VMS1001 Biosecurity 2024-25 PDF

Biosecurity Hannah Kenway BVSc BSc (hons) MRCVS 27/9/24  To define biosecurity, and recognise the importance of biosecurity both on farms and veterinary practices To understand the...

Biosecurity Hannah Kenway BVSc BSc (hons) MRCVS 27/9/24  To define biosecurity, and recognise the importance of biosecurity both on farms and veterinary practices To understand the differences Learning between waste categories Objectives To know what a biofilm is, and the benefits they provide to organisms To understand the principles of cleaning and disinfection #uniofsurrey 2 To define biosecurity, and recognise the importance of biosecurity both on farms and veterinary practices DEFINITION: Procedures or measures designed to protect the population and the environment (human, animal and plant) against harmful biological or biochemical substances We have a responsibility as vets to maintain biosecurity and should lead by example. Biosecurity is important as it enables us to: ▪ Maintain animal production ▪ Maintain animal welfare ▪ Maintain human health ▪ Maintain environmental health #universityofsurrey 3 What is this disease? #universityofsurrey 4 Bluetongue Virus BTV- 3 Sheep Cattle #universityofsurrey 5 What biosecurity measures could we put in place to limit transmission of the virus- suggestions please? #universityofsurrey 6 BTV – Vector Culicoides sp. Midges spreading locally Biosecurity aims to reduce the spread of infection through: » Movement controls between susceptible livestock holdings - ,movement restrictions, licenses and free testing for at risk counties » Animals that are moved may require testing for exposure to virus prior to movement » Keeping trailers etc clean so that midges are not transported with animals » Movement restrictions are the best method to reduce disease transmission during an outbreak » Vaccination may reduce shedding of the virus and will reduce the severity of clinical signs in affected animals #universityofsurrey 7 Foot and Mouth Disease » Endemic in some countries » Viral disease of cloven-hooved animals » Major UK outbreak in 2001 #universityofsurrey 8 Foot and Mouth Disease » Pigs fed contaminated feed » Uncontrolled movement of animals nationwide » 6 million animals culled » Cost UK estimated £8bn » Subsequent legislation has been updated and introduced, for example: Disease control order (2003) Transport of Animals (Cleansing and Disinfection) (England) Order 2003 #universityofsurrey 9 Without biosecurity….. » Financial and commercial losses – including international trade restrictions and industry level implications » Health implications for animals » Health implications for clients/staff (zoonotic disease) » Increased use of antimicrobials lead to environmental health implications as well as transference of disease into wildlife populations #universityofsurrey 10 How do pathogens enter a farm? #universityofsurrey 11 Biosecurity: On Farm Sources Control Human and/or animal movement Limit visitors Buy from reputable sources, isolate on arrival Cleaning/disinfection protocol* Contact with other farms Limit sharing of vehicles and equipment, Maintain fences Limit contact with neighbouring animals Wildlife/Pests Maintain fences Pest control Contaminated feed/water Remove fallen stock promptly Provide fresh water from troughs, limit access to streams/rivers Store feed properly #universityofsurrey 12  » Essential - potentially dealing with zoonotic diseases; - possibility for disease transmission between patients (in waiting room/on ward) » Staff training – for all members of staff not just clinical » Appropriate PPE – for case that you are dealing with Biosecurity: In Practice » Cleaning Protocol - cleaning table between patients - laundering bedding/clothing - thorough cleaning of consulting rooms and wards » Waste Disposal – quick and appropriate disposal of waste » Regular Handwashing – WHO guidelines #universityofsurrey 13  » Nosocomial infections are those acquired in a hospital/practice setting » Hand hygiene is the most important control measure in reducing the level of nosocomial infection Handwashing » Keep nails short and clean » No nail polish or jewellery » WASH YOUR HANDS! #universityofsurrey 14 WHO guidelines » Clean your hands regularly » Wash your hands with soap and water and dry thoroughly » Use alcohol-based hand-rub if you don’t have immediate access to soap and water #universityofsurrey 15  To define biosecurity, and recognise the importance of biosecurity both on farms and veterinary practices To understand the differences Learning between waste categories Objectives To know what a biofilm is, and the benefits they provide to organisms To understand the principles of cleaning and disinfection #uniofsurrey 16 To understand the differences between waste categories CATEGORY DESCRIPTION CLINICAL Any veterinary waste that could cause disease e.g., blood- contaminated items, body parts CYTOTOXIC Waste contaminated with medicinal products that are toxic, carcinogenic, toxic for reproduction or mutagenic e.g., chemotherapy drugs PHARMACEUTICAL Waste contaminated with pharmaceuticals e.g., POMs, OOD drugs, contaminated bottles/syringes OFFENSIVE Waste that is non-hazardous but unpleasant e.g., animal faeces. RISK ASSESS – any risk of infection? If in doubt, then clinical DOMESTIC Normal, household waste #universityofsurrey 17 Which waste category? CLINICAL CLINICAL OFFENSIVE NEEDLE: CLINICAL (SHARPS) SYRINGE: PHARMACEUTICAL CYTOTOXIC PHARMACEUTICAL (DRUGS) CLINICAL (BLOOD) #universityofsurrey 18 Duty of Care » Ensure correct storage and disposal of waste » Handled by those authorised to do so » Keep records (3 years, at least for hazardous waste) #universityofsurrey 19  To define biosecurity, and recognise the importance of biosecurity across all animal settings To understand the differences Learning between waste categories Objectives To know what a biofilm is, and the benefits they provide to organisms To understand the principles of cleaning and disinfection #uniofsurrey 20 To know what a biofilm is, and the benefits they provide to organisms » A slime layer attached to a surface (e.g., plaque) » Made up of a community of microorganisms » Function like a multi-celled organism, share nutrients, swap genetic information #universityofsurrey 21  Attachment of microorganisms to a surface Colonisation with formation of multi-celled layers How do they form? Exopolymer production – facilitates attachment. Form a matrix of columns which maximise nutrient delivery and waste removal Dispersal – part of the biofilm then detaches and releases bacteria to start a new cycle of biofilm formation #universityofsurrey 22 Biofilms » Bad news! » Protected from drying out, difficult to remove » Organisms within are more resistant to an immune response and to antimicrobial agents » Implications for biosecurity #universityofsurrey 23  To define biosecurity, and recognise the importance of biosecurity both on farms and veterinary practices To understand the differences Learning between waste categories Objectives To know what a biofilm is, and the benefits they provide to organisms To understand the principles of cleaning and disinfection #uniofsurrey 24 To understand the principles of cleaning and disinfection » Cleaning - the removal of organic material using soap and water. Ideally leave surface to dry before then disinfecting » Disinfection - the process of eliminating or reducing harmful microorganisms from inanimate objects/surfaces » Sterilisation - the complete removal of all viable microorganisms from a surface #universityofsurrey 25  » Aldehydes (e.g., glutaraldehyde, formaldehyde) » Oxidising agents (e.g., chlorine, hydrogen peroxide) » Phenolics » Quaternary ammonium compounds » Alcohols Types of » Ionophores disinfectants » Iodophors » Link for Types of disinfectant » Spectrum of activities and contact times vary » A combination may be required #universityofsurrey 26 Factors affecting efficacy of disinfection » Concentration - use as per manufacturer’s instructions » Contact time - follow manufacturer’s instructions » Cleanliness of surface being disinfected - remove solid matter, disturb biofilms » Susceptibility of organisms - different agents will have different spectrum of activities #universityofsurrey 27 If not used properly…… » Can cause resistance to develop » Make sure staff trained properly » Has the concentration changed? - has it been diluted with rainwater/contaminated with organic matter? » Change regularly and keep covered when not in use » DO NOT RINSE Summary » Biosecurity is highly important for both animal and human health and applies to veterinary practices as well as farms » Microorganisms often live within biofilms – increasing their resistance to antimicrobials » Cleaning before disinfection = crucial » Disinfectants are not magic bullets – they require correct use » Hand hygiene is imperative for biosecurity in veterinary practice » Waste is categorized depending on its hazard level #universityofsurrey 29 Thanks for listening Please direct any questions via the SurreyLearn discussion board