Nervous System Functions PDF

Nervous System Functions Sensory input Integration Motoroutput Nervoussystem neuromuscularjunction L...

Nervous System Functions Sensory input Integration Motoroutput Nervoussystem neuromuscularjunction L integration EntericNervous CentralNervousSystem CNS system PeripheralNervoussystemPNS Brain myentericplexus NMT cranialnerves spinalcord submucosalplexus muscle spinalnerves ganglia ascending sensory sensory afferentdivision to NS knefffaylf.tksFoin visceralorgans descending motor Motor efferent division Lannagaman.gg ppyygyy p.gg ggggiygppgi rest Parasympathetic digest division Embryo Ectoderm skin neuraltissue wherenervoussystemdevelopsfrom Mesoderm muscle bone organs notochords developsinectoderm is Endoderm guttube liver pancreas necessaryto induce NSdevelopment becomes nucleuspulposus Nervoussystem NS Development cells form neuralplate in ectoderm Neuralplateformsneuralgroove neurepithelialcellsseparatetoformneuralcrest 3 neuralgrooveedgesformneuraltube pérÉñri 4 neuraltubeclosesoverwhatbecomescaudalbraincranialspinalcord neurons CENTRALNERVOUSSYSTEM dorsal sensory  Y basalplate ventral horn motor FAILUREOFNEURALTUBE CLOSURE spinabifida meningocoele meningesprotrude cordprotrude cokes ÑÉrmYÉi'affirmations spinal spinal FAILUREOF MIGRATIONOFNEURALCRESTCELLS gutabnormalities myelination ofperipheralnerves Meninges enclose the BRAIN and SPINALCORD protective meningitis inflamed meninges pachymeningitis duramater CNII leptomeningitis arachnoidmembrane piamater thickouterlayer thinmiddlelayer thininnerlayer acat biteabscess pintracranialcancer OtherDiseases subduralbacterialinfections meningiomas BloodBrain Barrier barrierbetweenplasma withinCNSvessel ECF subarachnoidspace spacebetweenarachnoid piamaterthatcontainsCSF cerenenomeaunaiiiiiin.itiEiiitiiEj'iii CSF sampling iii iii iiiirentman Lumbarcistern enlargementofSAS atcaudalcerebellum dorsalbrainste CSF clear colorless nofibrinogenunabletoclot IWBCs glucose regulatesintracranialpressure ventricularsiset filledpassageway w in ons Lateralventricles 1ˢᵗ 2ⁿᵈ g Mesencephalicaquaduct Ejtiitiitifeentraicanalat.net CSF Flow lateralventricles interventricularforamen thirdventricle mesencephalicaqueduct fourthventricle  blocked or OR subarachnoidspace failureofreabsorption hydrocephalus centralcanal CSFabsorptionviareins venousbloodpressure intracranialpressurerelated cells of the Nervoussystem neuroglia glialcells smallcellsthatsurround wrapdelicateneurons PeripheralNervoussystem 2 central NervousSystem 4 Satellitecells astrocytes Oligodendrocytes branched structural framework s.EE iiii iiiiiii aii i iiiiiiii.me IIhtnydihshefa.fi maintainbloodbrain barrier controlchemicalenvironmentby recyclingions NTs NEURON singlecell Microglia smallovoidw thornyprocesses migratetowardinjuredneurons phagocytoseneuronaldebris t Ependymmaiceiissat.it cundaffcopmikrcel's Sfproduction tt ibtif'isinsiiti movement neuren a Einstein c it aiimiiieetiiiiia.inmerasicies epineurium thickerouterconnectivetissuethatbindsfasicles Partsof the Neuron Dendrites branchingpart that receivessynapticinputfromaxonsandsends to cellbody Soma asgradedpotentials CellBody Soma mostinCNS canbe inbrainspinalcord ORbody Iphotsynthte lente  Yohtain'snucleus P m i Nisslbodies granular RoughER AxonHillock connectscellbodyto axon siteofsummation ofmembranepotentials originof AP A conductingregionof neuron terminalregionsecrets NT coveredbymyelinsheath insulationprotection speedofconduction gaps nodes of Ranvier meraomionsiniisiitiin'titiiations ftp i.fkEiiiiin mm motoriefiii.it iiiiiii 1 enters Intermei.int inieiiiiiii i MOST sensory integration f NTsReleased EEitatory Dopaminergic dopamine Inhibitory Modularity Effinting Pitiite Excitatory Cholinergic Ach nerve bundleof axons outside brain or spinalcord peripheral canhavemultiplefunctions cell Membrane selectivelypermeable phospholipidbilayer w ionchannels Gatedoltage gated ligand gated Intle Effuget mechanically gated Extraitiipar Png50 proteins Leakchannels Cations Nat ConcentrationGradient High Low Anions Cl Hcos Proteins Nat and Cl in and kt out ElectrochemicalGradient opposites attract SodiumPotassiumATP usePump AGAINSTconcentrationgradients ACTIVETRANSP 3 Nat out 2kt in stabilizesmembranepotential RestingMembranePotential 70mVneurons 90mVcardiacmyocytes  ElectrochemicalEquilibrium Kt leakout somektattractedbackduetoelectrostat attraction NernstEquation relationshipofelectrical chemicalforcesactingon any ionic speciesacross a semipermeablemembrane K in kt dominantcontributor K out Hyperkalemia pacemakercellsmoreexcitable lethalarrythm Hypokalemia pacemakercellslessexcitable APs GradedPotentials local Δs in membranepotential EPSP ExcitatoryPostsynapticPotential depolarization IPSP Inhibitory PostsynapticPotential hyperpolarization SummationofSignals Temporalsummation effectwhenimpulsesreceivedatsameplaceon neuronaddup Spatialsummation effectwhensimultaneousimpulsesreceived at differentplaceson neuronaddupto fire neuron Threshold valueat which APtriggered 50 to 55mV actionpotential israpidshortlived91,91 none Phases of ActionPotential Resting state leakagechannelsopen voltage gatedclose Natin Depolarization voltage gated Natchannelsopen kt out P Natchannelinactivevoltage gated ktopen 15 9 21n K channelsslowlyclose Natchannelsreset excessivektout Eigenstate t.isie iiiieiiiap BUTneedgreaterstimulus noncottfatified'ÉnPtntt pacemakercells spontaneouslydepolarize Picianticised.it inannelsopen 2 Depolarization Catchannels open 3 Repolarization K channelsopen  CONTRACTILECARDIACAP I Depolarization Natchannelsopen 2 Plateau slowcastchannels Natchannelsclose open 3 Repolarization Cart catttumped channelsclose K channelsopen kt out Saltatoryconduction in myelinatedaxons FASTER Continuousconduction inunmyelinatedaxons SLOWER synapse junctionwherenervescommunicatewitheachother presynapticneuron sends information synapticcleft spacegapbetweenneuronsacrosswhichimpulseistransmittedbyN neurotransmitter NT chemical messenger postsynapticneuron receivesinformation couldalsobemuscleorglandcellinPN ormodulatorydependingon exfit.EE kEPEPHnphikitfffFEs mostcommon 1 CHEMICALSYNAPSE neuron neuron or neuron muscleglandularcell yippyypyggypqgq.gg.gggggggowpeaye smoothmuscle cardiacmuscle FAST presynaptic postsynapticmembranesclose together If Is NEUROTRp uptakenstored releasedbysynapticvesicle ITERS Direct NTbindsdirectlytoionchannels Initiett Acts through2nd messenger mate exiititiyimaipiiiiii.inteffipmeds Indolamines Inhibit.my tiyEePipoYartizing AP TEE viii aiiiiiii.ie ainsii serotonin dopamine Acetylcholine Ach excitatory synthesizedfromaceticacid cholinebyacetyltransferase degradedby acetylcholinesterase  NT Release I NTsynthesis axon terminals am It cellbody 2 Vesiclestransportedtopackagingsitesviamotorproteins cytoskeleton 3 Vesiclematures packagesNTs 4 Formationofreservepoolofvesicles 5 AParrivesatpresynapticnerveterminal depolarization 6 CartrushesintopresynapticterminalviavoltagegatedCa'tchannelsinresponsetoAP 7 Vesiclesmobilizedfromreservepooltoactivezoneonaxonterminal 8 Vesiclesdockedon membrane and exocytosis of NT Docking activezone Priming ATPdependent Fusion depends on calciumsensingandSNAREproteins avesitieiiatiit.is recycling endosomaldegradation SignalTermination due to NTfrom P I m begratiation ex acetylcholinesterase diffusion NeuromuscularJunction NMT 8AEniiiisfiecii.toiiisarcoiemma 3 Nat influx AP 4 APtravelsalongT tubule Calciumreleased cross bridgecycling 6 AChbrokendown Excitatoryprojectionneurons producedsecreteglutamate Inhibitoryinterneurons produce secreteGABA Neuromodulatorsystems consistofclustersofneuronsin subcortical brainstem nucleithatsendlongaxons secreteNTsthroughout NS CNS NTs PNSNTs Drivers Glybamate Drivers ACh sympatheticpre ganglionic Modulators ACh ganglionicAND Parasympatheticpre Dopamine postganglionic NE NE Seratonin sympathetic post ganglionic NT Receptors onchannels rapidresponse Ion.fipiitafeeptepji NMDA Nat kt andCatmovement ligandANDvoltagegatedblockedbyMg ᵗ Ketamine NOmethod kapatyonists Dextromethorphan Dextrorphan Ethanol AMPA GABAReceptors agonists Fraiiiilizers antagonistimidiitisants GABA A chloridechannels MetabotropicReceptors GPCR slower GlutamateReceptors IoT AC CAMP canΔbothpresynaptic postsynapticpotentials tes regulateglutamateavailability 8Receptors 11 99 9iq GABA GABA B k Ca tconductance Problems w excitation inhibitionincNS seizures acquired geneticdevelopmental imbalance treat w phenobarbital GABAagonist or glutamatereceptorantagonist tetanus Estate.tt itEi isca hEsiiiiiiii.int iidaiiiespams Strychnine pesticide antagonist ofglycine musclespasms ifrespiratory lethalasphyxiat Hippocampus electrochemicalbasisforlearning memory NTdamage failedmemory Long Termpotentiation LTP singlestimulus singleresponse singlestimulusaftertrain trainof stimuli tetauns largeresponse largeresponse hippocampalmemory  Evidence PresynapticΔ Postsynaptic Δ releaseprobability iiiii.in Es NMDAreceptorsblocked LTPformationinhibited need geneexpressionforlong term activated intracellularCa't effectstopersist Eff.tt mbttEepfrs to pulse response single DrugsModifyInhibition Excitation iséhÉtiveféuptakeinhibitors blockreuptakeofserotonin SSRI dopamine or NE SNRI inhibitNTrelease botulinumtoxin tetanus mimicNT tranquilizers barbiturates GABAagonists blockNTdegradation amphetamines includingmethamphetamines blockbreak downofcatecholaminesdopamine NE somaticmotornerve innervatesstriatedmuscle conscious reflexcontrol singlemotorneuron motorunit somaticmotorneuron musclefiber Autonomicmotornerve innervatessmooth cardiacmuscles glands unconsciouscontrol homeostasis twoneuronsw synapse ganglion Parasympathetic Origin of preganglionicneuron cranialnerves III VII X sacralspinalcordsegments 51 53 LONGPREganglionicneuron SHORTPOST ganglionicneuron terminalgangliainwalloftargetorgan sympathetic Originof preganglionicneuron segments T1 23 SHORFtphrEGhngt.fi 9Epihalcord LONGPOSTganglionicneuron Ganglia sympathetictrunk sympathetictrunkcranialcervicalmiddle Cervialcervicothoracic distanttoST celiac cranialmesenteric caudalmesenteric  g g g g ThoracicCavity DorsalBoundary thoracicvertebralcolumn VentralBoundary sternum ranialinietbiia.ir tEPistitiiia'ninium diaphitagvatedbyphrenicnerve audalOutletBorders T13 13thrib costalarch xiphoid somaticNerves intercostalnn phrenic n diaphragm m n tsonamaiiiiiiiiitieti C ntiiiiisi.in de AbdominalCavity DorsalBoundary lumbarvertebrae hypaxialmm VentralBoundary abdominalwallmm CranialBoundary Diaphragm CaudalBoundary pelvicinlet Diaphragmopenings aortichiatusesophagealhiatus cavalforamen PelvicCavity CranialBoundaryPelvic Inlet Autono sympathetic Innervation hypogastriann meetatpelvicplexus Innervation Parasympathetic pelvicnn somaticNerves Genitofemoraln scrotalstructures inguinalregionskin Pudendaln urethralsphincter caudalrectaln externalanalsphincterm I iii agent.it iii ini eiiii Micturition act of urination pelvic n detrusorm parasympatheticcontrol to no hypogastrich internalurethralsphincterm sympatheticcontrol pudendal n externalurethralsphincter m somaticcontrol ReflexArcs Stimulus Response Receptor sensoryNeuron Integrationcenter MotorNeuron Effector Afferent Efferent Somaticreflexes activateskeletalmuscle Autonomic smoothcardiacmuscleglands vis'T hi eratifetors Au t.org iafeYSbycNs hypothalamus mainintegrativecenter sympatheticDivision t eregion flontorffifitg.PE gIi inactivity SHORTpreganglionic nicotinictecestor cholinergic stimulatory iotihjjjigingi.intaeAchto adrenergicfibersrelease NE to adrenergicreceptors bloodvessels α 1 09CPR titillate yi smoothmuscle 22 Gi PR Gq stimulatoryactivates aaiplfhttse.it jEbkRGsCPR sympathomimetic mimics sympatheticNS sympatholytic opposessympatheticNS agonist drugthatbindstoreceptor similarresponse antagonist drugthatbindstoreceptor stopsresponse mfartiasi.si EaPaiieoushumor Eye farvision production take it it.int tatiiii on Lungs dilation broncho Tpulmonary blood flow GItract activity secretions constrictedsphincters Liver glucosereleasetoblood Adrenal hormone NE Epi Cortisol secretionbyadrenalmedulla kidney Treninrelease vasoconstriction urine Bladder durination relaxdestrusorm dcontractsinternalurethralsphin Sweatglands sweatsecretion hyperhidrosis Reproductive vasoconstriction erection uterinecontraction ejaculation  ParasympatheticDivision cranio brain sacral regions RESTIDIGEST CN III VII and 317,9 10 FEED BREED EFI8119955 P Division CRANIALNERVES CNI OculomotorM CNI olfactory CNI TrochlearM NII optic CNVTrigeminal B originate from CNI Abducens M cerebrum CNI Facial B CN III III from CNVII Vestibulocochlear S brainstem CNII Glossopharyngeal B EYE.AE ory Hypoglossal CNXII M ftp.erbk ies'leEaseacntocholinergic nicotiniciterieston stimulatory SH.PE YeieaseacntocholinergicCmisca'rigidities n e elevatedexpression in PNSEffects SLUDD brainprostatesalivary Salivation glandgallbladderheart Lacrimation musclespleenplacenta Urination testis Digestion Defecation parasympathomimetic mimics parasympatheticNs parasympatholytic opposes parasympatheticNS direct agonist drugthatbindstoreceptor similarresponse cholinergic agonist antagonist drugthatbindstoreceptor stopsresponse adrenergicantagonist indirect non receptorinteractions acetylcholinesteraseinhibitors TACH  eyesmiosisiiieiisi.in stearproduction brak t.int t Ilitiimtottanii i Lungs bronchoconstriction respiratorysecretions Saliva bloodflowtosalivaryglands salivaexcretion Alimentary motility peristalsis sphincterrelaxation gastricsecretions Gallbladder releasebile Pancreas releasedigestiveenzymes insulin Urogenital bladdercontractionurethralsphincterrelaxationTroiding Reproductive vasodilationtoerectiletissue vaginallubrication CARNIVORE LIMB INNERVATION intrinsicmuscleactiongroupsin TL PLsharecommoninnervation BrachialPlexus ventralbranchesof spiral EPinak.IEMn n Suprascapularn m supraspinatus m extensors ofshoulderjoint infraspinatus m Subscapularn subscapularis m Axillary n deltoideusm teresmajor m flexorsoftheshoulderjoint teresminor m Musculocutaneous n bicepsbrachiim flexors ofelbow cubitaljoint brachialis m medialcutaneousantebrachialn skin ofmedialantebrachium sensory Radial n tricepsbrachiim extensors ofelbowcubitaljoint tensorfasciaeantebrachiim RADIALN DAMAGE NON FUNCTIONINGTRICEPSBRACHIIM NOELBOWEXTENSION CAN'TBEARWEIGHT extensorcarpi radialis m common digital extensor m extensorsofcarpaldigitaljoints lateraldigitalextensor m supinator m ulnaris lateralis m  Yedioth ftp.tfi afPaiigtY eform.Jflexorsofcarpalsdigitaljoints deepdigital flexor m flexorcarpiulnaris m pronatorquadratus m pronatorteres m combosacralPlexus ventralbranches.fi i2 ETEEI PiYh IY Ée spinalcord shorter than column vertebral caudalgluteal n superficialglutealm Cranialgluteal n middlegluteal m atra pelvicglutealmuscles tdeenesprglfuateadema.ae m Femoral n 9 99 Pfemorism sartorius m stifle extension saphenous n cutaneous sensory sciatich internalobturatorm on sites auadratusfemorism.fmedialpelvicmm.SAF.ES EMm gemelli m Quadricepsfemorism qq.gsyton bicepsfemorism semimembranous m semitendinosus m caudalthighmm semitendinosusm semimembranosusm tibial n gastrocnemius m caudalcrus mm extensorsof tarsusflexors ofdigits common fibular n cranial tibial m cranialcrusmm flexorsof tarsus extensorsofdigits AutonomousZones areasofsensoryinnervationsuppliedbyONLYONENERVE ThoracicLimb DigitsI III Radial n lateraldistalbrachium dorsal proximalantebrachium dorsalmanus Digit V V national cutaneousantebrachian caudaldistalbrachiumt antebrachium musciliitiiitin.donotstataetaca.rs medialcutaneousantebrachiala medialdistalbrachium proximalantebrachium  PelvisfiPn linky dorsal plantarpestcaudalcrus Commonfibularn dorsalpes Tibial n plantarpes aaaiifant.us eiiiiainEpiiiimtaitiign caudalcardolateral UNGULATE LIMB INNERVATION ThoracicLimb Subscapular n Suprascapularn Cranialpectoral n Musculocutaneousn Mediann Ulnar n Radial n Lateralthoracic n Axillary n Thoracodorsal n Sweeny suprascapular nerve injury denervationatrophyofsupraspinatus infraspinatusmuscles lateral shoulder instability DroppedElbow radial nerve dysfunction extensorsofelbowcarpusdigitlosefunction inability to weight bear ThoracicLimbDistalInnervation thp.PEm9t Median n aursalbranhffintirt.lypalmarbranchofulnarn Lateral Medial ipaineathranchpattatrrh palmarn.pt lateral Iiiii.imiaiiiimetaaminn foot  ThoracicLimbNerveBlocks Palmardigital n block mediallaterpalmar palmarmetacarpal nn abaxial sesamopatiiisisesimtiaiiiiictiniii.atiaié taipaimiitaigitainn lowpalmarup.in Eineta'ftp.apbiocicrnstmetaiat lateralpalmardigitalnn DESENSITIZES palmarfoot DIPJ soleof foot PelvicLimb Femoraln Saphenous n Obturator n Eitan Commonfibular peroneal n Pudendaln Caudalrectaln Femoral n Paralysis neuropathy inabilitytoextendstifle innervatesquadriceps femorism collapse in pelvic limb Obturatorn paralysis neuropathy cannoteffectivelyinnervatePLadductors gracilisadductor pectineus mm due tocompression out and fall to ground  tibial n superficialfibularn PelvicLimbDistal Innervation deepfibularn medial aiiiatiii.is Teitatie taiitinn PelvicLimbNerveBlocks Plantardigital n block lateral medialplantardigital nn Abaxialsesamoid basisesamoid block lateral medialplantardigital nn 1st Lowplantar low 6pointlowmetatarsal block lateral medialplantarnn lateral medialplantarmetatarsal nn lateralmedialdorsal metatarsalan 2ⁿᵈ Highsuspensoryblock SE psbtr'aEns Istferamiptiattiiis'below DESENSITIZES originofsuspensoryligamentbody distally Spinal Cord MajorDivisions Spinalcord W whitematter funiculi gray matter a horns 1 1 313 HE O region  DorsalRootGanglion Spinalganglionthat contains nervecellbody Motorneuronsdo NOThave a ganglion becauseventralroots donothavethem SpinalNerve formedbydorsaland ventralroof Reflex Arc receptor afferent sensory neuron interneurons efferent motor neuron LMN target Wrt UMN vs LMN UMN UpperMotorNeuron iii custPNs iiiiii.to iiionemEiioiEiiEnF RESTINGTONE carries motorimpulsefromCNStoperipheraltarget generatesrestingtone CervicalIntumescence 06 T2 Musculocutaneous nerve Lateral thoracic nerve sacralIntumescence 24 Lumbo 53 sciatic nerve Femoral nerve REFLEXES Patellar PelvicLimbWithdrawal ThoracicLimbWithdrawal CutaneousTrunci Lesion Localization C1 CS tetraparesis ortetraplegia ataxia of alllimbs normal or reflexesin all 4limbs normalreflexes normalor muscletone in all 4limbs mild slow muscleatrophy C2 6 tetraparesis ortetraplegia ataxia of all limbs doro reflexesandtone infls abnormal reflexes normal or reflexesandtone inHLS T3 23 paraperesisor paraplegia ataxia of hindlimbs normalor reflexes normal reflexes mild slowHLmuscleatrophy 14 53 paraparesis or paraplegia ataxia of hindlimbs toro reflexes abnormalreflexes dor Omuscletone neurogenicmuscleatrophy