clan” and interpreted as the hermit 5. On the day of his birth, what did a Brahmin priest predict about Siddhartha’s potential future vocation? Future priest(founder of great religion) or king (his father was the king 6. In the second oracle about Sidhartha’s future, it was predicted that—if he saw one of four signs—he would leave his family and become an ascetic. What were those four signs? He’d cross paths with an old person, sick person, dead person, and Holy men 7. How old was Sidhartha when he became so dissatisfied with the meaninglessness of his opulent lifestyle, that he decided that he would venture out and see what is in the world? 29 he became disenchanted 8. According to our in-class discussion, what did Sidhartha’s father do to prevent his son from becoming a religious leader? Hide him from opportunities to see those things- tried to get all those people removed (but he saw what he wasn’t supposed to see) (TRUMAN SHOW) 9. For how long did Sidhartha live a life of “extreme self-denial”? 6 years of extreme self-denial 10. According to tradition, Sidhartha’s daily diet (during his period of self-denial) consisted of what each day? One grain of rice, or one bean or one sesame seed 11. According to our in-class discussion, during his period of extreme self-denial, Sidhartha was confronted with a double paradox. What did we say that two-fold paradox was? His desire for no desires has become a desire. If he starts with a blank slate then he won’t have any memory of what he’s learned 12. What did Sidhartha eat that saved his life? Rice pudding 13. One day, while sitting under a bodhi (or fig) tree, Sidhartha made a vow. What was that vow? I will not get up from this spot until I achieve enlightenment- bad night with enticements, dangers, etc. 14. Upon enlightenment, the founder of Buddhism is said to have declared what? Birth is no more because desire is no more 15. How old was Sidhartha when he became enlightened, how many lives had he lived prior to his enlightenment, and why is the number of lives he had lived significant? 55 at the time, 551 reincarnations (if it took the Buddha that many times it's gonna take you a lot longer) 16. According to our in-class discussion, what does the term “Buddha” mean? “One who is awake” 17. After his enlightenment, Sidhartha ran into his five former disciples. Where did the six of them encounter each other? Deer park 18. Upon his enlightenment, the Buddha was initially tempted (by Mara or the devil) to do what Hinduism taught that he should do; which was what? Go into a life of seclusion (but then realizes he needs to go preach) 19. How long did the Buddha’s ministry last? 45 years 20. How did the Buddha die? Died at 80 by food poisoning- he knew it was poisonous and took it for himself so his friends wouldn’t die and he wouldn’t hurt Kunda’s feelings. 21. Since the Buddha appointed no successor, what ultimately was considered his successor? He felt his teachings were to be his successor, everyone should seek within to find the path rather than relying on others (four noble truths) 22. According to our in-class discussion, among the Buddha’s last words where what? “Diligently work out your own salvation” 23. How many denominations of Buddhism developed in the years shortly after the death of the Buddha? How many of those original denominations have survived down to our day? 18 total- but only one survived today 24. According to our in-class discussion, in what sense was Sidhartha Gautama a bit like the Protestant Reformer, Martin Luther? Saw problems in their own religion and wanted reforms- but religions sprang up around their teachings 25. What are a couple of doctrines in Hinduism that Sidhartha was disturbed by? The Caste System 26. Based on what we said in class, is the “historic” Buddha (Sidhartha Gautama) the god of Buddhism? No- his teachings bring salvation but he is not a God 27. Some Buddhists believe in god (or gods), while others reject the existence of any gods. Which of the denominations we talked about reject the existence of any god, and which believe in one or more gods? Therevada Buddhists: non-theistic- Hindu gods do exist but work out your own salvation aside from the Gods  Mahayana buddhists believe there are a whole host of savior beings and buddhas that can help you get off the wheel Mahayana and Viyadria believe in multiple gods 28. In Theravada Buddhism, the Hindu gods are actually believed to be what? Still belongs on the wheel trying to achieve nirvana, not beings to save you 29. According to Theravada Buddhism, how does one obtain salvation? Work out your own salvation- do it your self 30. What denomination of Buddhism was the monk who said, “Savior beings are for life’s cheaters!”—and how do we know he would have been that denomination? Theravada 31. Based on our in-class discussion, can a person convert to Buddhism? Depends on the Buddhist- no official position 32. According to our in-class discussion, what is the two-fold purpose of life in Buddhism? 1. REACH BUDDHA STATUS 2. Overcome the misery of the world 33. What does Buddhism say about the importance of temporal things? Incredibly unimportant 34. According to our in-class discussion, what is the meaning of the Buddhist term, “Śūnyatā”? Emptiness- hollow 35. What is the traditional Buddhist view of “the self”? Everything is one 36. Do all Buddhists believe in reincarnation? Not all of them- a wash with different ideas 37. What is an “Arhat” (in Theravada Buddhism)? A worthy saint 38. What, according to our in-class discussion, does the word “Nirvana” mean? Extinction of attachment 39. Whereas Theravada Buddhists focus on becoming an “Arhat,” Mahayana Buddhist focus more on becoming what? Bodhisattva- someone who helps others off the wheel (a buddha to be)--> achieved Nirvana but don’t go and stay to help others (kind of a 3 Nephite kind of thing) 40. What did Sidhartha discover about extremism in how one lives one’s life and how one pursues enlightenment? More moderate→ because he didn’t achieve enlightenment in asceticism or in luxury 41. In class, we listed “5 Vows” that all Buddhists are expected to take, and then “5 Vows” specific to monasticism. What were those 10 vows, and who commits to live each? All Buddhists: - No killing  - No stealing - No immorality - No lying or deceiving - No intoxicants 5 specific to Monasticism: - No eating between meals - No secular entertainment - No adorning of body - No high or wide beds (no pampering yourself) - No accepting of money 42. According to our in-class discussion, why is it that Buddhists avoid intoxicants, like alcohol, tobacco, or recreational drugs? Then you can’t be mindful when your mind is intoxicated 43. According to our in-class discussion, what do the terms “Theravada” and “Hinayana” mean? Thervada: oldest version- means the way or doctrine of the elders Hinayana: the lesser vehicle (kind of derogatory to say the little guys) 44. According to our in-class discussion, what does the term “Mahayana” mean? The greater or larger vehicle (most popular) 45. Which of the denominations of Buddhism (which we discussed in class) is the most “progressive” and “evolutionary”? Mahayana 46. Which denomination of Buddhism has been referred to as a “museum piece of the past”? Theravada 47. When, according to our in-class discussion, was Mahayana Buddhism officially founded? 100 CE 48. What is the central tenet of Zen Buddhism? Meditation as a means of becoming enlightened (sect within Mahayana) 49. According to our in-class discussion, what “is like looking for the spectacles that are sitting on your nose”? Zen (there are things that ought to be obvious to the spiritual that aren’t) 50. What are “koans”—most commonly used by Zen Buddhists? Irrational riddles that has some power to help you in enlightenment quest 51. For practitioners of Zen, what is the goal of life? Use meditation to find your authentic self- find the latent buddha in you and awaken it 52. According to our in-class discussion, the focus of Pure Land Buddhism is on what? Achieve union with the ultimate through grace 53. According to our in-class discussion, Buddhism entered Tibet at the same time that what religious event was happening elsewhere in the world? Mohammad was restoring Islam 54. Instead of being called “Buddhism” in Tibet, what did we say (in class) many Vajrayana Buddhists call their religion? Vajrayana - best 55. Which denomination of Buddhism did we say (in class) tend to practice visualization exercises, imagining themselves “connecting with” or “becoming like” the gods—as a means of keeping their thoughts appropriate? Vajrayana 56. Which of the three major Buddhist denominations call their canon the “Chinese canon”? Mahayana 57. What, according to our in-class discussion, does the term “Tripitaka” mean? And what denomination of Buddhism is that term tied to? Theravada- implies the way it was organized initially (discourse baskets) 58. Which of the three major Buddhist denominations have portions of the Theravada scriptural canon included in their own scriptural canon? Vajrayana 59. Which denomination of Buddhism treats the physical copies of their scriptures with great reverence and ritual esteem? Theravada 60. According to our in-class discussion, which denominations of Buddhism claim that their scriptures are the actual words of Sidhartha Gautama (the “historic” Buddha)—and can be traced back to him? All 3 61. According to our in-class discussion, why did the earliest Buddhists transmit their scriptural canon only in oral format (for the first 400 years)? Internalized- because memorized More accessible because you don’t have to be literate Salvation is by merit- memorizing the canon is a part of it 62. According to our in-class discussion, the Buddhists who are most inclined to use the various Buddhist canonical books are who? Theraveda 63. Buddhist Stupas or Pagodas each contain what inside? And why is that an important thing to contain therein? A relic of a buddha: creates sacred space 64. While all Buddhists are allowed to pray and also meditate, based on our in-class discussion, which Buddhists are more inclined to meditation, and which are more inclined to pray? Theraveda buddhists more inclined to meditate: don’t believe there is a God (but can make merit by praying) Prayer more common in the other two: Mahayana and Vajrayana 65. According to our in-class discussion, many Buddhists see the lotus as a symbol for what? Purity, overcoming the world, feminism 66. What is a “mudra,” what is the meaning of the term “mudra,” and which denomination of Buddhism are these most commonly found in? Means to please: (to please the Gods) → hand gestures directed towards deity that connects you with the deity 67. The “Fat Buddha” (or “Happy Buddha”) common in Chinese art/statuary is a symbol of whom? Budai (10th century monk) 68. Emaciated statues of the Buddha represent him in what stage of his life? His quest for enlightenment before it was achieved 69. Statues of Buddha Amitabha often depict him with what physical symbol, and what does that symbol represent? Feet outstretched- the things we’ll have to achieve before enlightenment 70. Symbols of the “historic” Buddha with his feet turned upwards symbolize what? 108 characteristics we need to achieve before enlightenment 71. What does a “topknot” (or “wisdom bump”) on a depiction of a Buddha represent? Advanced wisdom- achieved enlightenment 72. Why do Buddhists sometimes use an eight-spoked wheel to represent their religion? 8 fold path to enlightenment 73. What is a “mandala,” what are they commonly made of, under what circumstances are they often employed, and what are they believed to achieve? Sand drawing- designed to help new Vajrayana monks on the right path to connect with the divine 74. What is the difference between a “Meditation Monk” and a “Study Monk,” and which of the two is the most common? Study monks: beginning monk, where you master the basic texts (level 1) Meditation: have mastered all of the basic texts, spend their time in contemplation, prayer, assigned to teach (level 2) 75. The orange or saffron color of the robes of Theravada monks symbolize what? Symbolizes death (death to the world and worldly things) 76. The Dalai Lama is officially associated with which denomination of Buddhism? Vajrayana 77. What, according to our in-class discussion, does the term “Dalai Lama” mean? Great priest/monk 78. The Dalai Lama is believed to be an incarnation of what popular Vajrayana/Mahayana deity? Incarnation of Avalokitesvara (transmigration of him) 79. When the Dalai Lama dies, who is tasked with finding his transmigration? The High lamas 80. Where do those tasked with finding the transmigration of the Dalai Lama traditionally start their search, meaning, where do they go to look for a sign? Holy lake in central Tibet 81. According to our in-class discussion, why is the current Dalai Lama considering not transmigrating but, instead, either appointing a successor or holding elections for a successor? Because the Chinese government is trying to control the next transmigrator (they kidnapped the High Lama and are attempting to control the transmigration) 82. According to our in-class discussion, are Buddhist monastics required (or expected) to be vegetarians? No 83. Out of the three major denominations of Buddhism, which—according to our in-class discussion—have the most positive view of women? Vajrayana 84. Which denomination of Buddhism believes that the union of a man and woman is a source of “supernatural power”? Vajrayana (most like LDS view) 85. What, according to our in-class discussion, are the Four Noble Truths? Foundational teachings in buddhism 1. Life is pain… life is suffering. 2. Pain and suffering are caused by craving, selfish desire, and attachment 3. Craving and attachment can be eliminated 4. The “Eightfold Middle Path” leads to the extinction of suffering 86. What, according to our in-class discussion, are the components of the 8-Fold Middle Path? 1. Right understanding/view- correct belief/understanding of life’s purpose 2. Right purpose/aspirations/thought (no unkind feelings) 3. Right speech- no crude or harsh language 4. Right conduct/actions- no violence, illegal acts, etc 5. Right livelihood- actions should not harm living things 6. Right effort/endeavor- constantly trying to nurture good attributes while avoiding bad 7. Right alertness/mindfulness- not having inattentive thoughts- see the details 8. Right concentration/ meditation- focus on one thing at a time 87. According to our in-class discussion, what is “monkey mind” in Buddhism? Thoughts All over the place  88. According to our in-class discussion, which denomination of Buddhism puts the most emphasis on the Four Noble Truths and the Eight-Fold Middle Path? Theravada 89. In which denomination of Buddhism does your personality (at death) go into a four-day trance—during which you are unaware that you are dead? Tibetan (Vajrayana) 90. What are “Skandhas” and what are the five elements of each Skandha? “Heaps” → temporary or impermanent soul (like playdoh): form, senses, conscience, subconscious, and intellectual powers 91. What did the Buddha teach about the permanence of the soul’s five elements? They look different in every life (comes from the karma of the last) 92. What denomination of Buddhism is most inclined to believe in transmigration (instead of reincarnation)? Vajrayana 93. What, according to our in-class discussion, are the “Five Desirable Conditions” of Buddhism? 1. Long life 2. Pleasant appearance (building beautiful things, cultivating plants) 3. Happiness 4. Status (being the best you can at what you’re called to do) 5. Nirvana Confucianism 1. When and where was the founder of Confucianism born? 551 BCE in China 2. Physically speaking, what do we know about Confucius’ appearance? He was tall but not very handsome 3. Though technically born into an aristocratic family, why did Confucious have a very difficult and impoverished upbringing? His father had two wives and a concubine and Confucious was the son of the concubine so his mom and him are sent to exile by the 4. By the age of 15, the young Confucious had determined what about his future? To be a scholar and talked people into paying him to hear his philosophy 5. According to our in-class discussion, part of the reason Confucious had such a large following was not just because of the brilliance of his philosophy, but also because he was said to be quite what? A good talker, a gab. 6. Historians often believe that Confucius was the first professional (or paid) what? Teacher 7. According to our in-class discussion, Confucious died feeling like a failure because of what? He never achieved a high position in government. 8. So popular was Confucious that, when he died, one of his disciples—out of his devotion to his teacher and master—did what (for approximately three years)? Lived at his grave in a hut mourning the loss of Confucious 9. What did Confucious say education was for and also not for? Not for taking advantage of others or gaining power, position, or wealth. It is to make you a better human being (Confucian gentleman) 10. What are the “6 Arts” or “6 Disciplines” that Confucious felt everyone should be educated in? 1. Spirituality 2. Poetry 3. History 4. Rituals / rites (teach us duty to those that came before us) 5. Music (helps with mathematics and mental enhancement) (17:00 11. According to our in-class discussion, Confucious’ primary motivation—leading him to teach Confucianism—was his sense that government officials in his day were often what? They were too militaristic, domineering, and often immoral people. 12. Tradition claims that more than half of Confucious’ students eventually became what (professionally)? Holding government posts 13. How would Confucious feel about the caste system and how it relates to who should be allowed to serve in the government? He thought it was immoral. The only thing that should matter is whether you have become a Confucian gentleman. You shouldn’t be more advantaged if you had more money. 14. Did Confucious believe in God and the afterlife? Some Confucians do, Confucious did. He was more focused in the here and now. 15. According to our in-class discussion, why did Confucious not encourage his followers to believe in God? He saw it as placing the car before the horse. He saw it as a weakness of humans to want to know deeper things instead of focusing on becoming better here and now. 16. What does the phrase “You’re Confucian at Work, Taoist on Weekends, and Buddhist at Death” mean? All three affect their lives at different times and most people embrace all three. They are all prevalent in Asian culture and people are focused on all three at different times. 17. According to your in-class discussion, what is the purpose of life in Confucian thought?And what was central to all that Confucious taught? Purpose of life = propagate peace and harmony in the world. Become a superior human being, become more ethical and moral.  18. Confucious believed that, if you improve yourself, you’ll improve what? You’ll bring peace into the world. 19. Based on our in-class discussion, how many “Cardinal Virtues” does Confucianism have, and what are they? 5 - 1. Ren - charity, having proper social relations and doing good for the sake of doing good. Look for the good in others 2. Ye - doing what ought to be done because it is right. 3. Li - branches of the tree - relationships 4. Shi - flowers on the tree, represent wisdom and the need to transmit it. 5. Shin - fruit on the tree, being the person you said you’re gonna be (always keep your word even to your enemies) 20. According to our in-class discussion, what are the “Five Social Relationships” in Confucianism? Father to son, elder brother to younger brother, husband to wife, ruler to subject, and older friend to younger friend. They help us know how to interact in society properly. 21. While Confucianists don’t speak of “scripture,” they do have a handful of “official” books. According to our in-class discussion, how many “official” texts does Confucianism acknowledge? What are they? 9 - 5 classics and 4 books, but Confucians don’t believe they are scripture. They are Chinese historical books 22. For nearly 2,000 years (in China), you had to pass an exam covering the “Confucian Classics” if you wished to do what? To become a government official and ultimately become a Confucian gentleman. 23. According to our in-class discussion, the Chinese glyph (or character) that is often used as a symbol for Confucianism is the character (or glyph) for what? Water 24. Rather than making tons of laws, Confucious felt that governments should rule through doing what? They should rule through teaching morality and ethics, not making a bunch of laws. 25. Confucius felt that rulers and government officials should be icons of what? Act as an exemplar for their constituents. Must be moral 26. What is the Confucian concept of the “Rectification of Names”? Chen yen - you should act with accordance with what your role is 27. What are the primary distinctions between Ancient Confucianism and Neo-Confucianism? Ancient is the precursor to secular humanism (becoming a better human being) and Neo - humanistic side of improving yourself but combined with the Dao and making it more spiritual.  28. According to our in-class discussion, what country today is the most Confucian? South Korea, then China, and Japan. SHINTO 1. According to our in-class discussion, what provoked the creation of Shinto? The Japanese military- we don’t know of a single creator 2. Who were the Samurai and Shoguns in pre-Christian Japan? Samurai- military members, early government officials 3. Approximately when was Shinto founded? Late 6th century BCE 4. According to our in-class discussion, Shinto was founded around the same time as what other religions? Taoism, Buddhism, Confucianism 5. According to our in-class discussion, what is the oldest religion in Japan and what are the most common and second most common religions in Japan? Shinto is oldest and most common- Buddhism is the second 6. Based on our in-class discussion, why is it that many people in Japan feel comfortable practicing more than one religion at a time? To say you’re Japanese is to say you’re Shinto (completely culturally linked) Shinto doesn’t have teachings about the afterlife- turn to other things for that knowledge 7. According to our in-class discussion, why does Shinto have so little theology? Tied to the military- really good military means less God oriented, also a very fertile place- didn’t have challenges to turn to God or the afterlife 8. What does the term “Shinto” mean? The Way of the Gods 9. According to our in-class discussion, if you mention “the gods” to a practitioner of Shino, what two ideas are likely to come to mind? The Kami, or the mythology about the founding of Japan 10. According to our in-class discussion, who are the main figures in the Shinto pantheon? Izanagi- god of the sky Izanami- goddess of the earth Amaterasu- goddess of the sun Tsuki-yomi- god of the moon Susano- storm god 11. What did Izanami give birth to? 8 islands and 35 Kami 12. What did Izanagi give birth to? Susano 13. Who is the most important or influential deity in the ancient Shinto pantheon?  Amaterasu 14. Who did Amaterasu marry? Susano 15. Where did Amaterasu hide, that caused darkness and chaos to reign in the earth? The cave 16. How did Amaterasu’s husband coax her out of her hiding place? Told her there was a more attractive Kami waiting out there- used a mirror to entice her and grab her out 17. According to our in-class discussion, the first emperor of Japan was a descendant of whom and what was the relationship? Great-great-great grandson of Amaterasu, 560 BCE 18. According to our in-class discussion, which generation of Japanese people are most inclined to believe in the literal existence of the kami, and are most inclined to practice Shinto? The older generation 19. According to our in-class discussion, what are the three types of kami? 1. Deified powers of nature 2. Clan ancestors 3. The souls of celebrated or famous dead people 20. If you neglect the kami or fail to appease them, what will happen? You may be punished or cursed 21. According to our in-class discussion, most questions regarding Shinto practice can be answered by what statement? “To appease the Kami” 22. What, according to our in-class discussion, does the word “Kamikaze” mean? What is the story behind the origin of that term? Divine wind. Typhoon came and sunk the boats of the Mongols (the divine wind of God came and intervened) 23. According to our in-class discussion, where are kami most present? Nature 24. Why are Shinto shrines usually built with all natural materials, and often in wooded areas? Filled with nature and therefore filled with Kami 25. What, according to our in-class discussion, is the two-fold purpose of life? 1. Appease the Kami 2. Celebrate! ( the origins, the people, culture of Japan) 26. According to our in-class discussion, why is it that Shinto makes almost no sense outside of Japan? Shinto = Japanese patriotism→ it’s for people who are Japanese 27. Does Shinto have “canonical” scriptural texts (i.e., official texts that are perceived as “scripture”)? Not used as scripture by practitioners- there are stories of Japan and “the Record of Ancient Matters” (cultural and mythological) 28. According to our in-class discussion, the primary rite of Shinto is what? Washing- purification of people and Land 29. If one is not clean, or one’s land is not clean, what will be prevented from happening? Kami will not be appeased 30. What, according to our in-class discussion, is the name of the place at which practitioners cleanse their mouth, hands, and face—prior to approaching the kami? Ablution pavilions 31. According to our in-class discussion, what kinds of offerings do practitioners of Shinto make to the kami? Money, drink, food, or flowers to appease them 32. What is the name of the gate outside of Shinto shrines, and what do those gates symbolize? Torii Gates- line of demarcation (now in an area more saturated with Kami- so act in an elevated way) 33. What, more than statues, are commonly found in Shinto shrines as the predominant symbol? Symbol of Amaterasu: Mirror- what coaxed Amareatsu out of the cave and into the world 34. What are the two most common Shinto symbols representative of the most important Japanese deity? Mirrors, Sun 35. Why are mirrors commonly employed in Shinto? Doorway for the Kami 36. What do practitioners of Shinto typically do before praying, and why? Ritual washing, bow deeplyat the shrine, clap twice (to get the attention of the Kami), and bow again 37. In class, I mentioned a couple of things practitioners of Shinto sometimes do in order to make their prayers more efficacious. What were those things? Pay a priest to say it for you- heightened purity Pay ritual dancers to make the kami happy Purification wand (heightened state of purity) 38. What are “matsuri” in Shinto? And what is their primary purpose, according to our in-class discussion? Holidays or festivals. Main purpose to appease/flatter the Kami! 39. According to our in-class discussion, the most important work of Shinto priests and priestesses is what? Don’t preside, perform rituals of purification 40. Practitioners of Shinto trace everything back to whom? Mother in Heaven (land of the rising Goddess) 41. Other than the sun, what specifically is the large red dot at the center of the Japanese flag a symbol of? Amaterasu 42. What is bushido in Shinto, and what are its seven components? Bushido- code of the samurai warrior 1. Gratitude and courage- willing to die for your country 2. Justice-duty before desire; selfishness is wrong 3. Truthfulness- honesty more important than preservation 4. Politeness- even to your enemies 5. Reserve- never show feelings or emotions 6. Honor- hara-kiri (if defeated or disgraced) 7. Allegiance- country before family 43. Based on our in-class discussion, is Shinto pessimistic or optimistic? And what about the religion evidences that? Optimistic faith- we all descended from the Kami so we are innately good 44. Does Shinto have any denominations? Yes- lots! (differences in what is emphasized, small doctrinal differences) 45. For many years, Shinto was the state religion of Japan. What caused it to no longer be the nation’s official religion? End of WWII because of the allies insistence 46. In the post-WWII era, is Shinto practiced more religiously or culturally? Culturally- it’s what they know to do Islam 1. According to our in-class discussion, Islam is often known as the “Religion of” what? Peace 2. At the very beginning of our discussion on Islam, we listed a number of things Islam specifically forbids. What were the main things we discussed as forbidden by Islam? Murder is explicitly condemned, forced conversion, attacking non-combatants, acting in unjust ways, suicide, sneak attacks, violence in general! 3. When was Allah’s Messenger, Muhammad (PBUH), born? AD 570 4. Who do Muslims typically believe was the first Muslim? Adam (and every prophet and messenger since was a muslim) 5. Based on our in-class discussion, was Muhammad (PBUH) a “restorer” or a “founder” of Islam? Yes- the restoring prophet of islam (for the last time)  6. What, according to our in-class discussion, is the Islamic position on “apostasy” and “restoration”? There have been many apostasies- Muhammad restored it for the last time on the Earth 7. What is the common phrase usually said after mentioning the name of God’s messenger, “Muhammad” (for which “PBUH” stands)? Peace be Upon Him 8. The two main powers in the area in which Muhammad (PBUH) was born were what? Byzantine empire, and Persian Empire 9. According to our in-class discussion, Mecca—at the time Muhammad (PBUH) was born—was like what? Had become a Religious port: it was a polytheistic shrine with hundreds of idols Had also become a wealthy trade center (with the corresponding corruption) 10. Muhammad (PBUH) was orphaned as a child, his father dying before he was born and his mother passing away around the time he turned six-years-old. Who did his mother initially give him to (four months after his birth)? His grandpa- bounced around between because of untimely deaths 11. According to our in-class discussion, how did the instability during Muhammad’s (PBUH) childhood affect him when he was an adult? Very sensitive to those who have less, are marginalized, because he experienced it himself 12. We mentioned a handful of miracles that took place around the time of Muhammad’s (PBUH) birth, or when he was a young child. What were some of those miracles mentioned in class? Yemeni army going to attack the kava- birds come and attack the army and makes the army leave His mother’s stomach glowed when pregnant Droughts ended, goats gave more milk 13. In what ways was Muhammad’s (PBUH) first marriage counter-cultural? She’s a widow, his boss, 15 years older, and she proposed to him 14. How many of Muhammad’s (PBUH) six children survived into adulthood? Only one- his daughter Fatima 15. After Kadijah died, Muhammad (PBUH) became a polygamist, having how many wives? How many wives does Islam allow a man to have today? He had 13: not mostly love marriages- political alliances 4 as long as you provide for them all equally and love them the same (so don’t do it basically→ hard to fulfill that) 16. In 610 CE/AD, who appeared to Muhammad (PBUH) multiple times, delivering the same message?  Angel gabriel (holy spirit in the Quran) 17. In what century did Muhammad (PBUH) “restore” Islam to the earth? 610-622 CE (7th century) 18. What did the angel who appeared to Muhammad (PBUH) command him to do? Repeat the same message 3 times 19. What did the angel do when Muhammad (PBUH) disobeyed him? Grabbed him by the throat 20. What do Muslims call the night on which Muhammad (PBUH) first started receiving revelations from the angel (known as the “Holy Spirit” in Islam)? The night of power 21. What do Muslims believe happens on the 27th night of Ramadan? Heavens and the earth converge- god’s presence is more readily accessible 22. When Muhammad (PBUH) began preaching Islam, how was it received in the first 4 years? Bad (only 40 followers and most were slaves) 23. What do Muslims call the experience that Muhammad (PBUH) had when he was taken from Mecca to Jerusalem, prayed with the various previous prophets (at the temple mount), and then ascended into God’s presence? The night journey and ascension 24. According to our in-class discussion, what year is generally considered to be the “first year of the Muslim era” or the “beginning of the Islamic calendar”? 622 CE - the date where they count the official restoration of Islam 25. What proof did Muhammad (PBUH) offer to those who did not believe that he visited Jerusalem and paradise? Described the temple and the caravan he saw overhead as he flew back 26. In what year did persecution force Muhammad (PBUH) and his followers from Mecca to Medina? 622 CE 27. According to our in-class discussion, what is the holiest of all sites on the planet? What is the second most holy site? And what is the third most holy site? 1st- Mecca (where he’s born) 2nd- Medinah (his burial place) 3rd- site of his ascension- dome of the rock 28. According to our in-class discussion, what are some attributes of Muhammad (PBUH)? Animal rights activist, compassionate, lived his wealth to build islam and help the poor 29. Is Islam monotheistic, polytheistic, monolatrist, monistic, or modalistic? Monotheistic- very strictly 30. What does the Arabic name “Allah” mean? The God- the only true 31. According to Islamic belief, which of the following does Islam believe in? That God has a partner, a spouse, other members of a Godhead, children, and/or a son. God does not have a partner, spouse, or children- he is the only divine being that exists 32. In an ideal situation, what’s the first thing whispered into a newborn’s ears? And what’s the last thing on the lips of a dying person? The Name of Allah 33. What, according to our in-class discussion, is the ultimate purpose of life in Islam? To submit/surrender your will to God 34. What is the literal meaning of the word “Islam”? To submit or surrender 35. According to our in-class discussion, how do traditional Muslims describe Paradise (or heaven)? Where all pious, righteous desires are met. It is tailored to all the things you love most. Everyone is in the prime of life, there are degrees of glory 36. How do Sufis, as opposed to traditional Muslims, see Paradise (or heaven)? You are absorbed into Allah (very small group of Muslims) 37. According to our in-class discussion, in addition to fire and endless torment/punishment, what is a common metaphor for Hell in the Qur’an? Boiling water 38. What, according to our in-class discussion, is “tawheed”? God is one, there aren’t multiple Gods 39. What does the phrase “People of the Book” mean (in Islam), who qualifies as one of the “People of the Book,” and what qualifies one to be one of the “People of the Book”? Muslims, Christians, and Jews → people that study and accept a version of the Book (the Old Testament), also monotheistic 40. According to our in-class discussion, many Muslims believe that trials and blessings are sent from God for what purpose? Sends you experiences to see how you will respond to them and be judged accordingly 41. What did we say (in class) the common Arabic phrase, Insha’ Allah, means? And what are the implications of this phrase on one’s agency? “God-willing” → on the big things you cannot thwart God’s will 42. What does the Arabic word “Qur’an” mean? And, according to our in-class discussion, why is the Qur’an called that? “Recitation” → it was originally an oral text from Muhammad (because he was illiterate) 43. Who, according to Islamic belief, do Muslims believe is the author of the Qur’an? Allah 44. What was Muhammad (PBUH) doing when he received that vast majority of the revelations contained in the Qur’an? Sleeping- in dreams 45. According to our in-class discussion, what is the difference between the “Heavenly Qur’an” and the “Written Qur’an”? They are identical→ word for word from Allah 46. To what degree is Muhammad’s (PBUH) influence present in the Qur’an (according to traditional Islamic belief)? Not- none of his fingerprints in the Qur’an 47. Why, according to our in-class discussion, do Muslims say their prayers, perform their rites, and even try to read the Qur’an in Arabic? They have to memorize 12 lines of it- Arabic is the celestial language! 48. How do Muslims feel about the Qur’an in languages other than Arabic? What do they consider those versions of the Qur’an? It’s not the full qur’an → it is the message of it 49. What, according to our in-class discussion, is the problem with comparing the Qur’an and the Book of Mormon? What did we say would be a better comparison between Muslim and LDS scripture? The Book of Mormon isn’t direct from God’s mouth, the Qur’an is. The Doctrine and Covenants is a better comparison. 50. According to our in-class discussion, it is the “duty” of every practicing Muslim to do three things (in relation to the Qur’an). What were those three things? 1. Read it 2. Understand it 3. Share it 51. What are you supposed to do before you open, read, or recite the Qur’an? Ritual washing- feet, hands, face. Can’t rest it on the ground→ very reverential towards the text 52. What, according to our in-class discussion, do Muslims do when they run across a passage (or revelation) in the Qur’an that contradictions another passage (or revelation)? Follow the most recent one 53. What is the meaning of the Arabic word “Hadīth,” and what are the “Hadīth”? “The traditions” contains Muhammad’s teachings or doings on everything (how to live the Qur’an) 54. What is the meaning of the Arabic word “Sunnah,” and what are the “Sunnah”? “The Path”, teachings that postdate Muhammad himself. Sometimes the Sunnah supersedes the Qur’an 55. What are the “Five Pillars of Islam”? 1. witness of the faith- Shahada (there is no God but Allah) 2. Prayer - Salat (a spiritual ascent into God’s presence) 3. Almsgiving- Zakat (provide for the poor, support mosques)  4. Fasting -Sawm (self restraint, humility, protection) 5. Pilgrimage to Mecca (Hajj)- once in your life (the highest act of devotion) 56. According to our in-class discussion, the thing that determines if an act in Islam is accepted by God is the participant’s what? The intent 57. Traditionally, which Muslims pray 5 times and day, and which ones pray 3 times a day? Sunnies = 5 times, Shiites = 3 58. In the Islamic version of tithing, how much are faithful Muslims expected to donate to charity annually? And how is this different from the Christian version of tithing? 2.5% of your networth to charity → net worth not income (everything you own ) → most don’t faithfully adhere to this 59. How do Muslims traditionally practice the law of the fast, meaning their approach to fasting is different from, say, the LDS approach to fasting—but how so? A gift from people to God, Fasting during the daylight hours of Ramadan- also on the 13-15th of each month. Fasting from food, drink, gum, smoking, sex, etc. 60. What, according to our in-class discussion, can excuse a faithful Muslim from making a pilgrimage to Mecca during the annual Hajj? If you’re physically unable to, or financially able- someone can do it for you vicariously 61. Where (or what) do many Muslims choose to visit during the Hajj, even though it is not technically part of the pilgrimage? Many make the 125 mile trek north to Medina 62. What do Muslims do before they participate in any rite? Ritual washings- refocuses mind and heart on God 63. What is the meaning of the Arabic term “mosque”? What do you find outside of mosques? “Place of prostration” → place for shoes and a place for ritual washing 64. What is the name of the tower outside of a traditional mosque? Minaret- the call to prayer used to take place from it 65. On what day is the Islamic Sabbath? Friday 66. What are Muslims not required to do on their version of the Sabbath? And why? Doesn’t have to be a day of rest- God doesn’t need a rest so it’s okay to work on the Sabbath 67. What is the most popular and most important holiday in Islam, and what does it commemorate? Ramadan- commemorates Muhammad’s divine call in 622 CE 68. What do observant Muslims do (during daylight hours) for the entire 30 days of Ramadan? They fast all month, try to read the entirety of the Qur’an 69. What is the most commonly employed visual symbol of Islam?  Star and crescent moon- symbolic of the dawning of a new religious era 70. Why do Muslims bow toward Mecca when they pray? Shows unity and oneness (“a prayer in a congregation is 25x more valid than an individual prayer!”) 71. What does touching one’s forehead on the floor (during prayer) symbolize for Muslims? Submission 72. Why do Muslims refuse to depict God in Islam? Allah is not anthropomorphic- any depiction is less than good enough 73. Why do Muslims in the modern era avoid depicting Muhammad (PBUH)? The risk of worshiping him and not God (don’t want to worship anything other than Allah) 74. What (according to our in-class discussion) don’t Muslims partake of, as part of their version of the kosher law? Jewish law was more strict because they were more disobedient. Muslims won’t eat pork, meat that was found dead, blood, intoxicants like drugs and tobacco 75. What is the difference between “prophets” and “messengers” in Islam? Which is the higher of the two? Which one was Muhammad (PBUH)? Messengers are higher than prophets (all messengers are prophets) 313 messengers of Allah, 124,000 prophets - Muhammad was a messenger 76. Who, in class, did we say have been sent as Messengers of Allah? Abraham, Moses, David, Jesus, Muhammad 77. What do Muslims teach about Jesus? “Among the greatest of all of Allah’s messengers” Last messenger before the apostasy He came to restore the truth- his teachings uncorrupted would have been exactly the same as Muhammad’s. They believe of his miracles- Muhammad’s were permanent Christ’s return will be a sign of Muhammad’s coming 78. What is the Islamic view of Atonement? They don’t believe in one. Allah just wipes away sin (salvation by grace) 79. According to Islamic belief, what are “Jinn”? Mostly viewed as bad, fallen, former angels who tempt us (Satan is a jinn who was an angel) 80. What, according to our in-class discussion, is the difference between the “Greater Jihad” and the “Lesser Jihad”? Which of the two does the Qur’an speak of as the primary meaning of “Jihad”? Greater Jihad (primary)- fighting against your natural man/woman  Lesser Jihad- physical force to defend your family if your religion, or beliefs is being threatened Primary meaning of Jihad: daily striving for self-improvement 81. What, according to our in-class discussion, is “Sharia Law.” Natural outgrowth of people accepting God’s will- god’s commandments will become the law of the land 82. Though Muhammad (PBUH) is said to have predicted “73 sects” of Islam arising over time, today, there are two major umbrella denominations. What are those two denominations? And which is, by far, the largest of the two? Sunni and Shi’iah- sunni is the largest 83. According to our in-class discussion, what are the two major doctrinal differences between these two aforementioned denominations? They didn’t agree on who was the successor to Muhammad or who is the Mahdi or Messiah 84. What does the Arabic word “Caliph” mean? Political successor to Muhammad 85. In class, we listed some of the first Caliphs in Islam. We distinguished between which ones Sunnis accept and which ones Shi’ites accept. Out of the list we gave, which ones are accepted by which? And which two did we say are the most important of the Caliphs? Abu Bakr (1st of the Caliphs)- sunni Ali (4th ) - shiites 86. Which Islamic denomination sees itself as the “orthodox” sect of Islam? And which one considers itself as the “purist” form of Islam? Sunnis (87%) Purer= Shia 87. In Sunni tradition, what is an “imam”? Prayer leaders- leads a congregation 88. What is an “imam” in the Shia tradition? Divinely guided leaders- foreordained, sinless (close to Muhammad) 89. Who do Sunnis see as the successor to Muhammad (PBUH)? Abu Bakr- succession should come by election 90. Who do Shi’ites see as the successor to Muhammad (PBUH)? Ali (son-in-law) 91. Who do Sunnis think the Mahdi (or Messiah) will be? Some future leader of Islam who will heal all the denominations and bring them back under one umbrella 92. Who do Shi’ites think the Mahdi (or Messiah) will be? Muhammad Al Mahdi (the 12th imam) 93. Who is Muhammad Al Mahdi, what tradition is he important in, and what does he currently do?  Shia- invisible who will return to prepare people for Jesus’ second coming 94. What does the Arabic word “Shi’a” mean? Party of Ali 95. What is Sufism? Denomination within a denomination (Sunni) Muslim mystics looking for a spiritual experience 96. What did Sufism grow out of? Sunni 97. Where do Sufis believe that God is located? In the heart- equally accessible to all human beings 98. What do Sufis believe about the meaning of the Qur’an? The Qur’an doesn’t give you the main meaning- hidden meaning is found within (mystical truer meaning) 99. According to our in-class discussion, most Muslims are not Arab; they are what? Asian- most are Indonesian 100. According to our in-class discussion, what is the “Sword of Islam”? Islam sought to eradicate all non-Muslim faiths via violence- but actually it was quite tolerant of other faiths 101. According to our in-class discussion, is it an actual formal/universal teaching of Islam that women must wear veils or hijab? No- the Qur’an tells men and women to dress modestly. They are common culturally so lumped in with religion. 102. According to our in-class discussion, why is it that the Qur’an allows men to marry non-Muslim wives, but it discourages women from marrying non-Muslim husbands? So that Islam will reign in the home (the man’s religion would have reigned) 103. According to our in-class discussion, do suicide bombers go to paradise? And do they receive a reward of “72 virgins” for dying as a “martyr”? No- they don’t go to paradise or get 72 virgins (the terrorist website put together and distorted the teachings) 104. In class, I mentioned several reasons why Islam has grown (and is growing) so fast. What were those reasons? High conversion rates, attractive life-style (moral, family lifestyle, etc.), high birth rates Sikhism 1. According to our in-class discussion, in India, how is the name “Sikhism” pronounced; Sick-ism or Seek-ism? Sick-ism 2. What does the term “Sikh” mean? Disciple or disciplined 3. Sikhs often refer to their faith as “Sikh Dharma,” which means what?  “Disciplined path 4. Where and when was Guru Nānak (the founder of Sikhism) born? Born in Pakistan- 1469 5. It is said that, at Nānak’s birth, “Heavenly music sounded, and a host of deities announced that ‘God had saved the word.’” Why is the reference to a “host of deities” curious? Sikhism is monotheistic, but Hinduism is polytheistic. They were angels not Gods, but HIndus perceived them as Gods. 6. According to our in-class discussion, what was it about Nānak and what he would teach that would somehow “save the world”? You and I as religious people should stop fighting and starting working together 7. In what way was Nānak different from other children when he was young? He didn’t want to play, just wanted to talk doctrine 8. How long did Nānak’s formal education last, and why? One day- he didn’t want to waste his time in other things 9. Why did Nānak’s father say that he proved “worthless” at work? He spent all his time talking to everyone about God- and would get fired for not working 10. On one of his many trips to a local river, Nānak went down into the water and stayed submerged for how many days? 3 days 11. During the time that Nānak’s body was submerged in the river, where did his spirit go? Into the presence of God 12. According to our in-class discussion, while in God’s presence, Nānak was given a commission to do what? To rejoice in His name and teach others to do the same 13. When Nānak finally emerged from the river, he didn’t speak for a whole day. When he finally did speak, what were his first words? What was implied by those words? “There is neither Hindu nor Muslim. It is God’s path that I follow and God is neither Hindu nor Muslim” → God is not about denominations, we create denominations 14. According to our in-class discussion, which did Nānak think was most important—right belief or right practice? Right practice! 15. Do Sikhs today proselytize? Why or why not? No- that is saying someone is wrong in their beliefs 16. How old was Nānak when he left his wife and children to start teaching Sikhism? Who did he take with him? How long was he gone? 30- travel for 25 years, with Mardara (muslim musician) 17. Some scholars claim that Nānak borrowed many of Sikhism’s teachings and practices from what two religions? Islam and Hinduism 18. According to our in-class discussion, when Nānak transitioned the guruship to his successor (Lahina), he established a pattern for the ordination of all future gurus. How was this ordination performed? He puts a gold/amber mark on his forehead, puts a coconut in front of him, gives him a new name, bows before him 19. What was the disagreement between Nānak’s disciples (when he was nearing death)? Whether to cremate or bury him 20. What happened to Nānak’s body when he died? It was assumed into paradise- merged with the light of the creator 21. When Sikhs use the term “guru,” it can have reference to a number of persons or beings. But, when they use it (today) without a proper name (e.g., “Guru Nānak”) attached, they are traditionally referring to Whom? God 22. In Punjabi, the term “Guru” means literally what? The light which dispels all darkness (teachers) 23. Whom do Sikhs believe is the only “dispeller of darkness”? God 24. What do Sikhs believe about God’s nature (e.g., is God anthropomorphic, does God have gender, does God have form, is God visible, etc.)? God is non-anthropomorphic, immaterial, infinite, loving and answers prayers 25. Sikhism believes God exists for what purpose? To give us all that he has 26. What are the various Sikh names for God that we discussed in class? One true name, Guru, Great Teacher, Hari, The Onkar, All steel 27. According to our in-class discussion, what is the meaning of the Sikh term “Ek-On-Kar”? God is one 28. What did we say (in class) that the word “Hari” means? Kindly 29. According to our in-class discussion, why did Nānak prefer generic names for God? He didn’t want people to think of God in the way the denominations think of God. He used descriptive names without names that would be associated with other denominations. 30. What, according to our in-class discussion, is the two-fold purpose of life in Sikhism? 1. Achieve release from the wheel of reincarnation 2. Achieve union with the divine 31. Sikhs don’t typically think of heaven so much as a location. Instead, they tend to perceive it as more of what? A state of mind- attained by listening to the voice of the inner guru 32. Nānak perceived material things as a what?  Keeps the things of God hidden from our view- that becomes our focus and we lose our connection with God. 33. Nānak taught the “way of the 3-S.” What are the “3-S ”? s s Simran (meditation), Seva (service), Sangat (following the guidance of an advanced teacher) 34. According to our in-class discussion, what does “Waheguru” mean? Lord be praised/praise the Lord. It gets rid of sins 35. According to our in-class discussion, what are some circumstances that Sikhs would chant the “Guru Mantra”? Before beginning a journey, after someone sneezes, etc. 36. According to our in-class discussion, the “Guru Mantra” has the power to do what? Chanting it helps to develop inner harmony 37. Sikhs generally see trials as having what purpose?. Means of developing you, helping you improve, etc. 38. What is the most important of the “3-S ”?s Sangat 39. As important as the “3-S ” are, Sikhism teaches that we will all still need what (in addition to practicing the s “3-Ss”) in order to get off the wheel of reincarnation? Grace (we still need to do the others) 40. The Sikh scriptural canon is largely made up of what? Primarily hymns written by Nanak and four of his successors. 41. What, according to our in-class discussion, does the term “Guru Granth” mean? 42. Why is the Guru Grath treated like a human? Successor to the gurus, living embodiment of god 43. Why are the Sikh scriptures kept on an elevated platform, and why do Sikhs try to avoid turning their back on their scriptures? It is the throne of a king/queen 44. When you enter a Sikh temple (or Gurdwara), you should first do what? When you approach the Gurdwara you bow, wash your hands and feet, remove your shoes 45. What, according to our in-class discussion, is the “daily duty of every practicing Sikh”? Read the Guru Grath 46. When scriptures are read (in Sikhism)—whether at home or at the temple—they are always read how? Why are they read this way? Opened randomly. God will inspire your study and tell you what you need  47. According to our in-class discussion, how did Guru Nānak feel about rites, ordinances, and pilgrimages? He was suspicious of them because people would do it without thinking about what it means. 48. According to our in-class discussion, what does the Sikh “Naming Ceremony” look like? The child is brought to the Gurdwara and the guru Garth is opened randomly, first letter pointed to must be the first letter of the child’s name, hymns are sung, etc. 49. According to our in-class discussion, does Sikhism (like Hinduism) formally teach that marriages should be arranged? No, but it’s a cultural norm in India 50. What did we say is implied by the Sikh phrase, “Marriage is the carriage to God”? Marriage is challenging, but it is in these challenges that we grow. If you can’t become one with your partner, how can you become one with God. 51. At what time of day do many Sikhs choose to get married and why? At dawn, because their marriage is short and the Garth is installed in the morning so 52. According to our in-class discussion, why do Sikh couples bow to the Guru Grath while the Sikh wedding hymn is being sung? We submit our new married lives to the commandments of God 53. Other than the couple and the person performing the wedding ceremony, what is the one thing that needs to be present at a Sikh wedding? Guru Grath. 54. According to our in-class discussion, how long does the Sikh mourning period last? And what did Nānak forbid from happening during that period? 10 days, being dramatic is forbidden because it shows you did not understand god’s plan. 55. In India, on what day do practitioners go to the Gurdwara? Any day at any time, they’re open 24 hrs. 56. What is the Sikh “Langar” and what does it symbolize? “Kitchen,” sit down and eat together to reject castism, sexism, religiousism. 57. What are the “5 Marks” or “5 K ,” and who is obligated to don (or wear) them? s Kirpan (dagger), Kachera (underpants), Kara (metal bracelet on right wrist), Kesh (not cutting hair or beard), Kanga (comb) Military class (Khalsa) must wear it 58. Why do about 1/3 of all Sikh males wear turbans? rd It holds up the hair, but it is not a ceremonial article of clothing. 59. According to our in-class discussion, what does not cutting your hair symbolize for Sikhs? Your connection to god (umbilical cord to god/naturalness before God) 60. What does wearing a comb in your hair mean for members of the Sikh “military”? Controlling the mind and body, remind you of mental order 61. What do the special underpants that some Sikhs wear symbolize? Chastity and controlled moral behavior. 62. What does the steel bracelet worn by many Sikhs (on their right wrist) symbolize? Kara - wedding ring to god, disciplined actions and oneness with god’s will 63. We mentioned several connected symbols associated with the small dagger carried by some Sikhs. What were the reasons (given in class) as to why they carry one of these? Willingness to stand against aggression, willingness to stand against temptation, self-defense and the just use of power, combination of religious and political authority. 64. What is the symbolism behind the two crossed swords sometimes worn by Sikhs? Two form of authority, God’s law and man’s law 65. What does the term “Gurdwara” mean? Gate to the guru 66. Where is the most important Sikh Temple/Gurdwara located? Amitzar (northwest of India) 67. What is special about the waters that surround the Sikh “Golden Temple”? It is the waters of immortality, they think the water has healing powers 68. How many times a day do observant Sikhs pray? ​5 times a day 69. What is a “mala” and what do Sikhs use it for? How many prayers you have said, how many hymns you have sung, etc. 70. Based on our in-class discussion, what are the top three Sikh symbols (in order of importance from most important to least important)? Scriptures, 5 Ks, Khanda (reminds us of the eternal nature of God, combination of spiritual or temporal power, and double edged sword which represents the attributes of a saintly-soldiers) 71. Who were the 10 mortal gurus, and what were the most important things each was known for? Nanak (founder of Sikhism), Angad (created the Sikh Script the scriptures are in), Amar Das (collected 1st hymns/institutionalized Langar), Ram Das (began Golden temple), Arjan (completed “golden temple”/ 1st Muslim threat, Har Gobind (introduced 2 swords / began resistance), Har Rai (Provided health care to the needy), Har Kishan (the Boy Guru - presided 5-8 years old), Tegh Bahadur (Fought emperor / fed poor / hymns), Gobind Singh (2nd most important / founded the Khalsa) Only need to know Nanak and Gobind Singh 72. Which Sikh gurus were largely pacifistic? 1-4 because there wasn’t any threat to Sikhism, but 5 on were persecuted by politicians. 73. What consumables do Sikhs not partake of? Tobacco, alcohol, allowed to have meat killed in a humane way. 74. What was Nānak’s attitude toward women? 16th c. - Nanak is an ardent feminist. He says god is male and female. Rejects the caste system, he rejects the oppression of women. 75. According to our in-class discussion, the Sikh view of the soul is comparable to the “soul” in what other religious tradition? We have a soul, but it is the spark of the divine and we go back to the light of the divine. They believe in reincarnation, not transmigration. You are purged of things not resolved in mortality in the next life. Similar to Buddhists and Hindus 76. According to our in-class discussion, how many denominations of Sikhism are there? Singhs vs Nanak-Panthis (mostly about level of commitment). Not many denominations because their persecution kept them united. 77. According to our in-class discussion, what is the primary difference between “Singhs” and “Nānak-panthis”? Their level of commitment. 78. What, according to our in-class discussion, are the three stages of development of Sikhism? Founding of the faith, period of persecution, the founding of the Khalsa. 79. What provoked the founding of the Khalsa? Gobind Singh - spring festival where he decided what to do with the persecution and chopped off the goat heads 80. Patterned after the very first quorum of the Khalsa, how many people make up each quorum of the Khalsa today? 5 people (male and female mixture) 81. What is the meaning of the word “Khalsa”? Pure one 82. What does the word “Singh” mean? Lions  83. What does the word “Kaur” mean? Princesses 84. According to our in-class discussion, why do initiates into the Khalsa drink some “sacred nectar”? Reminds them of the theophany (drink nectar to say that you follow and believe in the vision and miracle) 85. Based on our in-class discussion, if a member of the Khalsa breaks any of the rules of that organization, they must do three things. What were those three things? Repent, pay a fine, and get rebaptized 86. According to our in-class discussion, the founder of Sikhism emphasized a number of principles. What were those principles (as emphasized in class)? Right practice (how you behave is more important than what you believe)?? Christianity 1. According to our in-class discussion, the first Christians didn’t see themselves as a “new religion” but, instead, as what? Jews who found the long awaited Messiah 2. Christians weren’t called “Christians” until when and where? AD 40-45 in Antioch (officially called) 3. At what point did Christianity make its total break from Judaism, finally considering itself a separate religion from the Jewish tradition? AD 70- Rome sacks Jerusalem 4. What are the three broad umbrella denominations of Christianity? Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, Protestantism 5. What is the difference between “High Church Protestantism” and “Low Church Protestantism”? High church- groups like the Anglicans- lots of rituals, liturgy, levels of hierarchy Low church- not ordained clergy, no salvific sacraments, etc 6. According to our in-class discussion, what significant difference is there between what lay Catholics and Catholic scholars believe about the origins of the Catholic Church? Lay catholics- Jesus starts the Catholic church and anointed Peter as the first pope Scholars- division after the apostles died and the church is ed by many branches (don’t believe Peter was) 7. What evidence did we give in class that the Bishop of Rome did not hold universal jurisdiction over the entire Church in the fourth century? Emperor Constantine called the Council of Nicene (if he was a Pope he would have called it) 8. What was the “Great Schism” and in what year did it take place?  (Western Side in Rome, Eastern Side in Constantinople)- 1054 Excommunication of Patriarch 9. In the 11th century, the Western side of the Church excommunicated the Eastern side of the Church over what? For not obeying the Bishop 10. According to our in-class discussion, the initial goal of the Protestant Reformation was to what? Reform Catholicism from the inside 11. Based on our in-class discussion, what was one of the primary concerns of Wycliffe that led to his attempts at reformation? Internal reform (He wanted the Bible in the hands of the invisible church (the laity to be involved in their own salvation) 12. Based on our in-class discussion, what was one of the primary concerns of Knox that led to his attempts at reformation? Founded Presbyterianism- the priests made all the decisions and there was no input from the laity 13. Based on our in-class discussion, what was one of the primary concerns of Luther that led to his attempts at reformation? Corruption in the church, indulgences 14. Based on our in-class discussion, what was one of the primary concerns of the Anabaptists that led to his attempts at reformation? Christianity was baptizing infants before they could accept the baptism of Christ 15. Based on our in-class discussion, what was one of the primary concerns of Wesley that led to his attempts at reformation? No gifts of the Spirit or apostles 16. What are some Christian denominations that we mentioned in class that reject the Trinity? Jehovah’s Witnesses, Christian Scientist, Unitarian Universalists 17. Based on our in-class discussion, the Trinity—properly understood—consists of “One __God____, manifest in __three_____ ___persons_____, simultaneously united in ______substance______, but distinct in ____personhood_____.” 18. According to our in-class discussion, how is Tritheism different from the Trinity? Tritheism- worshiping 3 separate Gods 19. According to our in-class discussion, how are Tritheism and Monolatry different? Monolatry- acknowledging multiple Gods, only worshiping one 20. According to our in-class discussion, what is Modalism, and how is it different from the actual doctrine of the Trinity? Modalism- one God that appears in different modes 21. According to our in-class discussion, what is the difference between “Social Trinitarianism” and “Psychological Trinitarianism”—and which of them is an accurate understanding of the Trinity? Social: The Sociality or relationship between the two persons that constitutes a single power→ accurate understanding of the Trinity (like an egg) Psychological: one God with 3 personalities (heresy) 22. According to our in-class discussion, what is the problem with the Water/Ice/Steam analogy (when trying to explain the Trinity)”? Modalistic 23. Why, according to our in-class discussion, do many Christians feel that the “incomprehensibility” of the Trinity a good thing? Like the incomprehensible nature of God (you’re not supposed to get it because God is a mystery ) “through this doctrine that is a mystery, we understand”, also a principle of faith 24. During our in-class conversation, we showed a chart comparing the Catholic, Orthodox, and Protestant views of the Trinity. (The chart dealt with things like the co-equality and co-eternal nature of the three members of the Trinity, and also their views on the source of the Holy Spirit.) Which of the three models we discussed is most like the LDS view and why? The LDS view is that of Eastern Orthodoxy 25. Out of Roman Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism, one faith holds that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father only; one holds that It proceeds from the Father “and/or” the Son; and one holds that It proceed forth from both the Father and the Son. Which of the three aforementioned traditions takes the former (or first) of these three positions? Eastern Orthodox- Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father only 26. What, according to our in-class discussion, is the “Double Procession” of the Holy Spirit? The Holy Spirit came from the Father and the Son 27. What 4th century event led to the Council and Nicaea and, from that, the Nicaean Creed, and the formal formulation of the Trinity? 4th century Arius vs. Alexander 28. According to our in-class discussion, what was Arius of Alexander’s position on Jesus? Jesus is less than God, God the father is unique (Jesus is an adopted archangel) 29. Arius of Alexander had two major reasons for rejecting the “co-equal” and “co-eternal” nature of the Father and Son. What, according to our in-class discussion, were his two reasons for rejecting those beliefs?  Jesus was an archangel so less than God, if they were co-eternal and co-equal it would be polytheism 30. According to our in-class discussion, what was Alexander of Alexandria’s position on Jesus? Has to be co-equal and co-eternal with God 31. What, according to our in-class discussion, was wrong in Arius’ argument about Jesus? Takes subordination too far (christ isn’t an angel) 32. What, according to our in-class discussion, was wrong in Alexander’s argument about Jesus? Jesus and the Father aren’t co-eternal 33. Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory of Nazianzus are known by what title? The Cappadocian fathers 34. Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory of Nazianzus sought to clarify what? The doctrine of the Trinity 35. According to our in-class discussion, the Greek word “substance” (i.e., ousia) means what? Nature 36. According to Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory of Nazianzus, what are the specific roles (in the Trinity) of the Father, Son, and Holy Spirit? The Father- the source The Son- God’s offspring, generation The Spirit- God’s presence 37. Based on our in-class discussion, Latter-day Saints are “Social Trinitarians” except in our belief in what two things? Except for the corporalism of Trinitarianism (one body) Theosis: the teachings that God became a man so that we can become Gods 38. According to our in-class discussion, most Christians don’t use the term “Atonement”—because that is more of a Hebrew Bible term. Instead, most Christians use what phrases to refer to Christ’s salvific work? “Christ’s ransom sacrifice” or Christ’s passion 39. The current Roman Catholic view on who Jesus died for is what? He died for all mankind, not just roman catholics 40. How does a practicing Roman Catholic lay hold on Christ’s Ransom Sacrifice and the grace which that provides? Through works- 7 sacraments 41. According to current Roman Catholic teachings, a non-Catholic can access Jesus’ Ransom Sacrifice (and its associated grace) through what two fairly modern Catholic doctrines? Baptism of desire-if you would have gotten baptized if you’d known about the true baptism while you were on Earth, God grants a baptism of desire  Anonymous Christianity (being Christian means being true to your conscience- you can be a christian based on your acts and behaviors even if you’re not a baptized christian) 42. How do Eastern Orthodox Christians access Christ’s Ransom Sacrifice? Jesus died or atoned for Eastern Orthodox christians, probably for other christians as well Access them through their 7 sacraments, wanting a relationship with God 43. According to our in-class discussion, who do Low Church Protestants typically believe can access Christ’s grace? The Protestant Quilt Those who accept him as their Savior- Faith in Jesus Christ 44. According to our in-class discussion, what is the meaning of (or the implications of) the following quotation? “Catholics come to Christ through the Church, while Protestants come to the Church through Christ.” Catholics- the structure of the Church is designed to help the members reach God(priesthood and sacraments mediate the relationship with God) Protestants- done through personal means- one on one experience with you and God. Church is there for community 45. Various translations aside, do all Christian denominations have the same books in their canon? NO 46. What is the Apocrypha and what denominations accept it as canon? Means literal; Catholicism and orthodox (14 additional books between Hebrew Bible and 47. According to our in-class discussion, which early Christians tended to approach the Bible more literally, and which often approached it more symbolically? Literal- Antioch Alexandria- symbolically 48. As noted during our in-class discussion, significant questions about which books belonged in the Christian New Testament continued until what century? Revelations, Hebrews 49. According to our in-class discussion, what 2nd century movement ultimately led to Christianity “closing” their canon? The Montanist movement- claimed prophets post new-testament, so they closed the canon 50. What does the term “Sola Scriptura” mean, and what Christians subscribe to this? “scripture alone” – there can’t be anything more than the Bible Protestants 51. When Catholic and Orthodox Christians say that they rely on the combined authority of “Scripture and Tradition,” what do they mean by “Tradition”? Ecumenical councils, decisions of popes, long standing traditions of the church 52. What two Sacraments do most Low Church Protestants accept, and are they typically considered salvific by Low Church Protestants?  Baptism and the Lord’s Supper (not salvific) 53. What Sacraments do High Church Protestants usually accept, and which of those do they see as salvific? Accept all 7 sacraments - only Baptism and the Lord’s supper as salvific 54. According to current Roman Catholic teaching, a baby that dies prior to being baptized goes where? They go straight to heaven if they die 55. What, according to our in-class discussion, is “Original Sin” and who created this Catholic teaching? Something we all inherited: the fallen nature of Adam, a disobedient nature Created by St. Augustine 56. According to the Encyclopedia of Catholicism, as quoted in class, how many people has the Roman Catholic Church “affirmed” are in “hell”? Zero 57. According to Augustine, how is “Original Sin” passed from one person to another? The genitals (through genital contact) 58. What, according to our in-class discussion, is “The Immaculate Conception”? How Mary doesn’t have original sin. Anna- (Mary’s mother) didn’t have sex with her husband to conceive of Mary, so she didn’t have original sin to give to Jesus 59. What is different in the mode of baptism between Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox Christians? Affusion is Catholic (pouring) Immersion 3 times in Eastern Orthodoxy 60. What, according to our in-class discussion, is the primary difference between the roles of Catholic and Orthodox godparents? Catholic- enter into the covenant with the Child at Baptism (renew covenants when older at Confirmation) Orthodox godparents are to facilitate the child’s rearing in the faith 61. Low Church Protestants, if they baptize at all, do so when and how? Adulthood- by Immersion (exceptions for Anglicans, methodists, and Lutherans) 62. What is the focus (or “center”) of Sunday worship for Catholics, Orthodox Christians, and Low Church Protestants? Catholic: Eucharist Orthodoxy: Holy Communion Protestantism: Sermon 63. What is the difference between Transubstantiation/Metousiosis, Consubstantiation, and simply Symbolic approaches to the Sacrament of the Lord’s Supper? And which denominations believe in each? Transubstantiation: The elements literally become the blood and body of Christ (Catholic) Metousiosis = transubstantiation in Greek:( Orthodox) take it a little more seriously about how the elements are treated Consubstantiation: when the elements are blessed Jesus is present through them (high church protestants Low church protestants: symbolic approach 64. What is the difference between a crucifix and a cross, and which denominations typically use which? Crucifix- Jesus is on the Cross, Cross is empty Catholics- Crucifix Orthodox- show the victor sometimes on the Cross, composite symbol Protestant- Cross 65. According to our in-class discussion, at what point in history did Christians begin employing the cross, and at what point did they begin using the crucifix? Cross in the 4th century, crucifix in the 7th century 66. During our in-class discussion, we talked about how Catholics and Orthodox Christians interpret the meaning of the crucifix, and how Low Church Protestants interpret the empty cross. What did we say about each? Catholics: interpret Christ as a victim- to show what the world did to him Eastern Orthodox: Christ as victor- sometimes shown resurrected and glorified Protestant: Empty cross to show He has overcome 67. According to our in-class discussion, at what point did the current LDS aversion to the cross arise, and in response to what? 1957- David O. Mckay received a call from a Presiding Bishop and said the cross is a Catholic symbol. It spread through the church and became cultural 68. What is “genuflection,” who does it, and why? Bowing when you enter a church, Roman Catholics do it. There is a crucifix and altar with a monstrum (container of the Eucharist already blessed) at the front, and bowing because you are in the literal presence of God 69. Why do Eastern Orthodox Christians say that “icons” are “essential” for worship? A window to spiritual communion with God. Safeguard a full and proper doctrine of the incarnation 70. Why do Eastern Orthodox Christians avoid the use of three-dimensional images in their worship? Because of 10 commandments that say don’t make graven images to bow down to and worship 71. According to current Catholic teachings, the Roman Catholic Church has “apostolic succession” through an unbroken line of what? Unbroken line of priesthood authority from Peter all the way down to Pope Francis- through the Bishopric 72. According to our in-class discussion, Eastern Orthodox Christians trace their “apostolic succession” through whom? Andrew as Ecumencial Patriarch 73. What is the “Priesthood of all Believers,” and which denominations place the most emphasis on this teaching? Priesthood of all believers- The Bible holds all apostolic authority so anyone who believes in the Bible holds authority. (low church protestants) 74. What, according to our in-class discussion, is the one exception to the traditional Roman Catholic requirement that all who take “holy orders” must live a life of celibacy? Exception for previously married converts 75. According to our in-class discussion, the official Roman Catholic view of what Saints can do for the living is what? In other words, when a Catholic prays and gets an answer to that prayer, official Catholic teaching says that the answer comes from Whom? Saints are intercessors for the living The answer comes from God through the Saints 76. According to our in-class discussion, many Christians believe that the chief sin of Adam and Eve was their desire to become what? Their desire to become like God 77. According to our in-class discussion, does the Roman Catholic and Eastern Orthodox emphasis on the necessity of Sacraments for one’s salvation negate a reliance upon grace? Why or why not? No- works/sacraments are vehicles to God’s grace 78. According to our in-class discussion, do most practitioners of Christianity believe in a physical or a spiritual resurrection? Most christians believe it’s spiritual, churches say it’s physical 79. Which Christian denomination did was say believes that there are two kinds of resurrection; some people being resurrected as spirits and others being resurrected as physical beings? Jehovah’s witness 80. According to our in-class discussion, how many autocephalous (or self-governing) denominations of Eastern Orthodoxy are there; meaning how many of Eastern Orthodox denominations have their own patriarch and do not answer to any authority outside of their own denomination? 14 self-governing 81. According to our in-class discussion, how many branches of Catholicism are there? 23 branches of catholicism 82. Approximately what percentage of Christians today are considered members of the Roman Catholic tradition? ½ are Roman Catholic