Ethics Compilation PDF

ETHICS BASIC CONCEPT Learning Objectives To understand the differences of moral and non- moral standards. Discuss the different level of dilemmas Discuss freedom-responsibility as human What is Moral?  It is about identifying right and wrong as well as good and bad. MORAL...

ETHICS BASIC CONCEPT Learning Objectives To understand the differences of moral and non- moral standards. Discuss the different level of dilemmas Discuss freedom-responsibility as human What is Moral?  It is about identifying right and wrong as well as good and bad. MORAL VS. NON- MORAL STANDARDS  2 TYPES OF STANDARDS MORAL STANDARDS NON-MORAL STANDARDS Moral standards is Non-moral is the criteria concerned with the for making other kinds principles of right of judgements or it is wrong behavior and the standards that goodness and bdness of dictates by social norms. human character.  MORAL STANDARD  MORAL -the rules about the kinds of actions people believe are morally right and wrong. Deal with matters which can either harm and seriously benefit human beings.  Characteristics of Moral Standards 1. Deal with matters that have serious implications in society, environment, workplace and human beings. 2. Based on impartial consideration 3. Preferred to other values including self- interest 4. Associates with special emotions 5. Not established by authority figures Examples of Moral Standards. 1. Respect other‘s property. 2. No cursing inside the house. 3. Do not disrespect anyone. 4. Care for the abused animals. 5. Stand up for what you know good, right and fair. NON-MORAL STANDARDS  Non-Moral are standards by which we judge what is good or bad and wrong or right in a non- moral way. Characteristics of Non-Moral Welfare of non-beings Relies on Authority- Law Religion and Tradition Self-interest No emotions Example of Non-Moral 1. Rules of etiquette 2. Fashion Standards 3. Rules of games 4. Various House rules  Presented by GROUP 1 BEED1A Thank You GROUP MEMBERS: ABONIN, JOY ANN ACBANG, MAE ANGELA TRETASCO, GRACE ANN VELASCO, JIN-JIN CULTURE IN MORAL BEHAVIOR  LESSON Objectives 1 2 3 The student should be able The student should be able The student should be able to know The Role of Culture to learn why Culture to know about the in Moral Behavior. Relativism is not tenable in strengths and weaknesses Ethics. of a Filipino in Moral Behavior as well as the other countries in Asia. CULTURE AND ITS ROLE TO MORAL BEHAVIOUR  WHAT IS 01 02 03 04 CULTURE? Introduction to What is Logical Common Performance Logical Fallacy Fallacy? Logical Fallacies Task ° Culture is defined as that complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, arts, moral, law, customs, and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of society (Burke, 2008). ° The totality of learned, socially transmitted customs, knowledge, material objects, and behaviour (Schaefer, 2013). ° Passed along by communication/socialization from one generation to another. ° It is impossible to live in a society without being affected by its culture.  THE ROLE OF CULTURE IN MORAL BEHAVIOR ° Within culture our moral codes that are practiced through social behaviour. ° Moral codes are sets of rules or guidelines that a person or group follows in order to live a just and good life. Slippery Slope ° Moral codes are heavily dependent upon culture. This is because eachAd culture has its own ideas of what Hominem regarded as good or bad. ° Moral codes dictate U many aspects of our lives, from how we act with different age groups, to how we dress, and even how we treat other people. WHAT IS CULTURE RELATIVISM? ° Culture relativism is the view that all beliefs, customs, and ethics are relative to the individual within his own social context. ° In other words "right" and "wrong" are culture-specific ;what is considered moral in one society may be considered immoral in another, and since no universal standard of morality exists, mo one has the right to judge another society's customs. °Cultural relativism believe that all culture are worthy in their own right and are of equal value. WHY IS IT NOT TENABLE IN ETHICS? The cultural relativism is not tenable in ethics because ethics is the behaviour of individuals in society when we heard the word ethics it will comes to our mind it is has value, principle, morality etc.  ASIAN AND FILIPINO MORAL BEHAVIOR : STRENGTHS AND WEAKNESSES  ASIAN MORAL BEHAVIOR Indian Pakistan Cooperation Uniqueness Generosity Diversity Modesty Group Harmony  FILIPINO MORAL BEHAVIOR Strengths Weaknesses Close Kinship “Bahala Na” Respect for Elders Colonial Mentality Hospitality “Mamaya Na” or “Bukas Na Lang” Strong Faith in God Habit Hard work and Industry Crab Mentality Readiness to Share and Help “Patigasan” “Kanya kanya”  THANK YOU! Members; Agapor, Abegail Amparado, Matthew Sto Domingo, Monika Tragante, Judi  THE MORAL AGENT : DEVELOPING VIRTUE AS A HABIT  TARGET OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson, you should be able to; 1. Define and illustrate developing virtue as habit, 2. Discuss and determine the different levels of moral reasoning and its relationship to the stages of moral development.  MORAL AGENT A moral agent is a person who has the ability to discern right from wrong and to be held accountable for his or her own actions.  VIRTUES It defines good actions as ones that display embody virtuous character traits, like courage, loyalty, or wisdom.  MORAL CHARACTER The totality of a person's dispositions or characteristics that play a role in how the person, morally speaking, behaves.  HOW MORAL CHARACTER DEVELOPED? -It is developed by one's action.  MORAL DEVELOPMENT  MORAL DEVELOPMENT Moral Development means learning to spot differences between right and wrong, proper and improper. THE STAGES OF MORAL DEVELOPMENT  How do we get to the highest level conscience-based moral decisions? A THANK YOU Arcilla, Hannah Avila, Sheryl Sorellano, Ellva Sinfuego, Allysa Mae  G S & IN L MORAL FEE DECISION- MAKING IH CS - E T 1 D GE C 4 V e t P re-  The topic is designed to help the A R N I N G students learn and understand: LE TIVES O B J E C 1. about feelings and moral decision making. 2. how feelings can be obstacles to making the right decisions. 3. how feelings can help in making the right decisions from the verb “to feel” and means anything that can be experienced via touch, smell, FEELIN see, or any other sensory organ GS also visceral (strong emotion) or instinctual by providing motivations to act MORALLY experienced via physical means as well as mental states  OT I O N S can be rational in being EM at least sometimes on good judgments causes such reaction: the powerful emotion of a great symphony  DIFFERENCES EMOTION FEELING Psychophysiological State of expressions conciousness Biological reactions Sentiments Mental State Desires Long-lived Short-lived Go deeper experience Surface experience Need to be worked out Easier to subside  FEELIN SADNESS GS DISGUST HAPPINESS  OT I O N S EM JEALOUSY AFFECTION HURT  FEELINGS AS INSTINCTIVE & TRAINED RESPONSE S MA E M ID L TO MOR A L  FEELINGS AS INSTINCTIVE & TRAINED RESPONSE TO MORAL DILEMMAS Some ethicists hold that moral judgments at their best should also be emotional. When faced with moral dilemma, individuals may experience a range of emotions that guide their decision-making process. This emotions can be both INSTINCTIVE or TRAINED RESPONSES to moral dilemmas  stems from evolutionary history INSTIN EXAMPLE: CTIVE feeling of guilt arises when faced with moral dilemma that might harm others feelings of empathy and compassion evolved as response to suffering of others  result of social conditioning and R A I N E D personal experience T N S E RE S P O EXAMPLE when we are taught at a young age to be honest - sense of guilt arises when facing moral dilemma that involves dishonesty personal experience of injustice and harm - feeling of anger and indignation whem same situation arises When feelings are involved in the decision- making, the process may be considered as subjective. ethical subjectivism - theory which holds that our moral opinions are based on our feelings and nothing more David Hume - claimed that morality is a matter of sentiments and not a matter of fact Simple subjectivism - the idea that something is good or bad means approval or disapproval of that something Emotivism - an ethical theory originally developed by English philosopher A. J. Ayer. - teaches that moral statements do nothing more than express the speaker's feelings about the issue.  IS FEELING HELPFUL IN MAKING RIGHT DECISIONS? UP TO 90% OF WE USE LOGIC TO SIGNIFICANT THE DECISIONS JUSTIFY OUR FACTORS WE MAKE ARE ACTIONS TO past experiences BASED ON OURSELVES AND variety of cognitive biases EMOTION TO OTHERS escalation of commitment and include outcomes individual differences (age, socioeconomic status) belief in personal relevance  FEELINGS AS OBSTACLE IN DECISION-MAKING Feelings and emotions, however, can become obstacles or impediments to becoming ethical. EMOTIONAL BIAS feelings can cloud judgment and lead PRONE TO ERRORS to make decisions fail to recognize the that are based on OVEREMPHASIS ON IMMEDIATE goodness of EMOTIONAL CONFLICT irrational or GRATIFICATION intellectual state of disharmony subjective factors strong positive emotions, such debate between incompatible as excitement or happiness, intense emotions, such as can make us seek immediate love and hate or the desire gratification rather than for success and fear of considering long-term failure, that causes distress benefits or risks to the individual.  HOW THEY CAN HELP IN MAKING THE RIGHT DECISIONS? Making choices that align with our values and aspirations leads to a fulfilling and meaningful life. They empowers us and gives us control over our destinies. Recognizing the consequences of our choices is crucial for purposeful life navigation. Feelings can guide moral decision-making in complex ethical situations, but they may not provide definitive answers. A balanced approach combining emotional insight and rational thought may be most effective in addressing moral challenges, as emotions can shape our understanding of right and wrong. THANK YOU!!! Prepared by: Mariel Despabiladeras Medallaine Dimaiwat Ellaine Beatriz Ebo Ethics TOPICS: 1. Reason and Impartiality Define 2. The 7- Steps Moral Reasoning Model  Rea s on a nd Im pa rt iality are the M IN IMU M req uire m e nts of Morality.  Reason - basis or motive for an action or decision Impartiality - contains the belief that every person's interests and viewpoint are equally important  REASONING IMPARTIALITY the use of reason to the the concept if impartiality justification and in justice calls for decisions assessment of moral to be made impartially, decisions, guaranteeing without bias or true, pertinent, and discrimination, and it entails comprehensive premises letting go of personal and assumptions. prejudices in order to provide fair and equitable treatment for all  The 7- Steps Moral Reasoning Model Gather the Facts 1 make sure the facts are clear Determine the Social Issues 2 the competing interests are what creates the dilemma Determine what principles/virtues have a bearing 3 on the case determine if some should be given more weight than others  List the alternatives 4 determine possible courses of actions for your dilemma Compare the alternatives with the virtues/principles eliminates alternatives as they weighed by the moral principles 5 which have a bearing on the case, make sure you have a good reason for each weighing Consider the Consequences 6 take the alternatives and work out the positive and negative consequences of each Make Decision 7 choose wisely the ethical decision you are going to make Prepared By: Pre-Vet 1D Encinas, Jhyzle Ann Trinidad Galvan, Jaschea Atole Ibasco, Christian Jay Apolinario Iglesia, Geschenkideen Pintor MORAL COURAGE Learning Objectives 📌 Understanding why the Will is as important as reason 📌 Knowing the difficulties in Moral Courage 📌 Learning how the Will is develope  Moral Courage "doing the right thing even at the risk of inconvenience,ridicule, punishment,loss of job ,security or social status and etc.  Moral Courage This requires that we rise above apathy,complacency,hatred,cynicism ,fear mongering,cultural and religious differences.  LACK OF MORAL COURAGE: Walking away from someone in need. Breaking a promise Laughing at someone's misfortune or accident. Lying or Cheating Remaining silent in the face of wrong-doing or injustice EXAMPLE OF MORAL COURAGE: Reporting a crime. Standing up to a bully. Helping someone in need. Turning in a toy or wallet to the Lost and Found Doing homeworks or chores without being reminded. ELEMENTS OF MORAL COURAGE PRINCIPLES ENDURANCE DANGER Endurance Danger -The ability to withstand Exposure or liability to hardship or adversity the act injury,pain, harm, or loss. or an instance of enduring or A case or cause of danger suffering. Principle -A comprehensive and fundamental law, doctrine, or assumption. -The laws on facts of nature underlying the working of an artificial device.  MORAL COURAGE IS DIFFICULT Examples of pressures that make moral Courage difficult: Fear of anger from seniors Fear of ridicule by peers Lack of confidence due to immaturity Ignorance WILL - the faculty of choice or decision, by which we determine we shall perform.  WILL AS IMPORTANT AS RREASON REASON Every agent acts with an end in the mind WILL the intrinsic principle This end moves a person moving the agent towards towards an end an end. Will being essential of an INTELLECT or REASON action to be considered is a principle of Human human. Action. Will + Intellect= Human Act or otherwise, Act of Human (St. Thomas Aquinas) To stand up for your beliefs, even when it is difficult or unpopular, is known as moral courage. It is the willingness to take a stand and do what is right, even in the face of adversity or potential backlash. Developing the will for moral courage requires several key steps: 1. Self-reflection: Take time to reflect on your beliefs, values, and principles. Understand what is important to you and why. 2. Education: Seek knowledge and information about the issues you care about. Be well-informed and understand different perspectives. 3. Overcoming fear: Recognize that taking a stand can be scary. It may involve facing criticism, social pressure, or even risk to your personal safety. 4. Building resilience: Cultivate resilience to withstand the challenges that may come with standing up for your beliefs. 5. Practicing empathy: Understand and empathize with those who may disagree with you. 6. Taking calculated risks: Recognize that sometimes moral courage requires taking risks. 7. Starting small: Building moral courage is a process that takes time and practice. VIRTUE ETHICS Aristotle & St. Thomas Aquinas  Virtue Ethics Is a branch of moral philosophy that focuses on the character and virtues of a person rather than just their actions or the consequences of those actions. It’s all about developing qualities like kindness, courage, honesty, and integrity, which guides us to live a good life.  Father of Virtue Ethics Aristotle was a Greek Philosopher and one of the most influential figures in Western philosophy. Introduced the concept of “eudaimonia” A student of Plato, later became the teacher of Alexander the Great. “Virtue lies in our power, and similarly so does vice; because where it is in our power to act, it is also in our power not to act...” —Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics Aristotle Telos Telos is a Greek word meaning “purpose” or “end goal”. It represents the intrinsic purpose of any being or object. Aristotle believed that everything in nature has a specific purpose (telos) that defines its essence and function. He believed that our telos is to live a good life. It’s not just about surviving but thriving, being happy, and doing good. Aristotle’s telos of wealth was not amassing gold but achieving eudaimonia, a state of complete well-being and fulfilment. How do you define your own telos or purpose in life?  Aristotle: Virtue as Habit Aristotle believed that virtue as a habit requires an intentional choice when you begin. The habit of virtue is not yet developed, but over time one becomes used to behaving virtuously and after a while one acts virtuously without needing to choose. You have become virtuous─ it’s now part of you and how you act. He argues that virtues are formed through the repetition of good actions. The more you practice a virtue, the more it becomes part of your character. Just like learning a skill, virtues requires repeated actions until they become a natural part of one’s character.  Happiness as Virtue According to Aristotle, happiness is the result of living virtuously: Aristotle argued that true happiness (eudaimonia) is not about pleasure or material success, but about living a life of virtue. For him, happiness is achieved by consistently practicing moral excellence, such as courage, temperance, and justice. Aristotle argued that happiness is a lifelong pursuit of virtue: For Aristotle, happiness isn’t a one-time achievement but a lifelong process of living virtuously. Happiness is not about occasional acts of goodness but the result of a consistent and whole life lived in accordance with virtue. The concept of the mean between extremes is central to Aristotle’s idea of happiness as virtue. According to him, virtue is about finding the balance or middle ground between two extremes: excess and deficiency. This balance is what leads to virtuous actions, and living virtuously is the key to achieving happiness (eudaimonia). Aristotle believed that living in excess or deficiency leads to bad outcomes, not happiness. If a person is too reckless (excess), they may harm themselves or others, and if they are too fearful (deficiency), they might miss opportunities for growth. So we should live in moderation. St. Thomas Aquinas was a medieval St. Thomas philosopher and theologian. Dominican Friar Aquinas One of the most significant figures in Western philosophy and Christian theology, and a prominent Doctor of the Roman Catholic Church. He is best known for integrating Aristotle's philosophy with Christian doctrine, a system known as Thomism. He was canonized and became a saint in 1323.  Natural Law Is a theory in ethics and philosophy that says that human beings possess intrinsic values that govern our reasoning and behavior. Natural Law maintains that these rules of right and wrong are inherent in people and are not created by society or court judges. Aquinas wrote most extensively about natural law. He stated, "the light of reason is placed by nature and by God in every man to guide him in his acts." Therefore, human beings, alone among God's creatures, use reason to lead their lives. This is natural law. Examples: Right to Life - The belief that every human being has an inherent right to life, which should be respected and protected. Right to Liberty - The idea that individuals have the right to make choices about their own lives, as long as they do not infringe on the rights of others. Property Rights - The notion that individuals have the right to own and use property. Pursuit of Happiness - The idea that individuals should have the freedom to seek their own happiness, as long as it does not harm others. Justice - The belief in fairness and equality, asserting that individuals should be treated justly and without discrimination. Duty to Help Others - The ethical principle that individuals have a moral obligation to assist those in need, reflecting a natural sense of empathy and community.  St. Thomas Aquinas’ Natural Law Theory has the following tenets: 1. Eternal law of God is revealed through the Natural Law. 2. Natural Law is revealed to all people through human reason. 3. Natural Law has flexibility in its application. 4. The Natural Laws are universal and unchangeable bases to judge individual cultures and societies. 5. Everything in the world has its own nature or purpose (natural law) of being. 6. Humanity has an essential rational nature. 7. Human person can know, through reason, what is in accord with his own nature, which is good. Basic principles of Natural Law 1. The natural law is given by God; 2. It is naturally authoritative over all human beings; and 3. It is naturally knowable by all human beings.  4 Laws according to Aquinas arranged in hierarchy Eternal law - God's overall plan for the universe. It is unchanging and exists beyond time. Everything in the world is created and ordered according to this law Natural law - the moral rules we can understand through reason. Human law - rules created by governments based on natural law. Divine law - laws given by God through religious teachings and scripture. Happiness as constitutive of Moral and Cardinal Virtues. St. Thomas Aquinas defines happiness as the ultimate fulfillment of human nature and the highest good, often aligned with the vision of God. For Aquinas, happiness is deeply connected to moral and cardinal virtues. He believed that happiness, or eudaimonia, is the ultimate goal of human life, and it is achieved through the practice of virtue. For Aquinas, the ultimate happiness is found in the beatific vision━ an eternal union with God━ where virtues play a crucial role in guiding individual toward this divine fulfillment. Moral virtues are qualities that help us make good decisions and live in a way that is right and balanced. These virtues guide how we act in everyday situations, making sure our actions reflect reason and lead to good outcomes. For example: Courage helps us face challenges without being reckless or afraid. Temperance helps us control our desires, avoiding excess or lack. Justice helps us treat others fairly and give them what they deserve. These virtues help us live a good, balanced life, and practicing them brings us closer to true happiness. CARDINAL VIRTUES  BY ENDA HARTE CARDINAL PRUDENCE VIRTUES TEMPERANCE The virtue that allows us to judge This virtue allows us to act correctly what is right and what moderately and is wrong in any given situation. reasonably. It helps us control our passions and desires. JUSTICE FORTITUDE The act of doing what is right The virtue that enables us and just and maintaining this to act bravely in the face always, especially during of trouble and fear difficult times. THEIRISHSTOIC SUBSTACK.COM Aquinas asserts that the moral and cardinal virtues work together to cultivate a good character. By practicing these virtues, individuals can attain a closer approximation of happiness on Earth, which serves as a preparation for ultimate happiness in the afterlife. While moral and cardinal virtues contribute to a fulfilling life, Aquinas insists that true happiness is ultimately found in God. Thus, while the virtues help individuals lead a good life, they are also a means to reach the divine, reinforcing the interconnectedness of virtue and the pursuit of happiness.  Aristotle Aquinas Happiness (eudaimonia) is the ultimate goal of Happiness is the ultimate fulfillment of life, achieved through the practice of virtues. human nature, culminating in union with Virtues are habits developed through practice God. leading to moral excellence. Virtues are both natural and infused by God, Focus on human reason and flourishing within necessary for achieving true happiness. earthly life. Focus on divine law and eternal happiness. Happiness is a life lived in accordance with Earthly virtues are important, but ultimate virtue. happiness is union with God.  THANK YOU FOR LISTENING! PREVET 1C MEMBERS: Lanuzga, Princess Tracy Lastrilla, Cy Ira Lonosa, Faye Lupo, Ciara Aubrey ETHICS GROUP 3b KANT & RIGHT THEORIES Jamella Ong Althea Nicolas Tristan Navarro Alpple Naldo ETHICS TOPICS TO BE DISCUSSED INTRODUCTION Who’s Immanuel Kant KANT’S PHILOSOPHY Good Will The Categorical Imperative DIFFERENT KINDS OF RIGHT Legal Rights Moral Rights  INTRODUCTION WHO IS IMMANUEL KANT? IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) a German thinker regarded by many as the most significant philosopher in the modern era. His major contributions to Ethics can be found in his two works: The Foundations of the Metaphysics of Morals and The Critique of Practical Reason. 1. KANT'S ETHICAL THEORY: A. GOOD WILL Immanuel Kant is known for his deontological ethical For Kant, good will is the only thing that is good theory, which focuses on duty and the moral law. without qualification. It refers to the will to act according to moral principles, purely out of a sense of duty, not based on the consequences of the action. KANT'S MORAL THEORY - Only the good will is absolutely good. A good will is good, not because of its effect, but is good in itself. A good will is good because it is done out of duty (Mariano, 2016).  IMPORTANCE OF EXAMPLE INTENTION IN MORAL OF GOOD WILL: ACTIONS: Imagine a person who Kant argues that the moral helps a neighbor purely worth of an action is because they believe it is determined by the their moral duty to assist intention behind it, not by others, not because they its outcomes expect any reward or recognition. 1. KANT'S ETHICAL THEORY: B) CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE: What is imperative? - An imperative is a command. For example: "Pay your taxes", as are "stop kicking me" THE MOST FAMOUS and "Don't kill animals" FORMULATIONS ARE: 1. Principle of Universality The categorical imperative is Kant's fundamental 2. Principle of Humanity as principle of morality. It is a rule that must be followed end-in-itself regardless of personal desires or external circumstances. 3. Principle of Autonomy  PRINCIPLE OF PRINCIPLE OF HUMANITY AS PRINCIPLE OF UNIVERSALITY END-IN-ITSELF AUTONOMY "Act only according to "Act in such a way that that maxim whereby you treat humanity, whether in your own "Act so that your will you can at the same person or in the person is what makes time will that it should of another, always at the universal law." become a universal law." same time as an end, never merely as a means." APPLICATION OF THE CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE IN DAILY LIFE For example, if you consider lying to get out of trouble, you should ask if it would be acceptable for everyone to lie in similar situations. If the answer is no, then lying is morally wrong. 2. DIFFERENT KINDS OF RIGHTS: Rights theorists discuss A. LEGAL RIGHTS: two main categories of rights: legal and moral. These are rights that are granted and enforced by the law of a particular society or country. They are often codified in constitutions, statutes, and regulations, and they vary across legal systems. EXAMPLE OF LEGAL RIGHTS: The right to free speech or the right to vote. For example: Filipinos eighteen years of age or older have a legal right to vote. For obvious reasons, legal rights do not come into being on their own; they have to be created through law. So, one defining characteristic of legal rights is that they are made by human beings; as such, humans can unmake them too. B. Moral Rights These are rights that are believed to exist independently of legal systems. They are grounded in ethical or philosophical principles, and they apply universally to all individuals by virtue of their humanity. For example: the right to life, the right to dignity, and the right to personal autonomy. Difference between legal and moral rights Legal rights are enforceable by law, while moral rights are based on ethical considerations and may not always be legally protected. thank you!  Utilitarianism “Utilitarianism: Maximizing Happiness for the Greater Good" Ovenson, Pernecita, Quinao, Reniva 1. 2. Utilitarianism’s Origin & Nature of Theory: Originated in the 18th and 19th century, and is most likely associated with philosophers Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart Mill. Which grew out of desire to base ethics on reason and human welfare rather than on religious or traditional beliefs. Jeremy Bentham (1748-1832) was the first to develop utilitarianism. He believed that humans are driven by desire to seek pleasure and avoid pain, and the best actions are those that increase happiness, which he called utility for the greatest number of people. “The greatest happiness for the greatest number.” John Stuart Mill (1806-1873), he then expanded on Bentham’s ideas. He refined utilitarianism to consider quality of pleasures (rationality), arguing that some form of happiness (like intellectual and moral satisfaction) are more valuable than others (like physical pleasures.)  Utilitarianism is a consequentialist theory, meaning that it judges actions based on their consequences, not on the intentions behind them (morley on how it made one person feel when they help a person) Key focuses: Maximising happiness Impartiality Hedonism Business is an activity or organization that provides goods and services to people in exchange for money or other forms of value. Utilitarianism has a philosophy primarily associated with Jeremy Bentham and John Stuart, which emphasizes that morally right action is the one that maximizes overall happiness or well-being. As businesses focuses on maximizing overall benefits and outcomes. It provides a clear framework for ethical decision-making, helping companies navigate complex dilemmas by choosing actions that produce the greatest good for the greatest number. With this approach, it enhances public relations, balances stakeholder interests, and promotes accountability, making it appealing for companies aiming to align their goals with societal needs. What is the most ethical thing in most situations that will cause the most benefit to the most people, and how can we set a rule to make sure people choose that outcome? Potential Limitations If business justifies harmful short-term actions for the sake of long-term gain or greater good. It is still essential to beware of balancing ethical considerations while profit maximization.  A simple example of utilitarianism in business could be a company deciding to switch to eco-friendly packaging. The company knows that this change will slightly increase costs in the short term, but it will reduce environmental harm and appeal to environmentally-conscious customers. The decision is utilitarian because, despite the cost, it maximizes overall good by benefiting the planet and appealing to a larger customer base, which can ultimately lead to higher profits and customer loyalty in the long run.  THANK YOU! “Utilitarianism: Maximizing Happiness for the Greater Good" Ovenson, Pernecita, Quinao, Reniva JUSTICE FA IR NESS and Promoting the common good Paras, Penaredondo, Pelaez, Pelagio  TOPICS 1. The nature of the theory 2. Distibutive justice a. Egalitarian b. Capitalist c. Socialist i. The state and citizens.’ responsibilities to each other: The principles of taxation and inclusive growth THE NATURE OF THE THEORY JOHN RAWLS The Theory of Justice The first and unique contributor to the study of Ethics. Professor of Philosophy at Harvard University He develop the "The Theory of the Good as Justice and Justice conceived as Fairness. The theory of justice as fairness holds that a just society is one in which all individuals have equal fundamental rights and opportunities.  Justice Fairness Justice means giving each person what he or she Fairness, an ability to judge without deserves or, in more traditional terms, giving each person his or her due. reference to one's feelings. Idea of Justice is the only idea on western Fairness is the freedom from civilization that is consistently link to ethics and prejudice and quality of treating morality. people equally. It focuses mostly on standard of It is usually dictated in our rightness. moral systems. JUSTICE becomes unfair to poor and favorable to rich EXAMPLE: Danny steals money from the rich to give to the poor.  DISTRIBUTIVE JUSTICE Refers to the just distribution of benefits (such as rights & socioeconomic goods) and burdens (such as sacrifice and obligations). EGALITARIAN CAPITALIST An egalitarian is defined as a One receives one's share person who believes that all people according to the proportion were created equal and should be treated equal. of one's contribution.  SOCIALIST Ones is concerned with a just distribution in terms of one's needs. i. The state and citizens responsibilities to each other: the principles of taxation and inclusive growth Principle of taxation - the inherent power of Inclusive growth - concept that the sovereign, exercised through the advances equitable opportunities for legislature to impose burden upon subjects and objectives within its jurisdiction for the economic participants during economic purpose of raising revenues to carry out the growth with benefits incurred by every legitimate objects of government. section of society. Distributive justice is concerned with the fair allocation of resources among diverse members of a community. EXAMPLE: The group of workers work more than hours but receive the same pay/salary.  REFERENCES: https://www.coursehero.com/file/100497750/Group-13-PPTpptx/ https://www.thoughtco.com/what-is-distributive-justice- 5225377#:~:text=The%20egalitarianism%20theory%20of%20distributive,and%20political%20systems%20and%20policies https://www.slideshare.net/ReignTuscana/distributivejusticepptx https://www.slideshare.net/ChristineAubreyBrendia/principles-of-taxation https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/inclusive-growth-160800548/160800548 https://www.slideshare.net/slideshow/justicefairnesspptpptx/261831210 https://www.coursehero.com/file/156146300/Justice-and-Fairness-Promoting-The-Common-Good-Jugan-Jessa-Mae-pptpdf/ https://testbook.com/ias-preparation/john-rawls-theory-of- justice#:~:text=The%20theory%20of%20justice%20as%20fairness%20holds%20that%20a%20just,least%20advantaged%20 members%20of%20society.