Pharmaceutics Introduction PDF

 An introduction to pharmaceutics (Dispensing, labeling, storage conditions, containers)  An introduction to pharmaceutics Dispensing : is concerned with preparation and supply of medicine. General Dispensing Procedure 1. Read the prescription carefully 2. Find the formula of pre...

 An introduction to pharmaceutics (Dispensing, labeling, storage conditions, containers)  An introduction to pharmaceutics Dispensing : is concerned with preparation and supply of medicine. General Dispensing Procedure 1. Read the prescription carefully 2. Find the formula of preparation in an appropriate source of information 3. Confirm that there are no pharmaceutical or therapeutic incompatibilities in the preparation 4. Look up the storage conditions for the preparation to know how choose container and what to write on the label 5. Work out the calculations and check them again 6. Write the main label and any special labels that are required 7. Make preparation , pack it in the container 8. Check the finished preparation  Sources of information official sources: BP: British Pharmacopoeia BPC: British Pharmaceutical codex USP: United States Pharmacopoeia NF: National Formulary non official sources: Martindale(Extra Pharmacopoeia) Pharmaceutical practice Pharmaceutical hand book  Prescription: is an oral or written order by a physician, dentist or any other registered medical practitioners to a pharmacist to compound and dispense a specific medication for the patient  Handling of prescription 1. Receiving 2. Reading 3. Checking( dose, directions, any calculations& storage requirement) 4. collecting the container 5. write the label 6. prepare the medicine (collect the materials /weighing /compounding ) 7. pack the medicine 8. fix the label 9. check the finished preparation 10. counsel the patient 11. endorse the prescription and collect any fee 12. dispose the prescription according to rules  Parts of prescription Date name, age, sex &address superscription in prescription (The inscription ) Subscription The signatura (also called Sig, or transcription) signature, address, & number of a prescriber  The superscription which consists of the symbol Rx (an abbreviation for recipe, the Latin for take) The Rx symbol comes before the inscription. The inscription is also called the body of prescription, and provides the names and dose and dosage form such as tablet, suspension, capsule, syrup. E.g Amoclan® 1g tab panadol 500 mg tab  The subscription, which gives specific directions for the pharmacist on how to compound the medication. are usually expressed in Latin or consist of a short sentence such as “Make a solution”, “mix and place into 10 capsules”, or “dispense 10 tablets” *The signatura (also called Sig, or transcription), which gives instructions to the patient on how, how much, when, and how long the drug is to be taken. are preceded by the symbol “S” or “Sig” from the Latin, meaning “mark”. e.g. “1 cap t.i.d , pc”, which the pharmacist translates into English, such as “take one capsule three times daily after meals”  Some types of dosage forms Liquid dosage forms: e.g: syrups, gargles, eye& ear drops, elixirs, suspensions, emulsions, solutions, liniments. Solid dosage forms : e.g : tablets, capsules, lozenges, pessaries, pills. Semisolid preparations:- e.g creams, ointments, pastes and jellies.  Container and closure for products **The ideal package should be: protect the contents from physical and mechanical hazards not interact with the product protect the content from the effect of atmospheric gases protect the content from both water loss and gain easy to label protect the content from the loss of volatile materials  The types of containers: Glass containers : widely used ,its limitation is fragile and heavy for transportation and may release alkali to its aqueous contents Plastic containers: widely used because less brittle than glass and its light weight, its limitation is permeability to water and vapor and gases , may soften or distort with heat Metal tubes: its limitation it may interact with contents and it is expensive Child resistant containers(CRC's): greater protection from accidental ingestion of poisons by children. They are not child proof and still labeled by '' keep out of reach of children Unit dose packaging , blister packs and strip packaging  Labeling of dispensed medicine: 1. General labeling 2. Cautionary & advisory labeling 3. Special labeling General labeling requirement Name of patient Name of address and supplier and date of supply. Contents of the container( quantity, name and strength) Storage conditions and shelf life Directions how to use it ( quantity, frequency, method or route of administration)  Cautionary & advisory labels: Examples, for external use only not to be taken may cause drowsiness caution in use (this preparation may color urine or stool ) or (flammable: keep away from flames) potential interaction with food or drink warning not to exceed a recommended dose  particular types of dispensed dosage forms: Linctuses : to be sipped & swallowed slowly without addition of water. Gargles and mouth wash : not to be swallowed in large amounts. Mixtures( e.g : suspension, emulsion ) : shake well before use  Definitions: Shelf life: (t10% or t90%): the time from manufacture or preparation until the original potency or concentration of the active constituents has been reduced by 10% ( 90% of active constituent is active) Expiry date: is the date after which the product is not intended to be used after Freshly prepared B.P. is prepared no more than 24 hours before issue Recently prepared B.P. is defined discarded after 4 weeks from issue Preparations made with chloroform water as preservative should normally discarded after 2 weeks