EpiLEC Session 15 Principles of Biosecurity PDF

Course Code: PHLT 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity sheet for Session #15 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: _______...

Course Code: PHLT 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity sheet for Session #15 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ Lesson title: Principles of Biosecurity Materials: - Paper and Pen Lesson Objectives: - Desktop Computer or Smart Phone with At the end of this period, the students are expected to: internet access 1. explain the components of biosecurity. - pdf file copy of 2. apply the basic element of biosecurity in farm setting. reference book References: 1. Various sources Productivity Tip: “Your Attitude determines your Altitude.” Best results happen with a good behavior. A. LESSON PREVIEW/REVIEW 1) Introduction (2 mins) Disease is a complex linkage between the host, the pathogenic organism and the environment. The spread of disease is mainly due to nature of livestock industry (mobility of animals, birds, milk, egg and feed) and people contact. Biosecurity is a strategic plan to control and prevent the spread of disease. The term was first used by Agricultural and Environmental communities from late 1990s in response to the threat of biological terrorism. The meaning of biosecurity can apply to different levels i.e. a single premise, geographical region, an entire country or different parts of several neighboring countries. Biosecurity is the foundation for all disease prevention programs. It is a set of habits, design to subdue the risk of introducing diseases or contamination of farm environment. It includes the combination of all measures taken to reduce the risk of introduction and spread of diseases and is based on the prevention of and protection against infectious agents. Its fundament is the knowledge of disease transmission processes. 2) Activity 1: What I Know Chart, part 1 (3 mins) Consider the following questions on the table below. On the first column briefly write in bullet points what you know about the question. Meanwhile, leave the third column blank until you have completed going through the whole lesson. FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHLT 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity sheet for Session #15 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ What I Know Questions: What I Learned (Activity 4) 1. What is the difference between Bio-exclusion and Bio-containment? 2. What are the components of Biosecurity? B.MAIN LESSON 1) Activity 2: Content Notes (20 mins) Sources: https://www.farm.com.np/student_articles/biosecurity-an-overview/ Biosecurity, the practice of...dec.alaska.gov › media Biosecurity Defined  Set of management and physical measures designed to reduce the risk of the introduction, development and spread of diseases to, from and within the animal population.  It requires the adoption of a set of attitudes and behaviours by the people to reduce the risk by implementing the measures. There is a famous saying: “Do not bring germs to livestock and do not bring livestock to germs.” “Biosecurity is a strategic and integrated approach that encompasses the policy and regulatory framework that analyze and manage risk in the sector of food safety, animal life and health and plant life and health including associated environmental risk” - Food Agriculture Organization (FAO) There are two basic components of biosecurity: o Bio-exclusion which implies preventing the introduction of disease to farm; and o Bio-containment which means to prevent the spread of disease from farm to farm and within the farm. FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHLT 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity sheet for Session #15 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ Key points of biosecurity 1. Prevention of disease Prevention of disease can be done through the components of biosecurity. 2. Disease control It emphasizes in reducing the consequences of disease with the use of epidemiological tools. 3. Determinants of disease These are the various factors that influence the spread of disease. The determinants include any group of variables such as specific disease agent, housing environment that may directly or indirectly influence the distribution and frequency of spread of disease. 4. Assessment of risk It deals with the use of statistical tools and techniques to find out the probability of exposure, occurrence and spread of disease and its consequences. Assessment of risk is important to co-relate some specific factor with disease. 5. Host immunity The immunity of host determines the infectivity of any infectious agent. The least immune host is more easily infected depending upon the dose and virulence of the infectious agent. Such weak members of a population will tend to decrease the infectious dose 50 (ID50). 6. Epidemiological factor It implies determination of origin of disease whose cause is known and investigation of disease whose cause is either unknown or poorly understood. Epidemiology helps us to better understand how climate and environment affects the interaction between host and pathogen. The assessment of economic effects of disease is also equally important as the measurement of disease i.e. measures of morbidity and mortality. Basic Biosecurity Elements Isolation Farm should be established farther from public roads, especially which have low density of animals. Isolation includes perimeter fencing as well as limiting the use of vehicles in farm area. Isolation of sick animals and quarantine of new or returning animals helps to maintain the entire herd health program. Traffic control Personnel and vehicles which are not directly involved with the farm should not be allowed to enter the farm haphazardly. Housing design, farm layout, movement of vehicles, equipment and animals should be considered as well. Sanitation FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHLT 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity sheet for Session #15 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ Sanitation assuredly is a measure of biosecurity as it addresses disinfection of materials, equipment and people entering the farm. Personal cleanliness, proper disposal method, water quality, feed storage and delivery system are some of the factors which should be considered and checked at regular time interval. Biosecurity Principles (USDA) (1) Biosecurity responsibility The Biosecurity Coordinator is responsible for the development, implementation, maintenance and ongoing effectiveness of the biosecurity program. The Biosecurity Coordinator’s responsibility could be at the farm, production site, production complex, or company level. The Biosecurity Coordinator should be knowledgeable in the principles of biosecurity. The Biosecurity Coordinator, along with the personnel and caretakers on the farms and production sites are responsible for the implementation of the biosecurity program. The Biosecurity Coordinator should review the biosecurity program at least once during each calendar year and make revisions as necessary. (2) Training A training program to the farm staff about biosecurity and personal hygiene is necessary to keep the farm secure. The biosecurity program should include training materials that cover both farm site-specific procedures as well as premises-wide and/or company-wide procedures as appropriate. The training must be done at least once per calendar year and documented. (3) Line of Separation (LOS) The Line of Separation (LOS) is a functional line separating the animal house(s) and the animals inside from exposure to potential disease sources. Generally, it is defined by the walls of the animal building with practical deviations to account for entry points, structural aspects, or outside access areas. The site-specific biosecurity plan should describe or illustrate the boundaries of the LOS and clearly outline the procedures to be followed when caretakers, visitors, or suppliers cross it. (4) Perimeter Buffer Area (PBA) The perimeter buffer area is a functional zone surrounding the animal houses or animal raising area that separates them from areas unrelated to the animal production on that site and/or adjoining properties. It is comprised of the animal houses as well as nearby structures and high traffic areas involved in the daily function of the farm. This would usually include but not be limited to such things as feed bins, manure sheds, composting areas, egg rooms, generators, pump rooms, etc. Shed should be prepared per the location of the farm with a view to keep the manure pit in distance from the shed The site-specific biosecurity plan should describe or illustrate the boundaries of the PBA and clearly outline FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHLT 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity sheet for Session #15 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ the procedures that caretakers, visitors, or suppliers must follow when entering and leaving the PBA. Contractors, visitors are mostly unaware of farm biosecurity. A designated parking area with wash water facility is essential with properly visible hoarding board. Boundary fences are to be checked routinely and repaired if required. (5) Personnel The biosecurity program and/or the site-specific biosecurity plan should include provisions specifically addressing procedures and biosecurity PPE for site-dedicated personnel. The plan should likewise address the procedures and biosecurity PPE for non-farm personnel. The plan should also specify procedures which all personnel having had recent contact with other poultry or avian species should follow before re-entering the PBA. (6) Wild Birds, Rodents and Insects The farm should have control measures to prevent contact with and protect poultry from wild birds, their feces and their feathers as appropriate to the production system. These procedures should be reviewed further during periods of heightened risks of disease transmission. Control programs for rodents, insects, and other animals should be in place and documented. (7) Equipment and Vehicles. The biosecurity plan should include provisions for procedures for cleaning, disinfection, or restriction of sharing of equipment where applicable. Vehicle access and traffic patterns should be defined in the site-specific biosecurity plan. (8) Mortality Disposal Carcass requires proper disposal as they can be a hazard to farm environment and invites the migratory animals like dog, fox, etc. Mortality should be collected daily, stored and disposed in a manner that does not attract wild birds, rodents, insects, and other animals and minimizes the potential for cross-contamination from other facilities or between premises. It is recommended that dead animals’ disposal be onsite if possible. Mortality disposal should be described in the site- specific biosecurity plan. (9) Manure and Litter Management Manure and spent litter should be removed, stored and disposed of in a manner to prevent exposure of susceptible animals to disease agents. Onsite litter and manure storage should limit attraction of wild birds, rodents, insects, and other animals. (10) Replacement Animals Replacement animals should be sourced from health-monitored herds / flocks. New animals should be brought from sources with good herd health program along with their health certificate. They should be transported in equipment and vehicles that are regularly FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHLT 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity sheet for Session #15 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ cleaned, disinfected and inspected. Biosecurity protocols should be in place for equipment and personnel involved in the transport of replacement animals. (11) Water Supplies Animals should be provided with healthy, clean and microbes free water. It is recommended that drinking water or water used for evaporative cooling be sourced from a contained supply such as a well or municipal system. If drinking water comes from a surface water source, water treatment must be used to reduce the level of disease agents. If surfaces have been cleaned or flushed with surface water, subsequent disinfection should be employed to prevent disease transmission. If water treatment is not possible, a risk analysis should be performed to determine actions needed to mitigate risks. (12) Feed and Replacement Litter Prevention of stock feed from contamination is another important aspect of biosecurity. Feed, feed ingredients, bedding, and litter should be delivered, stored and maintained in a manner that limits exposure to and contamination by wild birds, rodents, insects, and other animals. Feed spills within the PBA (outside of the LOS) should be cleaned up and disposed in a timely fashion. (13) Reporting of Elevated Morbidity and Mortality Elevation in morbidity and/or mortality above expected levels, as defined by the biosecurity plan, should be reported as required in the site-specific biosecurity plan and appropriate actions should be taken to rule out reportable disease agents. A regular surveillance of farm animals is also important to see the symptoms of diseases if present and culling of diseased animal. Chemoprophylaxis and vaccination program should be launched with the advice of veterinary doctor. Quarantine practice is essential. Diseased animals should be isolated from rest of the herd and better not to take for grazing. (14) Sanitation Sanitation is a must. The shed should be cleaned thoroughly before the intake of animals in the farm. Unwanted equipment and the equipment which are not disinfected should not be entertained within the farm premises. Disinfection of equipment, sheds, mangers, containers and other materials is necessary. (15) Auditing Internal auditing of the biosecurity principles shall be conducted at least once every two years or a sufficient number of time during that period by the management to ensure compliance to the biosecurity plan. Summary of Biosecurity Precautions Source: FAO (2010). “Good practices for biosecurity in the pig sector.” Rome: Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations/World Organisation for Animal Health/World Bank FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHLT 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity sheet for Session #15 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ When a new animal moves onto a farm, be sure that the health status and the source of the animal are known. New animals or animals returning to a farm should be separated from the rest of the herd for approximately two weeks. This can be difficult in some cases if you are unable to completely isolate the animals, keep them in a pen or stall farthest from the rest of the stock, keep feed and water buckets or bowls separate, avoid nose to nose contact with other stock. Keep vehicles, such as milk, feed and livestock trucks, from driving through areas where animals are housed or feed is kept. Wash hands thoroughly after handling livestock. Exclude foreign visitors from farms for at least five days after arrival in the area. Ask foreign visitors to provide information about recent farm and animal contacts. Clothing worn on farms in other countries should be washed and footwear should be disinfected; luggage, camera and other items should be disinfected. Discourage foreign visitors from walking through feed mangers and having physical contact with animals. Make sure visitors entering your farm have clean clothes or you can keep a supply of disposable clean coveralls and boots for visitors. Provide Disposable Protective Clothing. All footwear should be disinfected before entering and after leaving an animal housing area. If you haul your own animals, wash your truck, clean and disinfect boots, and change coveralls before returning to your farm. In general, don’t borrow or share equipment. In cases where there are no other options, clean and disinfect the equipment prior to use and make sure to repeat these steps prior to returning the items. If it is necessary to be around the animals of another farm, consider wearing protective clothing such as coveralls, and boots that can be cleaned and disinfected before you enter the property and when you leave. Provide Disinfectant for Incoming Visitors. Provide visitors with a tub of disinfectant and a brush for scrubbing shoes for use before they enter your property. Vehicles entering and leaving your property should be kept away from animal areas or have their tires washed with disinfectant. Control your cats, dogs and poultry. Control pests such as rodents as well as wildlife. You want to avoid spreading diseases that these animals may carry. Keep garbage and other waste from supplies and animal housing. Evaluate feed purchased or brought onto the property and fed to animals. Practice security and cleanliness in feed storage to eliminate contamination of feedstuffs. Keep records of morbidity and mortality events FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH  Course Code: PHLT 2 Veterinary Epidemiology Student’s Activity sheet for Session #15 Name: _____________________________________________________________ Class number: _______ Section: ____________ Schedule: ________________________________________ Date: ________________ Confirmed or suspected cases of foreign and other animal diseases that are transmissible should be reported to the local veterinary office or to the Department of Agriculture – Bureau of Animal Industry 2) Activity 3: Skill-building Activities Worksheet activity for this lesson will be uploaded in google classroom 3) Activity 4: What I Know Chart, part 2 (2 mins) You are about to complete the lesson at this point. To refresh what you have learned, review back the questions in the What I Know Chart from Activity 1 and write your answers to the questions based on what you now know in the third column of the chart. 4) Activity 5: Check for Understanding (5 mins) Link to short quiz is uploaded in google classroom C. LESSON WRAP-UP 1) Activity 6: Thinking about Learning (5 mins) You are done with this session! Let’s track your progress. Shade the session numbers you have completed. P1 P2 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ ☐ 2) My learning targets: Complete the table below. Record your scores, learning experience for the session and deliberately plan for the next session. Date Learning Target/Topic Scores Action Plan What session# did you do? What were the What were What contributed to the quality of your performance What’s the date learning targets? What activities did you your scores in today? What will you do next session to maintain today? do? the activities? your performance or improve it? FLM 1.0 Prepared by Daniel C. Ventura, Jr., DVM, PhD., DipVPH