English Grammar Rules PDF

BASIC SENTENCE PATTERN 1. subject + linking verb + complement (s + lv + c) 2. subject + intransitive verb (s+iv) 3. subject + transitive + direct object (s+tv+do) 4. subject + transitive verb + indirect object + direct object (s+tv+io+do) 5. subject + transitive verb +...

BASIC SENTENCE PATTERN 1. subject + linking verb + complement (s + lv + c) 2. subject + intransitive verb (s+iv) 3. subject + transitive + direct object (s+tv+do) 4. subject + transitive verb + indirect object + direct object (s+tv+io+do) 5. subject + transitive verb + direct object + object complement (s+tv+do+oc) The sentence has two basic elements: the subject and the predicate. The subject is always a noun, a pronoun, or a group of words acting as a noun. It is what the entire sentence is about. Meanwhile, the predicate contains a verb that describes the subject. Take note, verbs do not always have to be action verbs. Lastly, subjects and predicates can be either simple or compound. A sentence is a group of words that usually contain a subject (S)and a verb (V) and expresses a complete idea. The subject is a noun, noun phrase, or pronoun that usually comes before the main verb. It also represents the person or thing that acts as the verb, or about which something is stated. VERB Transitive verb - has an object Intransitive verb - does not have an object TWO KINDS OF OBJECT Direct object - person or thing affected by the action of the verb (he bought the ball) Indirect object - refers to the person who “benefits” from an action of verb (he bought her a ball) Complement - A complement tell us something about the nature of the subject or object Two type of complement subject complement (she is happy) object complement (he made her happy) Modifier - A word or group of words that modifies another word or group of words Linking verb - be, am, are, is, was, were, and seem Sense Verb - sight, look, smell, touch, feel, taste 5 Basic sentence patterns: Subject + Linking verb + Complement She (S) looks (LV) happy (C/SC) Orange and Yellow (S) are (LV) bright colors (C/SC) The food (S) Taste (LV) bad (C/SC) Subject + Intransitive Verb She(S) Swims (IV) Peter (S) Marches(IV) The book (S) Fell (IV) Peter(S) sneezed(IV) Evil (S) exists (IV) Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object we use transitive verbs, which means that we need a direct object. The trick here is to make sure our verb answers the question “what?” They(S) are baking ( TV) cookies and cakes (DO) The batter (S) hit (TV) the ball (DO) She(S) teaches(TV) English(DO) Subject + Transitive Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object Mary(S) lent(TV) Josh(IO) money(DO) Ana(S) taught(TV) her(IO) the answer(DO) He(S) gave(TV) him(IO) the money(DO) Subject + Transitive Verb + Direct Object + Object Complement She(S) called(TV) the boy(DO) attractive(OC) They(S) painted(TV) the house(DO) blue(OC) TYPES OF LISTENING 5 Levels of listening Ignoring - you’re not even there hardly at all. you’ve just into your own world Pretend Listening - you learn the body language and give the mimicking response of the last person sentence Selective listening - you are really hearing and you did understand attentive listening - you are really giving full attention out of sincerity Empathic listening - to leave your head and get into their head and heart, you take no position at all Verb Mood - Mood is a property of verbs which shows the mood or attitude of the speaker - Mood is used to denote whether the speaker is stating or asserting a fact, asking a question, expressing a condition, or giving a command 3 Types of Mood Indicative Mood - used to make a statement. It is a mood of simple assertion, interrogation or exclamation. it states an opinion or a fact. Can be used in the active and passive voice Imperative Moods - Make a request or command. Imperative active of the verb “to be” is “be” Subjunctive Mood - It is not used very often, but it is used in certain special instructions. It is used to express suggestions. It also used to talk about hypotheticals Past perfect - action that was finished before another past action Past Continuous - past action that was ongoing. this action may have been interrupted or another action occurred Past perfect continuous - Action that started in the past and continued the another action Present Simple - Action, Habits, or fact that are generally true and occur in the present time Present continuous - action that is ongoing now Present perfect continuous - action that started in the past and is still continuing till present moment IMPLY VS INFER Imply - strongly suggest the truth or existence of something that is not expressly stated. The speaker, or someone who is giving information, may imply something Infer - deduce or conclude information from evidence and reasoning rather than from explicit statements of that informan. The listener, or someone who is receiving information, may infer something TENSE AND ASPECTS Verb tense - is a combination of “time” and “aspect” of an action Time - refer to the past and present some would include future Aspect - refers to the simple,progressive, and perfect Verb Tenses: Simple Tenses Simple present tense - indicates that an action is taking place at time you express it, or an action that occurs regularly. ex: The students listen attentively ( an action taking place when it is expressed) Simple past tense - indicates that an action is completed and has already happened. ex: Ms. Lea gave the examination last week(an action completed in the past) Simple future tense - indicated that an action will or likely to take place. ex: later today I will clean my room (a future action that will definitely occur) Verb Tense: Perfect Tenses Perfect Tenses - actions that were or will be completed before other actions. You can form the perfect tenses with the appropriate tense form of the helping, or auxiliary, verb have plus the past participle. Present perfect tense - refers to an action that either occurred at an indefinite time in the past or began in the past and continued to the present time. ex: I have written an excuse letter) ( action that began in the past and is finished at the present time) Past perfect tense - an action occurring before a certain time in the past. This tense is formed by had+the past participle. Ex: Jisoo and Lisa had eaten lunch when jennie and rośe came Future perfect tense - indicates that an action will be finished by a certain time. This tense is formed by will and have. ex: By thursday, the president will have apologized for his mistake Verb Tenses: Progressive Tenses Progressive Tenses - express continuing action. You can form them with the appropriate tense of the verb be plus the present participle Present progressive tense - indicates that something is happening at the time you express it. Ex: The student are listening to the seminar Past progressive tense - indicates two kinds of past action. Ex: Poe’s writing was becoming increasingly bizarre and dark. (a continuing action in the past). The class officers were discussing the matter when their adviser came. (An action occurring at the same time in the past as another action) Future progressive tense - A continuing action in the future. Ex: she will be attending a wedding next week Verb tenses: Perfect progressive Perfect Progressive Tenses - (also called the perfect continuous tense) is used to say that an event or action is, was, or will be continually occurring (progressive) but that it is, was, or will  be completed at a later time, or that it relates to a later time (perfect). To form the perfect progressive, use the appropriate tense of the verb have with been and the progressive (-ing) tense of the main verb Present perfect progressive tense - action continuing from the past into the present and possibly into the future. This tense is formed by has/have + been+the present participle. Ex: The teacher has been grading since yesterday afternoon Past perfect progressive tense - a past action went on until another occurred. This tense is formed by had + been + the present participle. Ex: Mary had been living there for a year when she decided to move to korea Future perfect progressive tense - an action will continue until a certain future time. This tense is formed by will + have + been + the present participle. Ex. On tuesday I will have been working on this paper for six weeks