Buddhism: Life of Siddhartha Gautama
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Questions and Answers

Why did Confucius die feeling like a failure?

He never achieved a high position in government.

What does the term 'Mahayana' mean in Buddhism?

The greater or larger vehicle.

What unique action did one of Confucius' disciples take after his death?

He lived at Confucius' grave in a hut mourning for approximately three years.

Which denomination of Buddhism is described as a 'museum piece of the past'?

<p>Theravada.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What did Confucius believe education should aim to achieve?

<p>Education is to make you a better human being, not for gaining power or wealth.</p> Signup and view all the answers

List the '6 Arts' or '6 Disciplines' Confucius believed everyone should learn.

<ol> <li>Spirituality 2. Poetry 3. History 4. Rituals 5. Music 6. Mathematics.</li> </ol> Signup and view all the answers

When was Mahayana Buddhism officially founded?

<p>100 CE.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the central tenet of Zen Buddhism?

<p>Meditation as a means of becoming enlightened.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was Confucius' view on the qualities of government officials in his time?

<p>He thought they were often too militaristic, domineering, and immoral.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do 'koans' represent in Zen Buddhism?

<p>Irrational riddles that aid in the quest for enlightenment.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How did Confucius view the caste system in relation to government service?

<p>He considered it immoral; only one's qualities as a Confucian gentleman should matter.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the core purpose of life according to Confucian thought?

<p>The purpose is to propagate peace and harmony and become a more ethical human being.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary focus of Pure Land Buddhism?

<p>Achieving union with the ultimate through grace.</p> Signup and view all the answers

In Tibet, what do many Vajrayana Buddhists call their religion instead of 'Buddhism'?

<p>Vajrayana.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does the saying 'You’re Confucian at Work, Taoist on Weekends, and Buddhist at Death' convey?

<p>It signifies that people embrace aspects of all three philosophies at different times in their lives.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Buddhist denomination treats their scriptures with great reverence?

<p>Theravada.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the primary purpose of mirrors in Shinto?

<p>Mirrors are employed as a doorway for the Kami.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What do Shinto practitioners typically do before praying?

<p>They perform ritual washing, bow deeply at the shrine, clap twice, and bow again.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are 'matsuri' and what is their primary purpose in Shinto?

<p>'Matsuri' are holidays or festivals whose primary purpose is to appease the Kami.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the most important work of Shinto priests and priestesses?

<p>The most important work is performing rituals of purification.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Who do practitioners of Shinto trace everything back to?

<p>They trace everything back to Mother in Heaven, the land of the rising Goddess.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What does 'bushido' refer to in Shinto, and what are its seven components?

<p>'Bushido' is the code of the samurai warrior, consisting of gratitude, justice, truthfulness, politeness, reserve, honor, and allegiance.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Is Shinto considered pessimistic or optimistic, and what reflects this view?

<p>Shinto is optimistic, reflecting the belief that we all descended from the Kami and are innately good.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Why did Shinto cease to be the state religion of Japan after WWII?

<p>Shinto was no longer the state religion due to the allies' insistence after the end of WWII.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the significance of the Arabic language in relation to the Qur'an for Muslims?

<p>Arabic is considered the celestial language, and Muslims strive to memorize parts of the Qur'an in it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Muslims view translations of the Qur'an in languages other than Arabic?

<p>They regard them as not being the full Qur'an, but rather a message of it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three duties of practicing Muslims regarding the Qur'an?

<p>They are to read it, understand it, and share it.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Before interacting with the Qur'an, what ritual cleanliness must Muslims perform?

<p>They must perform ritual washing of the feet, hands, and face.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is the Arabic term for 'traditions' associated with Muhammad, and what do they include?

<p>Hadīth refers to the traditions that contain Muhammad’s teachings and actions.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the Five Pillars of Islam?

<p>The Five Pillars are Shahada (faith), Salat (prayer), Zakat (almsgiving), Sawm (fasting), and Hajj (pilgrimage to Mecca).</p> Signup and view all the answers

What determines whether an act in Islam is accepted by God?

<p>It is determined by the intent of the participant.</p> Signup and view all the answers

How do Sunnis and Shiites differ in their daily prayer practices?

<p>Sunnis pray five times a day, while Shiites typically pray three times a day.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Which Christian tradition believes that the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father only?

<p>Eastern Orthodoxy</p> Signup and view all the answers

What is meant by the 'Double Procession' of the Holy Spirit?

<p>The Holy Spirit comes from both the Father and the Son.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What major theological conflict in the 4th century led to the Council of Nicaea?

<p>The conflict between Arius and Alexander.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were Arius's two main reasons for rejecting the 'co-equal' and 'co-eternal' nature of the Father and Son?

<p>Jesus is an archangel and asserting co-equality would imply polytheism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What title is given to Basil of Caesarea, Gregory of Nyssa, and Gregory of Nazianzus?

<p>The Cappadocian Fathers.</p> Signup and view all the answers

According to Basil and the others, what specific role does each person of the Trinity play?

<p>The Father is the source, the Son is God's offspring, and the Spirit is God's presence.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What were the Latter-day Saints' beliefs about Trinitarianism that differ from social Trinitarianism?

<p>The corporalism of Trinitarianism and the concept of Theosis.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What Greek word is translated as 'substance' and is significant in the context of the Trinity?

<p>Ousia.</p> Signup and view all the answers

When did Christianity officially separate from Judaism, considering itself a distinct religion?

<p>AD 70, when Rome sacked Jerusalem.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What are the three major denominations of Christianity?

<p>Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What distinguishes High Church Protestantism from Low Church Protestantism?

<p>High Church emphasizes rituals, liturgy, and hierarchy, while Low Church minimizes ritual and does not recognize the sacramental authority of ordained clergy.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What differing views do lay Catholics and Catholic scholars hold about the origins of the Catholic Church?

<p>Lay Catholics believe Jesus founded the Church and appointed Peter as the first pope, while scholars see a division after the apostles, leading to many branches.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What historical evidence suggests that the Bishop of Rome did not have universal authority in the fourth century?

<p>Emperor Constantine convened the Council of Nicaea, indicating that he held authority over Church matters.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the Great Schism and its significance?

<p>The Great Schism occurred in 1054, marking the split between Western Rome and Eastern Constantinople over authority and doctrine.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was the initial goal of the Protestant Reformation?

<p>The initial goal was to reform Catholicism from within.</p> Signup and view all the answers

What was one primary reform concern of John Wycliffe?

<p>Wycliffe wanted the Bible to be accessible to the laity, emphasizing their role in salvation.</p> Signup and view all the answers

Flashcards

Mahayana Buddhism

The largest branch of Buddhism, considered more progressive and evolutionary than Theravada.

Zen Buddhism

A branch of Mahayana Buddhism emphasizing meditation for enlightenment.

Pure Land Buddhism

A Mahayana school focused on achieving enlightenment through grace and union with the ultimate.

Vajrayana Buddhism

A branch of Buddhism, often practiced in Tibet, emphasizing visualization exercises and connecting with deities.

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Theravada Buddhism

A branch of Buddhism considered a 'museum piece', focusing on the initial scriptures (Tripitaka).

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Tripitaka

The Theravada scriptures, also known as the 'discourse baskets'.

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Koans

Irrational riddles used in Zen practice as a path to enlightenment.

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Buddhism in Tibet

Often called Vajrayana, emphasizes visualization and connection with deities.

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Confucius's view on government officials

Confucius believed many government officials were overly militaristic, domineering, and immoral.

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Confucian education focus

Confucian education aimed to cultivate better human beings (Confucian gentlemen), not to gain power or wealth.

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Confucius's '6 Arts'

The six disciplines (Spirituality, Poetry, History, Rituals/Rites, Music) were considered essential knowledge for education.

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Confucius's goal of life

To promote peace and harmony in the world by becoming a more moral person.

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Confucian view on personal improvement

Improving oneself leads to a better overall society.

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Confucius's disciples' actions after his death

His disciples mourned him for three years, a sign of devotion.

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Confucius's view on caste system

Confucius believed the social class should not affect government service; virtue was all that mattered.

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Confucius's focus on the present life

Confucius prioritized improving life in the present, not focusing on religious beliefs that might delay advancements.

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What do practitioners of Shinto do before praying?

Before praying, Shinto practitioners engage in a ritual washing, bow deeply, clap twice to get the attention of the Kami, and then bow again.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the purpose of 'matsuri' in Shinto?

Matsuri are Shinto festivals or holidays, and their primary purpose is to appease or flatter the Kami.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is the most important work of Shinto priests?

The most important work of Shinto priests and priestesses is performing rituals of purification.

Signup and view all the flashcards

What is Bushido in Shinto?

Bushido is the code of the samurai warrior in Shinto, encompassing seven key principles.

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What is the large red dot on the Japanese flag a symbol of?

The large red dot at the center of the Japanese flag symbolizes Amaterasu, the sun goddess.

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Is Shinto pessimistic or optimistic?

Shinto is an optimistic religion, founded on the belief that we are all descended from the Kami and therefore inherently good.

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Why is Shinto no longer the state religion of Japan?

Shinto lost its status as the official religion of Japan after World War II due to the Allied forces' insistence on separation of church and state.

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What does the term 'Religion of Peace' refer to?

Islam is often known as the 'Religion of Peace'.

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Christianity's Break from Judaism

The point where Christianity fully separated from its Jewish roots and became a distinct religion.

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Major Christian Denominations

The three main branches of Christianity: Catholicism, Eastern Orthodoxy, and Protestantism.

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High Church vs. Low Church

Distinguishes Protestant groups by their level of ritual and hierarchy.

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Catholic Church Origins: Lay vs. Scholar View

Contrasting beliefs about the Catholic Church's beginnings: Lay Catholics see Jesus as the founder, while scholars see multiple branches evolving after the apostles.

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Bishop of Rome's Authority

The debate over whether the Bishop of Rome held supreme power over the entire Church in the 4th century.

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The Great Schism

The major division within Christianity in 1054, separating the Western (Roman) and Eastern (Constantinople) branches.

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Schism Cause: Disobedience?

The Western Church's excommunication of the Eastern Church in the 11th century because of the Eastern Church's refusal to obey the Bishop of Rome.

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Protestant Reformation's Goal

The initial aim of the Protestant Reformation was to reform Catholicism from within.

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Qur'an's Origin

Muslims believe the Qur'an is a direct revelation from God, word-for-word, with no human influence from Muhammad.

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Arabic Language in Islam

Muslims consider Arabic the sacred language of the Qur'an, using it for prayers, rituals, and even trying to read the Qur'an.

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Non-Arabic Qur'ans?

Translations of the Qur'an are seen as conveying the message, but not the full, divine text. Arabic remains the original and most revered.

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Comparing Qur'an & Book of Mormon

Muslims consider the Qur'an a direct revelation from God, unlike the Book of Mormon, which they see as a human text.

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Muslim's Duty towards Qur'an

Muslims are obligated to read, understand, and share the Qur'an.

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Preparing to Read the Qur'an

Muslims perform a ritual washing of their hands, face, and feet before reading or reciting the Qur'an, showing respect for its sacredness.

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Resolving Contradictions in the Qur'an

Muslims believe later revelations supersede earlier ones when contradictions occur in the Qur'an.

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Sunnah & Hadīth - What are they?

Hadīth are Muhammad's teachings and actions, while Sunnah are further teachings that came after him, sometimes superseding even the Qur'an.

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Holy Spirit's Origin

The question of whether the Holy Spirit proceeds from the Father only, the Father and the Son, or the Father 'and/or' the Son, distinguishes major Christian traditions: Eastern Orthodoxy, Roman Catholicism, and Protestantism.

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Double Procession

The belief that the Holy Spirit proceeds from both the Father and the Son is known as the 'Double Procession' and is a key tenet of Roman Catholicism.

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Council of Nicaea

The Council of Nicaea in the 4th century formulated the doctrine of the Trinity and the Nicene Creed, emerging from a debate between Arius and Alexander about the nature of Jesus.

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Arius's View of Jesus

Arius believed Jesus was less than God, an adopted archangel, rejecting the concept of Jesus being co-equal and co-eternal with God, the Father.

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Arius's Reasons for Rejecting Co-equality

Arius rejected the co-equality of the Father and the Son because he believed it would lead to polytheism (multiple gods) and Jesus's status as an archangel meant he was not equal to God.

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Alexander's View of Jesus

Alexander of Alexandria argued that Jesus is co-equal and co-eternal with God, meaning they share the same divine nature and existence.

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Arius's Error?

Arius's belief in Jesus being a mere archangel led him to over-emphasize the subordination of Jesus, failing to acknowledge the full divinity of Christ.

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Alexander's Error?

Alexander's argument lacked clarity regarding the relationship between the Father and the Son, neglecting the distinct roles and persons within the divine Trinity.

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Study Notes

Buddhism

  • Buddhism's "official doctrine" is often overridden by individual beliefs and practices.
  • Conformity to beliefs and practices in Buddhism is not crucial.
  • Siddhartha Guatama founded Buddhism (563-483 BCE).
  • Śākyamuni is the "Sage of the Sakya clan" in Mahayana tradition.
  • A Brahmin priest predicted Siddhartha's future as either a religious leader or a king.
  • Four signs led Siddhartha to renounce his royal life: an old person, a sick person, a dead person, and a holy man.
  • Siddhartha was 29 when he became dissatisfied.
  • His father tried to isolate him from the world to prevent him from becoming a religious leader.
  • Siddhartha practiced extreme self-denial for six years, consuming only one grain of rice, one bean, or one sesame seed per day.
  • A paradox arose during his self-denial: his desire for no desires became a desire. He lost his past life memories.
  • A bowl of rice porridge saved Siddhartha's life.
  • While sitting under a bodhi tree, Siddhartha achieved enlightenment.
  • His declaration upon enlightenment was, "Birth is no more because desire is no more."

Confucianism

  • Confucius was born in 551 BCE in China.
  • He had an impoverished upbringing despite his family's aristocracy.
  • By 15, he determined his life path: scholarship.
  • Confucius's popularity was rooted in his eloquent speaking and philosophy, not just the brilliance of his ideas.
  • Confucius is considered the first professional teacher.
  • He felt his life was a failure because he was unable to implement his vision into governmental policy.
  • The focus of life for Confucius was to become a better human being - the here and now.
  • Confucius didn't believe in a God or afterlife.
  • He was primarily focused on the moral life of the individual living in the here and now.
  • Confucius prioritized righteousness and moral conduct above material wealth or social status.
  • Confucius sought to teach the principles of moral conduct, ethical relationships, and good governance.
  • The importance of rituals with regard to a good life. The purpose of education is to cultivate moral individuals.

Shinto

  • Shinto's creation was in response to the Japanese' military.
  • Shinto is the oldest religion in Japan.
  • It's the most populous religion in Japan, though Buddhism is the second most popular.
  • Shinto is tied to culture in Japan, and its lack of theology makes it easier to combine with other practices.
  • The chief deity is Amaterasu - the sun goddess.
  • Kami are divine spirits found in nature, ancestors, and important people.
  • Shinto worship often involves rituals to honor Kami and maintain harmony.
  • The kami are venerated in shrines.
  • Shinto is very localized and practices are connected to maintaining harmony in one's life.

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Explore the life and teachings of Siddhartha Gautama, the founder of Buddhism. This quiz delves into his journey from a royal life to enlightenment, highlighting key events and concepts in his spiritual quest. Understand the significance of his realizations and the foundations he established for Buddhism.

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