Exam 2 Review PDF

EXAM 2 REVIEW Patient Safety: Patient Ambulation: - The patient’s bed should always be in the lowest position unless care is being given - Potential Safety Hazard: patient spills water on the floor Body Mechanics: - Lateral: towards the side of the body (away from the middle) - Bendi...

EXAM 2 REVIEW Patient Safety: Patient Ambulation: - The patient’s bed should always be in the lowest position unless care is being given - Potential Safety Hazard: patient spills water on the floor Body Mechanics: - Lateral: towards the side of the body (away from the middle) - Bending at the knees and hips will help prevent a back strain - Abduction: movement away from the midline (away from the body) - Adduction: movement toward the midline (towards the body) - Flexion: bending a limb at the joint - Extension: straightening a limb - Back Pain is a major work related injury suffered by healthcare workers - Trochanter Roll: Electrical Safety: - Never pull the cord to remove a plug from the socket - Never use an electrical cord with wires showing Fire Hazards: - Class A Fire: fabric, wood, paper. Uses a pressurized water fire extinguisher - Class BC Fire Extinguisher: contains carbon dioxide gas - Class ABC Fire Extinguisher: contains a dry chemical - Horizontal Evacuation: moving from East to West - Vertical Evacuation: moving patients up or down - Fire needs: oxygen, fuel, and a source of ignition - Order of Evacuation: ambulatory patients, semi-ambulatory patients, non-ambulatory patients - NFPA label: Red (Fire Hazard), Blue (Health Hazard), White (Specific Hazard), Yellow (Instability) Imaging/Radiology Safety: - Basic Radiation safety principles: time, shielding, and distance - Biohazard: - Laser: - Electric Shock: - Radiation/X-ray:  - Magnet in Use (MRI): Patient Transfers: - To move a patient up in bed with less effort, lower the head of the bed - If the patient can’t maintain a standing position, lower the patient back to the sitting position and reassess - Patients should NOT put their hands around your neck during transfers - When transferring a patient in a wheelchair: back the patient down an incline and lock the brakes on both wheels during transfers Restraints: - Restraints may be used to assist immobile patients, if the patient might hurt themselves, if the patient needs support - Restraints must be removed EVERY TWO HOURS - ANKLE BOOTS ordered by an orthopedist are not considered a restraint - Documentation must include the type of physical restraint used - When using restraints, attach them to a part of the bed frame that will move with the patient (IMAGE C): Miscellaneous: - Adverse Event: - Patient came for surgery, tripped in the bathroom because he was texting and sprained his ankle. - Allergic reaction to medication - Code Pink: missing baby - Code Blue: patient goes into cardiac arrest - Code Yellow: mass casualty, school bus hit by a train - Military Time: 7a: 0700, 7pm: 1900 - High-Fowler’s Position: - Prone Position: Physical Assessment: General: Inspection: observing the client in a deliberate, systematic manner. Palpation: touching the patient in a therapeutic manner to elicit specific information (ex: edema) Percussion: listening to a sound produced by striking an area of the body Auscultation: listening to the sounds produced by the body. (ex: respirations) Objective Data is what you can see and measure: ankle swelling, fever, medical record, hives Subjective Data is what the patient or family says (friend, spouse, patient, doctor concern, etc) Neurological System: What might you assess: pain, orientation, PERRLA (accommodation), Aphasia (loss of ability to understand or express speech), Hemiparesis (weakness or partial paralysis on one side of the body), Pain level Orientation: name, place, year (x1, x2, x3) Accommodation: pupils constrict when you shift focus from far-sighted to near-sighted. Respiratory System: Orthopnea: difficulty breathing while lying down Wheezing: high pitch sounds on exhalation (Asthma) Crackles: sound of fluid filled or collapsed alveoli popping Tachypnea: greater than 20 respirations per minute Cardiovascular System: Capillary Refill: should be less than 3 seconds Pulses: all pulse sites are peripheral, except for apical pulse Edema: swelling in the feet and ankles Heart Sounds: S1 and S2 are normal (lub dub). S3 and S4 are NOT normal. Gastrointestinal System: IAPP: Inspection, Auscultation, then Palpation, then Percussion What you might assess: nausea/vomiting (n/v) Palpation: start with light pressure, lift hands between each quadrant, ask patient if they are experiencing any pain Absence of bowel sounds: if you don’t hear anything, listen for at least 5 minutes Genitourinary System: What you might assess: blood in the urine (hematuria), penile or vaginal discharge Nephrostomy: opening into the renal pelvis of the kidney Urinary Output: Less than 500mL in 24hrs - Oliguria, Less than 50mL in 24hrs - Anuria Musculoskeletal System: MAEW: Moves All Extremities Well Plantar Flexion: pointing your toes Muscle Atrophy: when a muscle shrinks or wastes away Lordosis: exaggeration of the curve of the lumbar spine Therapeutic Communication: Verbal Communication can be spoken or written Nonverbal Communication (communicating without words): turning your back, rolling your eyes, smiling, eye contact, physical touch, facial expressions, gestures You can control prejudices by understanding them and your feelings, and trying to overcome them. Barriers to communication: talking too fast, labeling others, and sensory impairment Good listening skills: showing interest, hearing the message, not interrupting In the Communication Model, the patient is usually the “Sender” Therapeutic Communication include active listening, use of self, and no self-disclosure Non-therapeutic Techniques: -Agreeing or Disagreeing: indicates accord with the patient or opposes their idea - Requesting an Explanation: impies the patient must defend themselves - Why: demands a response and requires justification Empathy: relating to the way a person feels (my husband has cancer, your husband died of cancer 2 years ago) Problem Solving/Critical Thinking/Maslow’s: -Problem Solving could be the difference between life or death Problem Solving Method: 1. Identify the Problem 2. Gather Data 3. Form a Strategy 4. Implement your Plan 5. Evaluate the Results: adjustments you could make to improve the plan Maslow’s Hierarchy (highest to lowest): 1. Self Actualization 2. Self Esteem(recognition of achievements, assigned important tasks) 3. Social (love, belonging, friendship...NOT JUSTICE) 4. Safety (financial reserves) 5. Physiological (food, sleep, water) Maslow’s Theory of Motivation is used as a source of motivation for workplace and employee management Professionalism: -Soft Skills: Collaboration and Communication -Conflict of Interest: inappropriate relationship between personal interest and professional responsibilities - A hostile work environment is an unsafe environment, NOT just working in a job you don't like -Competence: possessing necessary knowledge and skills - Character: someone’s moral behavior and qualities - Diversity: differences, dissimilarities, and variations - Electronic Health Record: electronic version of a patient’s medical history -Scope of Practice: performing duties within your job description (don’t take pulses if it isn’t allowed by your governing entity)