Exercise physiology .pdf

#### I. Energy Sources: 1. **What are the energy sources stored in skeletal muscle?** - A) Glycogen and Lactate - B) ATP and Phosphocreatine - C) Fatty Acids and Ketones - D) Glucose and Pyruvate **Correct Answer:** B) ATP and Phosphocreatine 2. **What is the name of the protein found in...

#### I. Energy Sources: 1. **What are the energy sources stored in skeletal muscle?** - A) Glycogen and Lactate - B) ATP and Phosphocreatine - C) Fatty Acids and Ketones - D) Glucose and Pyruvate **Correct Answer:** B) ATP and Phosphocreatine 2. **What is the name of the protein found in muscle tissue that can bind oxygen?** - A) Hemoglobin - B) Myosin - C) Myoglobin - D) Actin **Correct Answer:** C) Myoglobin 3. **In addition to ATP, what other high-energy molecule can be used to power high- intensity muscle activity?** - A) ADP - B) Creatine - C) Phosphocreatine - D) Glycogen **Correct Answer:** C) Phosphocreatine 4. **What is the storage form of glucose in the muscle?** - A) Glycogen - B) Glucose-6-Phosphate - C) Lactate - D) Pyruvate **Correct Answer:** A) Glycogen #### II. Energy Continuum: 5. **Which part of the energy continuum is primarily used for a 50-yard dash?** - A) Aerobic Metabolism - B) Anaerobic Glycolysis - C) Phosphagen System - D) Beta Oxidation **Correct Answer:** C) Phosphagen System 6. **The source of ATP for a given activity is dependent on which two factors?** - A) Oxygen availability and nutrient levels - B) Intensity and duration of the activity - C) Muscle fiber type and hydration status - D) Training status and body composition **Correct Answer:** B) Intensity and Duration of the activity 7. **Which energy system would an athlete primarily use during a marathon?** - A) Phosphagen System - B) Anaerobic Glycolysis  - C) Aerobic Metabolism - D) Glycogen-Lactic Acid System **Correct Answer:** C) Aerobic Metabolism 8. **What type of metabolism yields the most energy?** - A) Anaerobic Glycolysis - B) Phosphagen System - C) Aerobic Metabolism - D) Beta Oxidation **Correct Answer:** C) Aerobic Metabolism 9. **In the absence of adequate carbohydrates in the body, what is the metabolic fate of triglycerides?** - A) They are converted to glucose - B) They are converted to fatty acids and ketones - C) They are stored as glycogen - D) They are excreted in urine **Correct Answer:** B) They are converted to fatty acids and ketones 10. **Which of the following activities rely on ATP and creatine phosphate?** - A) Marathon Running - B) Weightlifting - C) Long-distance Cycling - D) Swimming 1500 meters **Correct Answer:** B) Weightlifting 11. **What is a limitation of the ATP-PC system?** - A) It requires oxygen - B) It has a low yield of ATP per glucose molecule - C) It provides energy for only a few seconds - D) It produces lactic acid **Correct Answer:** C) It provides energy for only a few seconds 12. **Which of the following is a possible side effect of creatine monohydrate supplementation?** - A) Increased endurance - B) Gastrointestinal discomfort - C) Improved aerobic capacity - D) Reduced muscle mass **Correct Answer:** B) Gastrointestinal discomfort #### Anaerobic Glycolysis: 13. **Where in the muscle cell does anaerobic glycolysis occur?** - A) Mitochondria - B) Cytoplasm - C) Nucleus - D) Sarcoplasmic Reticulum **Correct Answer:** B) Cytoplasm 14. **How much energy (ATP) can be produced from one molecule of glucose using anaerobic glycolysis?** - A) 2 ATP - B) 4 ATP - C) 6 ATP - D) 8 ATP **Correct Answer:** A) 2 ATP 15. **Without adequate oxygen, what is the fate of pyruvate?** - A) It is converted to glycogen - B) It is converted to lactic acid - C) It enters the Krebs cycle - D) It is stored as fat **Correct Answer:** B) It is converted to lactic acid 16. **What is the oxygen deficit?** - A) The amount of oxygen required to remove lactic acid - B) The extra oxygen consumed post-exercise to restore pre-exercise conditions - C) The difference between oxygen demand and supply during exercise - D) The amount of oxygen required for aerobic metabolism **Correct Answer:** C) The difference between oxygen demand and supply during exercise 17. **What eventually happens to the lactic acid produced during exercise?** - A) It is excreted in urine - B) It is converted back to pyruvate and used for energy - C) It is stored as fat - D) It remains in the muscles **Correct Answer:** B) It is converted back to pyruvate and used for energy 18. **What is the Cori cycle?** - A) The process of converting glucose to glycogen - B) The conversion of lactic acid back to glucose in the liver - C) The breakdown of fatty acids for energy - D) The synthesis of ATP from ADP **Correct Answer:** B) The conversion of lactic acid back to glucose in the liver 19. **In a working muscle cell, what organelle is responsible for aerobic metabolism?** - A) Nucleus - B) Ribosome - C) Mitochondria - D) Golgi Apparatus **Correct Answer:** C) Mitochondria 20. **What are the waste products of aerobic metabolism?** - A) Lactate and CO2 - B) Pyruvate and water - C) CO2 and water - D) Urea and ammonia **Correct Answer:** C) CO2 and water 21. **Under normal dietary conditions, why can't muscles rely solely on triglycerides as an energy source?** - A) Triglycerides cannot be mobilized fast enough - B) Complete oxidation of fats requires carbohydrates for the Krebs cycle - C) Fat metabolism produces toxic byproducts - D) Triglycerides are not stored in muscle cells **Correct Answer:** B) Complete oxidation of fats requires carbohydrates for the Krebs cycle 22. **What is beta oxidation?** - A) The process of breaking down glucose for energy - B) The synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi - C) The process of breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA units - D) The conversion of lactate to glucose **Correct Answer:** C) The process of breaking down fatty acids into acetyl-CoA units 23. **How does beta oxidation allow fatty acids to be oxidized to produce ATP?** - A) By converting fatty acids into pyruvate - B) By converting fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle - C) By converting fatty acids into lactic acid - D) By converting fatty acids directly into ATP **Correct Answer:** B) By converting fatty acids into acetyl-CoA, which enters the Krebs cycle 24. **What does the phrase “fats burn in a carbohydrate flame” mean?** - A) Fats can only be burned when carbohydrates are not available - B) Fats require carbohydrates to be completely oxidized - C) Fats are converted to carbohydrates before being burned - D) Fats are burned faster than carbohydrates **Correct Answer:** B) Fats require carbohydrates to be completely oxidized 25. **What is the physiological phenomenon of “hitting the wall”?** - A) A sudden increase in energy levels - B) The depletion of glycogen stores leading to fatigue - C) The accumulation of lactic acid in muscles - D) The breakdown of muscle fibers **Correct Answer:** B) The depletion of glycogen stores leading to fatigue 26. **Name some examples of low carbohydrate states that can lead to ketosis.** - A) High carbohydrate diet - B) Periods of fasting or starvation - C) High fat diet - D) Protein supplementation **Correct Answer:** B) Periods of fasting or starvation 27. **Which tissues in the body can be adequately fueled by ketones?** - A) Liver and pancreas - B) Heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys, and brain - C) Skin and adipose tissue- D) Bone and cartilage **Correct Answer:** B) Heart, skeletal muscle, kidneys, and brain 28. **In what organ does ketogenesis take place?** - A) Muscle - B) Kidney - C) Liver - D) Pancreas **Correct Answer:** C) Liver 29. **What are the three ketones formed from acetyl-CoA?** - A) Pyruvate, lactate, and oxaloacetate - B) Acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone - C) Glucose, glycogen, and glycerol - D) Citrate, isocitrate, and alpha-ketoglutarate **Correct Answer:** B) Acetoacetate, beta-hydroxybutyrate, and acetone 30. **How does ketosis affect insulin and blood glucose levels?** - A) Increases insulin and blood glucose levels - B) Decreases insulin and stabilizes blood glucose levels - C) Has no effect on insulin and blood glucose levels - D) Increases blood glucose levels only **Correct Answer:** B) Decreases insulin and stabilizes blood glucose levels 31. **Which of the following can hasten or produce muscle fatigue?** - A) Increased ATP levels - B) Decreased calcium ion imbalances - C) Dehydration and nutrient depletion - D) Increased oxygen supply **Correct Answer:** C) Dehydration and nutrient depletion 32. **Muscle fatigue refers to:** - A) Increased capacity of a muscle to perform work - B) Reduced capacity of a muscle to perform work - C) Enhanced endurance of muscle - D) Improved muscle strength **Correct Answer:** B) Reduced capacity of a muscle to perform work 33. **Which muscle fiber type is best suited for endurance?** - A) Type IIa - B) Type IIb - C) Type I - D) Type III **Correct Answer:** C) Type I 34. **Which muscle fiber type will hypertrophy with resistance training?** - A) Type IIa - B) Type IIb - C) Type I - D) Type III **Correct Answer:** B) Type IIb 35. **What are the physiological features of Type I muscle fibers?** - A) Fast contraction, low fatigue resistance, anaerobic, large diameter - B) Slow contraction, high fatigue resistance, aerobic, small diameter - C) Intermediate contraction, moderate fatigue resistance, aerobic/anaerobic - D) Fast contraction, high fatigue resistance, anaerobic, large diameter **Correct Answer:** B) Slow contraction, high fatigue resistance, aerobic, small diameter 36. **Which dominant energy system is utilized by Type IIb fibers?** - A) Aerobic metabolism - B) Anaerobic glycolysis - C) Phosphagen system - D) Beta oxidation **Correct Answer:** B) Anaerobic glycolysis 37. **How does ventilation change at the onset of exercise?** - A) Decreases rapidly - B) Increases rapidly - C) Remains unchanged - D) Decreases gradually **Correct Answer:** B) Increases rapidly 38. **What is the mechanism that triggers the change in ventilation at the onset of exercise?** - A) Increased blood glucose levels - B) Neural input from the brain, chemical changes in the blood, and proprioceptive feedback from muscles - C) Decreased ATP levels - D) Increased glycogen stores **Correct Answer:** B) Neural input from the brain, chemical changes in the blood, and proprioceptive feedback from muscles 39. **How do the ventilatory changes of well-trained athletes compare with those of untrained individuals?** - A) Well-trained athletes have less efficient ventilatory responses - B) Well-trained athletes have higher ventilation rates for a given workload - C) Well-trained athletes have more efficient ventilatory responses - D) There is no difference between well-trained athletes and untrained individuals **Correct Answer:** C) Well-trained athletes have more efficient ventilatory responses 40. **During aerobic exercise, how does ventilation change 4–6 minutes after the onset?** - A) Decreases rapidly - B) Increases to meet the steady-state demands of the activity - C) Remains unchanged - D) Decreases gradually **Correct Answer:** B) Increases to meet the steady-state demands of the activity 41. **What is the anaerobic threshold?** - A) The point during exercise when oxygen consumption is at its maximum - B) The point during intense exercise at which lactate starts to accumulate in the blood - C) The level of exercise intensity that can be sustained indefinitely - D) The maximum rate of fat oxidation **Correct Answer:** B) The point during intense exercise at which lactate starts to accumulate in the blood 42. **If exercise exceeds the anaerobic threshold, what changes can be observed in the blood?** - A) Increase in blood glucose levels - B) Decrease in blood lactate levels - C) Increase in blood lactate levels and hydrogen ions, leading to a drop in pH - D) Increase in blood oxygen levels **Correct Answer:** C) Increase in blood lactate levels and hydrogen ions, leading to a drop in pH 43. **How does the increase in blood lactate and hydrogen ions lead to a change in ventilation?** - A) It stimulates chemoreceptors, leading to increased ventilation to expel CO2 and restore pH balance - B) It decreases the need for ventilation - C) It has no effect on ventilation - D) It increases the need for oxygen **Correct Answer:** A) It stimulates chemoreceptors, leading to increased ventilation to expel CO2 and restore pH balance