Narrative Writing PDF

NARRATIVE WRITING ​ A story containing specific elements that work together to narrate a story or recount events. Elements 1.​ Settings / Atmosphere ​ Where and When ​ Author must create a picture for the readers ​ Allows the readers to...

NARRATIVE WRITING ​ A story containing specific elements that work together to narrate a story or recount events. Elements 1.​ Settings / Atmosphere ​ Where and When ​ Author must create a picture for the readers ​ Allows the readers to visualize the scenes and the characters in those scenes. ​ Setting tone 2.​ Characters ​ Who ​ People, animals, or inanimate objects who are affected by the actions of the plot or who are the cause of certain events. ​ If a character is not described well, the story will not be believable. 3.​ Plot ​ Events unfold as it happens. ​ Who, What, Where, When, Why, and How outline gives narrative direction. ​ Frame of the narrative. Basic Plot Structure ​ Beginning -​ Enticing opening to capture readers’ interest. -​ Settings revealed. -​ Main characters introduced. -​ Conflict presented. ​ Middle -​ Characters attempt to resolve conflicts -​ Action progresses sequentially, step by step. ​ Climax -​ Turning point of narrative. -​ Reveals the process involved for solving the conflicts. ​ End -​ Tells how the resolution of the conflicts -​ Theme or message understood by the reader. -​ No new characters or plot ideas introduced. Plot Diagram / “Freytag’s Diagram” ​ Freytag’s diagram, also known as Freytag’s pyramid, is a framework for analyzing the structure of a narrative, created by 19th-century German novelist and playwright, Gustav Freytag. 7 Main Parts -​ Freytag’s diagram can actually be expanded into seven parts. The classic five-part structure has been adapted to include additional stages for a more detailed breakdown of the story's progression. 1.​ Exposition / Background - The story's setup, introducing characters, setting, and the initial situation. 2.​ Inciting Incident - The event that kicks off the main conflict or problem, pushing the story into action. 3.​ Rising Action - The series of events that build tension and develop the conflict, as the protagonist faces challenges. 4.​ Climax - The peak of the story, where tension is highest. It’s the turning point, with the main character facing a critical decision or challenge. 5.​ Falling Action - After the climax, events start winding down. The story explores the consequences of the climax. 6.​ Resolution - The central conflict wraps up, and remaining issues begin to settle. 7.​ Denouement - The story's conclusion, where any final details are addressed, providing closure to the characters and plot. 4. Style ​ The figurative language (similes, metaphors, etc.), sensory imagery, vivid verbs, strong sentences, dialogue, and point of view that makes each author unique. ​ Every student has his/her own style and technique. Although we have the same topic, everyone will write differently. 5. Conflict ​ The problem that must be overcome or resolved so that the readers will not be left hanging. Types of Conflict: – Person versus Self – Person versus Person – Person versus Society – Person versus Machine/Technology – Person versus Nature 6. Theme ​ A theme is a message revealed in the story. ​ It may be directly stated, like in a fable where the moral is told at the conclusion. ​ It may be indirect, leaving the reader to decide the story’s message. ​ There can be more than one theme for a narrative. Different Points of View 1.​ First Person point of view ​ “I” as the narrator ​ Good for personal accounts. Ex: I will never forget the day that my hamster died... 2.​ Third Person point of view (Limited) ​ “He,” “she,” “it,” “they” perspective ​ Written as if the story is observed from outside of the characters. ​ Reader must guess the feelings of the characters by their actions and words. Ex. He pounded his fist against the wall and screamed, “Let me out!”  3.​ Third Person point of view (Omniscient) ​ “He,” “she,” “it,” “they” perspective ​ Narrator can write about the thoughts and feelings of all the characters. Ex: “She called him a liar, though she knew he was telling the truth.” FIGURATIVE LANGUAGES ​ The use of descriptive words that brings your reader into a story. 1.​ Simile -​ Comparison between 2 unlike things, using like or as. Ex. “My heart is like an open highway” 2.​ Metaphor -​ Directly compares 2 unlike things without using like or as. Ex. “The boy was a golden knight, protecting his little sister from the fire-breathing dragon that lives in the sandbox.” 3.​ Personification -​ Assigns human characteristics and traits to nonhuman objects. Ex. “The pencil fought furiously with the eraser, battling over question number three.” 4.​ Hyperbole -​ Use of gross exaggeration to describe something that could never happen irl. Ex. “The Teacher’s voice was so loud the astronauts orbiting Earth could hear her lecture.” 5.​ Alliteration -​ Repetition of 2 or more sounds. Ex. “Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.” 6.​ Onomatopoeia -​ Use of words that imitate the sound of what they describe. -​ Words like "buzz," "click," and "sizzle" sound like the noises they represent, bringing sounds into writing.  7.​ Irony -​ Literary device or situation where there is a contrast between expectations and reality. -​ It happens when something occurs that is the opposite of what is expected, often in a surprising or humorous way. Ex. “The fire station burned down last night.” 8.​ Aposthrope -​ Addressing something or someone that is not present. Ex. “O Death, where is thy sting?” THINGS TO REMEMBER WHEN WRITING A NARRATIVE ​ SENSORY IMAGE ​ USING 5 W.H QUESTIONS ​ STORY BEGINNING ​ WRITING PARAGRAPHS ​ MECHANICS & CONVENTIONS ​ GRAPHIC ORGANIZATIONS ​ SHOW, DON’T TELL METHOD 1. SENSORY IMAGE ​ Using the 5 senses when writing narrative helps the reader picture and feel what is going on. ​ Describe what you see, hear, taste, touch, and smell to make your reader become involved. TYPES OF IMAGERY ​ Auditory - Sense of Hearing; music, silence noise etc. ​ Tactile - Sense of Touching; texture, movement, temperature etc.  Kinesthetic - Movements. Thermal - Temperature. Erotic - Sensations. ​ Gustatory - Sense of Taste; sour, sweet, acidic, bitter, and salty. ​ Visual - Sense of Seeing; colors, shapes, patterns, and sizes. ​ Olfactory - Sense of Smell; nice fragrance and bad odor. 2. W.H QUESTIONS ​ Answering 5 W.H Questions provides basic information needed or to begin a story; -​ WHO will be in the narrative? -​ WHERE will the narrative take place? -​ WHY will characters do what they do? -​ WHAT is the narrative about? -​ WHEN will events happen? -​ HOW will the conflict resolve? 3. STORY BEGINNING ​ Your story needs a strong beginning. You can achieve this using one of the following methods: ​ Dialogue (Conversations) – Can have meanings; “ “ Hurry or you’ll be late!” called my mother from the bottom of the stairs. “Today of all days you want to be on time.” If I had only known what that day would bring, I would have stayed in bed. “ ​ A Question  “Have you ever had a day when you wished you had stayed in bed? As I rushed to catch the bus on what seemed to be a perfectly normal day I had no idea what was ahead of me.” ​ Vivid Description - Lots of Details: dramatic effects only. “The sun was warm on my back as I raced toward the waiting yellow school bus. As I nestled into the worn leather seat I was greeted by the friendly voices of other excited children.” ​ An Interesting Fact - Use of Facts. “Shock has been known to kill ten year olds. It can cause their brains to explode and their heart to stop dead still. These facts raced through my mind as I stood dumbfounded in front of my fifth grade classmates.“ ​ Sound Effects - Use of Onomatopoeia. “ “Buzzzzzz!” The sound of my alarm clock droned in my ears as I struggled to come awake. With a start I sat straight up in my bed. This was my big day and I had to be on time. “ 4. WRITING PARAGRAPHS ​ Be sure the story has paragraphs. They tell when you’re switching time, places, topic, speaker and help break the page up so it’s not a solid block of writing. ​ How Do I Know When to Start a New Paragraph? -​ There are a few standard times to make a new paragraph: When you start in on a new topic. When you skip to a new time. When you skip to a new place. When a new person begins to speak. When you want to produce a dramatic effect. 5. GRAMMATICAL CONVENTIONS ​ CAPITALIZATION -​ Beginnings of Sentences -​ Proper Nouns ​ PUNCTUATION -​ End marks (Question mark (?), Period (.), Exclamation Mark (!) ) -​ Commas (,) when joining 2 sentences with conjunction addressing a person with quotations etc. ​ SENTENCE -​ Some sentences are long and short. -​ Start beginnings differently. -​ Some sentences start with part of speech other than a noun or pronoun. 6. “SHOW, DON’T TELL” METHOD ​ A method of writing is when the writer is able to create a picture in the reader's mind, to get away from the repetition of such empty words like went, big, or said. V. WOW WORDS ​ Show your reader that you have a high-quality, first-class, superior, excellent, exceptional, outstanding, brilliant, extraordinary, incomparable vocabulary by using well-chosen words. 7. USE OF GRAPHIC ORGANIZERS ​ A graphic organizer is a teaching and learning tool that is used to organize information and ideas in a way that is easy to comprehend and internalize VIII. Use of Graphic Organizers: Why do we use graphic organizers? ​ To better understand and remember the information we are learning. ​ To illustrate the relationship between what we are about to learn and the information that we have already learned. ​ To visualize and simplify ideas. ​ To organize large amount of information. What are the types of Graphic Organizers? ​ Graphic organizers that show relationships. ​ Graphic organizers that organize information into categories. ​ Graphic organizers that compare and contrast. ​ Graphic organizer that shows sequence, order or the development. Use of Graphic Organizers: ​ Graphic organizers that show relationships. Ex. Web Map ​ Graphic organizers that organize information into categories. Ex: Hierarchy Chart ​ Graphic organizers that compare and contrast. Ex: Venn Diagram ​ Graphic organizers that show sequence, order or the development. Example: Story Sequencing  GREEK MYTHOLOGY The Olympians ​ A group of 12 gods who ruled after the overthrow of the Titans ​ The Olympian Gods: Zeus, Poseidon, Hades, Hestia, Hera, Ares, Athena, Apollo, Aphrodite, Hermes, Artemis, Demeter. ​ The top 12 listed above are considered Olympians except for Hades. Although he was an important god and the brother of Zeus and Poseidon, he was not generally considered to be one of the twelve Olympians since he dwelled in the Underworld. The 6 Olympians ​ While we generally think today of the "12 Olympians", there was a smaller core group of just six who were the children of Cronus and Rhea - Hestia, Demeter, Hera, Hades, Poseidon, and Zeus. In that group, Hades is always included.THE GODS AND GODDESSES OF ANCIENT GREECE Greek Gods Zeus ​ (Roman Name: Jupiter) ​ Supreme Ruler of the Gods ​ God of the sky and thunder ​ Most powerful ​ His weapon was the mighty THUNDERBOLT ​ He falls in love frequently and often acts on it (even though he is married) ​ Son of Cronus and Rhea Poseidon ​ (Roman Name: Neptune) ​ God of the sea, earthquakes, and horses ​ Trident is his weapon ​ Amphitrite is his wife ​ Zeus’ brother ​ Son of Cronus and Rhea ​ 2nd most powerful Hades ​ (Roman Name: Pluto) ​ God of the Underworld and Wealth ​ King of the dead but he is not Death ​ Zeus’ brother ​ Son of Cronus and Rhea ​ Has a helmet that makes the wearer invisible ​ Persephone (Spring) is his wife ​ 3rd most powerful Phoebus Apollo ​ (Roman Name: Apollo) ​ Phoebus means “brilliant” or “shining” ​ God of medicine, healing, truth, and light ​ God of Music and Poetry ​ No False Words (Never Told a Lie) ​ Sun god in some myths (Helios, child of the Titan Hyperion) ​ Son of Zeus and Leto Ares ​ (Roman Name: Mars) ​ God of War ​ Son of Zeus and Hera, but both disliked him ​ The Romans glorify him, but the Greeks make him out to be a coward ​ He has two children with Aphrodite: Phobos (panic) and Deimos (fear) are twins Hephaestus ​ (Roman Name: Vulcan)  ​ God of fire and the forge ​ ​ Son of Zeus and Hera ​ He is the Only Ugly God ​ Lame because he was thrown off Mt. Olympus for interfering with a fight between Hera and Zeus ​ Husband of Aphrodite Hermes ​ (Roman Name: Mercury) ​ Messenger of the gods and the god of thieves ​ Greek Trickster figure ​ Has Wings on Sandals and Cap ​ Very fast ​ Son of Zeus and Maia ​ Greeks believed he guided souls to Hades Greek Goddesses Hera ​ (Roman Name: Juno) ​ Queen of the gods ​ Zeus’ Wife and Sister ​ Protector of marriage ​ Very Jealous of Zeus’ Numerous Lovers Artemis ​ (Roman Name: Diana) ​ Apollo’s Twin sister ​ Goddess of the hunt, moon, and chastity. ​ She is the moon goddess sometimes ​ Virgin goddess ​ Stags are sacred Aphrodite ​ (Roman Name: Venus) ​ Goddess of love, lust and beauty ​ Mother of Eros ​ Wife of Hephaestus but lover of Ares and other guys. ​ Born from the foam in the sea caused by the attack of Cronus on Uranus. Athena ​ (Roman Name: Minerva) ​ Goddess of wisdom ​ Daughter of Zeus and Metis (titan) -​ she sprung from Zeus’ head after he swallowed the pregnant Metis ​ She carries a shield with Medusa’s head on it ​ Patron goddess of Athens Hestia ​ (Roman Name: Vesta) ​ Zeus’ sister – Oldest of the original gods ​ Goddess of the hearth and home ​ Worshipped daily Demeter ​ (Roman Name:Ceres) ​ Daughter of Cronus and Rhea ​ Goddess of Corn and Agriculture ​ Had powers of growth and resurrection ​ Her daughter is Persephone ​ Her moods affect the seasons Persephone ​ (Roman Name: Proserpine) ​ Goddess of Spring ​ She was kidnapped by Hades ​ Later made the Queen of the Underworld ​ Spends half the year in Hades, half on Earth.  PLACES IN GREEK MYTHOLOGY Mt. Olympus ​ Olympus was where the gods lived. There really is a Mt. Olympus and since it was so high up, the Ancient Greeks decided it was the realm of the gods. Humans and other creatures could only visit Olympus if they had an invitation. Earth ​ Earth is where the humans lived. Sometimes gods visited Earth, and often fell in love with one of Earth’s inhabitants. Sometimes they would have children who would be half human/half god (demigod). Many strange and dangerous creatures roamed Earth and heroes had to slaughter them. The Ocean ​ The Ocean surrounded the Earth. The Ocean was ruled by Poseidon and his wife, Amphitrite, who was a sea-nymph. Poseidon controlled the wind and the waves. Sailors often made sacrifices to him so they would have smooth sailing. The River Styx ​ The River Styx was the way to get to the underworld. To get across, you must pay Charon, the boatman. The cost was one obol, a Greek coin. After you paid him he would take you across. The Underworld ​ The underworld was a place inside the earth that was made up of three places; Tartarus, The Asphodel Meadows, and The Elysian Fields. The underworld was ruled by Hades. ​ I. TARTARUS - Tartarus is the place where Zeus cast the Titans along with his father Cronus after defeating them. Homer wrote that Cronus then became the king of Tartarus. Tartarus is where the worst humans and gods went. They suffered horrendous punishments such as eternal hunger and thirst, being tied to a wheel of fire, being hit with thunderbolts and climbing a mountain endlessly. These people had to suffer for eternity.  ​ II. ASPHODEL MEADOWS - The place where ordinary or indifferent souls went to spend eternity after judgment. These souls did not commit any crimes that would send them to the Fields of Punishment, and they also did not achieve greatness or any other recognition that would set them apart and earn themselves a place in the Elysium. ​ III. THE ELYSIAN FIELDS/ ELYSIUM - Heroic, kind, and noble people went to the Elysian Fields. Here they rested and enjoyed lives of luxury and bliss. You could be sent to Earth to live another life after you died. If you went to the Elysian Field three times you could go to the Isles of the Blessed and never leave. MONSTERS AND CREATURES Minotaur ​ The Minotaur was a humanoid mythical creature with the head of a bull on the body of a man. He dwelt at the center of the Cretan Labyrinth. The bull-man was eventually slain by the Athenian hero Theseus. Pegasus ​ A winged divine stallion usually depicted as pure white in color. He is the offspring of Poseidon and Medusa Centaurs ​ The centaur is a humanoid mythical creature with the head, arms, and torso of a human and the body and legs of a horse. One of the most popular centaurs in Greek mythology is Chiron. Gorgon Medusa ​ Medusa was a beautiful maiden with golden hair. She vowed to be celibate her entire life as a priestess of Athena until she fell in love with POSEIDON. ​ For this, ATHENA punished her hideously. She turned Medusa into an ugly creature. The once lovely hair was morphed into poisonous, dangerous snakes. ​ By Athena’s curse anyone she looked upon turned to stone. Hydra ​ Massive and poisonous serpent with nine heads. Every time one head was injured, another two grew in its place. Cyclopes ​ A member of a primordial race of giants, each with a single eye in the middle of the forehead, the name is widely thought to mean “circle-eyed”. ​ The most famous one, Polyphemus, fights Odysseus in his cave. And said to be the son of Poseidon. Cerberus ​ Huge and powerful three-headed dog, or “hellhound”. ​ He was owned by Hades, god of the underworld. ​ Cerberus guards the gates of the Underworld to prevent those who have crossed the river Styx from ever escaping. Satyrs ​ Satyrs are half-man and half-goat. ​ They are often depicted playing flutes and holding cups of wine. They epitomize the essence of having a carefree life as they make music and drink all they want. ​ The leader of the Satyrs was a god called Pan. The Sirens ​ The Sirens were beautiful but dangerous creatures that lured the sailors with their enchanting voices to their deaths. ​ Siren combined the appearance of a woman and a bird. ​ Some artists drew Sirens that look like women with the legs of birds. ANCIENT GREECE GEOGRAPHY OF GREECE ​ Greece is a small country in Europe. ​ Greece is near the Mediterranean Sea. ​ The main part of Greece is on a peninsula. ​ The rest of Greece is made up of islands. GREEK CITY-STATES ​ Because Greece is made up of many islands, and has many tall mountains, the Greeks began to build city-states instead of one country. ​ A city-state is a city with its own laws, rulers, and money. ​ City-states were cities that acted like countries. SPARTA ​ Sparta was a Greek city-state. ​ Sparta was very powerful and had its own army. ​ Sparta conquered other city-states to gain wealth and power. ​ There were three classes of people in Sparta. ​ Citizens, non-citizens, and slaves. SPARTA’S CLASSES ​ Only men born in Sparta were citizens. ​ Women were not allowed to become citizens, however, women were allowed to own land and businesses, which gave them more freedom than other Greek city-states. ​ The second class in Sparta was people who came from other city-states or other countries. They could own businesses but not become citizens. (Non-citizens) ​ The third class was slaves. SPARTA WARRIORS ​ Learning to read and write in Sparta was not very important. ​ Training to become a good soldier was important. ​ Young boys were taken from their parents and trained to be soldiers as well as good in sports such as running. ​ Girls were also trained to be good in sports. ATHENS ​ Athens was another important Greek city-state. ​ The people of Athens wanted to rule themselves and not have a king or queen. ​ Athens became the world’s first democracy around 508 B.C. ​ A democracy is a government in which all citizens can vote and have equal say in what happens DEMOCRACY IN ATHENS ​ All citizens could vote, but only half the people in Athens were citizens. ​ Women, people born outside of Athens, and slaves could not vote. ​ Democracy (Demokratia) derives from Demos, which refers to the entire citizen body: the people. EDUCATION IN ATHENS ​ Education was very important in Athens. ​ Boys went to school to learn to read and write. They also learned many sports. ​ Girls were not allowed to go to school or learn to play sports. PERICLES ​ Pericles was the leader of creating democracy in Athens. ​ He had many buildings constructed. ​ Pericles had the Parthenon and the Acropolis built which exhibited its glory, and gave work to the people. THE GREEK ALPHABET ​ The Greeks borrowed their alphabet from the Phoenicians. ​ Most European languages, including English, borrowed ideas from the Greek alphabet. PHILOSOPHERS OF ANCIENT GREECE Philosophers -​ someone who tries to explain the nature of life. Socrates ​ Socrates was a philosopher of Ancient Greece. ​ Socrates taught by asking questions. This method of questioning is still called the Socratic method. Plato ​ Plato was a student of Socrates. ​ He started a school called The Academy. ​ Plato contributed to the theory of art, in particular dance, music, poetry, architecture, and drama. Aristotle ​ Aristotle was another Greek philosopher and student of Plato. ​ He wrote about science, art, law, poetry, and government. Homer ​ The Greeks lacked writing, so they learned about the Trojan war through spoken word. ​ Greatest Greek storyteller was a blind man named Homer. ​ The Iliad and the Odyssey -​ Two epic poems composed by Homer about the Trojan War. -​ Epics – Narrative poems that tell about heroic deeds. -​ The heroes of The Iliad are Hector and Achilles. -​ The Odyssey is about a 10 year journey home of Odysseus and his adventures along the way Alexander the Great ​ Alexander the Great was the son of King Phillip II of Macedonia. ​ Alexander conquered Persia, Egypt, the Middle East and Northern India. ​ He died at age 33 from malaria and typhoid fever. ​ Alexander’s legacy includes the cultural diffusion – the spread of cultural items such as ideas, styles, religions, technologies, and languages. When did Greek mythology start? ​ It is difficult to know when Greek mythology started, as it is believed to have stemmed from centuries of oral tradition. It is likely that Greek myths evolved from stories told in the Minoan civilization of Crete, which flourished from about 3000 to 1100 BCE. Mythology -​ is a collection of myths, or anonymous, traditional stories that explain our beliefs and customs, the wonders of nature and our own history.  4 IMPORTANT WORDS THAT DESCRIBES THE GREEKS ​ Anthropomorphism: means to give human form or qualities to beings or things not human, especially to gods. ​ Polytheism: means the belief in many gods. ​ Oral Tradition: to pass down from generation to generation by word of mouth. ​ Utilitarian: the quality of being designed primarily for practical use rather than beauty GREEK CARDINAL VIRTUES​ PRUDENCE ​ The exercise of sound judgment in practical affairs. JUSTICE ​ Proper moderation between the self-interest and the rights and needs of others. TEMPERANCE ​ Practicing self-control, abstention, and moderation. COURAGE / FORTITUDE​ ​ Forbearance, endurance, and ability to confront fear and uncertainty, or intimidation. QUALITIES OF GREEK LITERATURE PERMANENCE AND UNIVERSALITY ​ It has an enduring quality. ​ It was read and admired by all nations of the world regardless of race, religion, etc.. ESSENTIALLY FULL OF ARTISTRY ​ Greek art is the highest form of classical art. ​ Had such a great love of beauty. ​ Greek mind became the foundation of the literature of the Western. ORIGINALITY ​ The Greek mind had the supreme power of modifying and improving all that it touched. DIVERSITY OF TALENT ​ Diversity of application ​ Cultivated all literary types to perfection. ​ The Greek mind never rested complacently on any one subject; it is ever seeking; it is ever searching. INTELLECTUAL QUALITY ​ The Greek mind challenges one to think for some purpose - to bring about some inner transformation. THE UNIQUE GREEKS ​ The Greeks were distinctly different from all previous civilizations because they were the first to create gods in their own image. PROMETHEUS AND PANDORA( PPT SENT BY MS CHINKY )