ENVR 160 Surveying & Field Measurements 2024 PDF

ENVR 160 Surveying & Field Measurements M.Croppo INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION What is “surveying”? It is the art and science of locating points or lines close to the Earth’s surface by taking measurements in the vertical and horizontal plane :...

ENVR 160 Surveying & Field Measurements M.Croppo INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION What is “surveying”? It is the art and science of locating points or lines close to the Earth’s surface by taking measurements in the vertical and horizontal plane : Angles Distance Direction INTRODUCTION The Art of Surveying :  Instruments  Cost  Technique  Human resources The Science of Surveying :  Tools  Mathematics  Data recording  Data interpretation INTRODUCTION There are 2 main types of surveys: Plane: assumes the Earth is flat. Geodetic: accounts for the Earth’s curvature. INTRODUCTION Geodetic Surveys:  Very precise.  Provincial & National. Vertical cross section of the Earth’s surface. Example of an early form of geodetic survey performed in Montreal CA in 1917.  INTRODUCTION Plane Surveys:  2 dimensional.  Slope distance (SD)  Horizontal distance (HD)  Vertical distance (VD) INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION There are 2 planes we survey in:  Horizontal: measured with a compass.  Vertical: measured with a clinometer. INTRODUCTION In this class we will learn:  How to use basic survey tools.  How to navigate.  Basic survey skills.  Collect data. INTRODUCTION The tools we will learning to use:  Compass.  Carpenter’s tapes.  Clinometer.  DBH tapes.  Tablets with apps.  Increment borers.  Plot cords.  GPS units.  Eslon tapes.  Loggers tapes. INTRODUCTION What will surveying help us do?  Determine area.  Establish boundaries/perimeters.  Measure SD and HD.  Create sample grids.  Determine elevation. INTRODUCTION Precision vs. Accuracy  Accuracy  Precision https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ApKw5qWqYF8 INTRODUCTION Precision vs. Accuracy  What would high accuracy +  What would low accuracy + high precision look like? low precision look like? DATA COLLECTION & ORGANIZATION Data Organization:  Why is it important?  Pre-planning/ starts in the office.  Proper file naming and storage for this course. DATA COLLECTION & ORGANIZATION Required file naming for this class: Firstinitial.Lastname.assignmentname.date Example: M.Croppo.Assignment1.Sept21,2023 DATA COLLECTION & ORGANIZATION Data Collection:  Different tools/instruments.  Data collection takes time and money.  High importance on:  Using equipment properly.  Reading the measurements correctly.  Understanding equipment limitations. DATA COLLECTION & ORGANIZATION Reading measurements:  Same types of equipment can look different.  You will need to adapt to different types and be comfortable PRIOR to heading into the field. Carpenters Tape: has both inches and meters DATA COLLECTION & ORGANIZATION Often the equipment you use will be capable of taking different types of measurements:  m/cm and ft/in  Diameter and length  m/cm or m/cm/mm What would happen if you read the wrong side of the tape? What is this? This tool measures diameter on one side and length on the other. DATA COLLECTION & ORGANIZATION Here are 2 pieces of the SAME equipment:  But, they have 1 important difference,  Can you see it? Always double check to make sure you’re using the correct side of the measuring tape. DATA COLLECTION & ORGANIZATION  What is this piece of equipment called?  What units do you think it uses? DATA COLLECTION & ORGANIZATION Office Prep – Field Gear: ❑ Is the gear in good condition? ❑ What units are required (m/ft/cm etc.)? ❑ Can I accurately read the instruments? ❑ What level of accuracy is required (1 decimal place? 2 ?)? How would this affect your measurements? READING MEASUREMENTS Examples of Equipment Accuracy**:  Eslon Tape: 2 decimal places  Carpenters Tape: 2-3 decimal places  Loggers Tape: 1 decimal place  DBH Tape: 1 decimal place both sides **these may also change even amongst same types of equipment depending on the manufacturer. READING MEASUREMENTS Eslon Tape Equipment Quirks:  Knowing where to begin the DBH Tape measurement for each piece of equipment. Loggers Tape MEASUREMENTS REFRESHER  Reading and recording data is a big part of your job as an environmental tech.  Collecting precise and accurate data is a part of your job.  Organized data = usable data MEASUREMENTS REFRESHER In the Office: 1. Make sure you have the right tool for the job. 2. Check that the equipment is in good working condition. MEASUREMENTS REFRESHER In the Field: 1. Measure twice, record once. 2. If working with a partner, use a loud clear voice to relay data. 3. Have your partner repeat the measurement back to you to confirm. READING MEASUREMENTS Quick Refresher MEASUREMENTS REFRESHER Recording Data in metres (m):  Say each number individually.  Include place holders based on the equipment's level of accuracy. 5.088 m “Five point zero eight-eight metres” How many decimal places can we be accurate to here? MEASUREMENTS REFRESHER 10 cm (first decimal place) 1 cm (second decimal place) 1.284 m 1.100 m 1.160 m 2 mm (third decimal place) MEASUREMENTS REFRESHER Recording Data in Feet/Inches (ft/in):  Generally, not recorded using decimal feet. 47 9/16” OR 3’11 9/16” “Forty-seven and nine-sixteenth inches” OR Three feet, eleven and nine-sixteenth inches” MEASUREMENTS REFRESHER 4’ 1 1/8” 1“ 1/16” IN-CLASS ASSIGNMENT  Refer to handout [Assignment #1] on Moodle (compete in-class) THIS WEEK  LAB: Meet in your designated lab room @ your scheduled lab time. MAKE SURE YOU HAVE ALL REQUIRED GEAR & are on time. SUMMARY You should be able to answer the following questions:  What is surveying?  What are the 2 main types of surveys?  Briefly describe elements of both “art” and “science” of surveying.  What are the 2 planes we survey in? What equipment do each use?  What’s the difference between precision and accuracy. Why is this important?  Why is data management an important part of your future career?  What’s the required file naming for this class? TRIGONOMETRY REVIEW TRIGONOMETRY REVIEW −1 % 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒  𝐻𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝐻𝐷 : 𝐶𝑜𝑠 𝑇𝑎𝑛 𝑥 𝑆𝐷 100 % 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒  𝑉𝑒𝑟𝑡𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑉𝐷 : 𝑆𝑖𝑛 𝑇𝑎𝑛−1 𝑥 𝑆𝐷 100  𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑆𝐷 : ? 𝑅𝑖𝑠𝑒  % 𝑆𝑙𝑜𝑝𝑒 = 𝑥 100 𝑅𝑢𝑛  SOH CAH TOA TRIGONOMETRY REVIEW Example:  You are trying to find the HD and VD from the soccer field to the top of the Brilliant Overlook. You know the Slope Distance (SD) is 2200 m and the Slope % is +15. TRIGONOMETRY REVIEW TRIGONOMETRY REVIEW TRIGONOMETRY REVIEW IN-CLASS EXERCISE 1. The rise is 1564m over a horizontal distance of 1244m. What is the % slope? IN-CLASS EXERCISE 2. The horizontal distance between you and your partner is 65m and the slope is 32%. Find the slope distance. IN-CLASS EXERCISE 3. A trail is climbing at 10%, and the hiker has hiked for 1 hour at a rate of 4 km/ hr. Find the slope distance, horizontal distance, and vertical distance covered. IN-CLASS EXERCISE 4. You are traversing through the woods with a partner and they have gone to tech school someplace else. They take a slope shot of 36 degree’s not knowing the convention of measuring slope in percent and they measure a distance between you of 86 feet. Back in the office, you now need to figure out the horizontal and vertical distance (there are 3.28 feet per meter).