Endogenic and Exogenic Processes PDF

ENDOGENIC PROCESSES  DEFINITION en·do·gen·ic ˌendōˈjenik/ Adjective GEOLOGY  Formed, located or occurring beneath the surface of the earth. WHAT IS ENDOGENIC PROCESSES?  Endogenic Processes are geological processes that occur beneath the surface of the Earth.  It is...

ENDOGENIC PROCESSES  DEFINITION en·do·gen·ic ˌendōˈjenik/ Adjective GEOLOGY  Formed, located or occurring beneath the surface of the earth. WHAT IS ENDOGENIC PROCESSES?  Endogenic Processes are geological processes that occur beneath the surface of the Earth.  It is associated with energy originating in the interior of the solid earth.  The ground we live on is moving all the time. The Forces within the earth that cause the ground to move are called ENDOGENIC FORCES. HOW DOES ENDOGENIC PROCESS WORKS?  When the ground moves, Rock layers at the surface of the earth are broken, twisted and shaken.  Land is destroyed in many places and created in other places.  When the land is shaped by Endogenic Forces we call this ENDOGENIC PROCESSES.  THE MAIN ENDOGENIC PROCESS  The Main Endogenic Processes are FOLDING & FAULTING or Tectonic Movements.  They take place mainly along the plate boundaries, which are the zones that are not stable.  Endogenic processes cause many major landform features.  FOLDING  When two forces push towards each other from opposite sides, the rock layers will bend into folds.  The process by which folds are formed are due to compressional forces known as folding.  There are large-scale and small-scale folds. Large- scale folds are found mainly along destructive plate boundaries. ILLUSTRATION: FOLDING FOLDING  FAULTING  Faulting is the fracturing and displacement of more brittle rock strata along a fault plane either caused by tension or compression.  A break in rock along which a vertical or horizontal rock movement has occurred is called a fault.  The process of forming a fault is faulting.  The line of fault which appears on land surface is known as fault line.  These lines are often lines of weakness which allow molten rock to rise up onto the earth surface when there is active volcanic activity nearby. TYPES OF FAULTING  There are three types of fault which are caused by different endogenic forces:  Normal fault (Convergence)  Reverse fault (Divergence)  Tear fault (Transform)  Faulting forms two major landforms - block mountains and rift valleys. ILLUSTRATION OF FAULTING OTHER ENDOGENIC PROCESS (SUBSEQUENT) These are Endogenic Processes that are subsequent to the main ones.  Volcanism (Volcanic Activity)  Metamorphism  Earthquake (Seismic Activity)  VOLCANISM  VOLCANISM or magmatism (also known as volcanic activity or igneous activity)  Magma beneath the crust is under very great pressure. When folding and faulting occur, cracks or fractures which are lines of weakness are created.  When these lines of weakness develop downward in the crust and reach the magma, they will release the pressure in the magma.  This allows magma to rise up along the lines of weakness and intrude into the crust. Some magma may even reach the earth's surface and some don’t.  ILLUSTRATION OF VOLCANISM  There are two types of Volcanism: Intrusive volcanism and Extrusive volcanism. RESULT OF VOLCANISM  METAMORPHISM  Metamorphism is an endogenic process which occurs when there is pressure and heat applied to geologic structures which leads to the formation of Metamorphic Rocks. ILLUSTRATION OF METAMORPHISM RESULT OF METAMORPHISM  GRADING METAMOPRH IC ROCK  EARTHQUAKES  An Earthquake or (Seismic Activity) is a sudden shaking or vibration in the earth’s crust.  When plates suddenly move past each other, the built-up strain is released along the fault, and the rock fractures.  An earthquake also can be triggered by molten rock moving up into the chamber of a volcano before eruption. ILLUSTRATION OF EARTHQUAKE  IMPORTANT DETAILS  Endogenic Processes are Processes that is formed or occurring beneath the surface of the Earth.  The Main Endogenic Processes are Folding and Faulting (or tectonic movements).  The Subsequent Endogenic Processes are Volcanism, Metamorphism, and Earthquakes.  Endogenic processes cause many major landform features.  Endogenic processes have been responsible for shaping the earth’s geologic structures and the formation of many of the most important mineral resources. EXOGENIC PROCESSES EXOGENIC PROCESSES OR DENUDATION Refers to activities or phenomena that occur on the Earth’s surface. It is considered as destructive and are responsible for degradation and sculpting the Earth’s surface. TYPES OF EXOGENIC PROCESSES WEATHERING EROSION MASS WASTING SEDIMENTATION  WEATHERING The process that breaks down rock into smaller pieces.  The physical weathering happens when rock is physically broken into smaller pieces. FACTORS THAT AFFECT PHYSICAL WEATHERING 1. ICE WEDGING ~> H2O seeps in rock, expands, crack rocks into smaller pieces. 2. RELEASE OF PRESSURE ~> Surface rock erodes, rock flakes like onion layers. 3. GROWTH OF PLANTS ~> Roots grow into cracks and push rocks apart. 4. ANIMALS ~> Burrow and push apart rock. 5. ABRASION ~> Sand and rock carried by wind, water, ice wears away surface rock when rocks collide. Most common in windy areas The chemical weathering is the process of breaking down rock through chemical changes. FACTORS THAT AFFECT CHEMICAL WEATHERING 1. WATER ~> Water dissolves rock chemically. 2. OXYGEN ~> Rocks that has iron in it mixes with oxygen and rusts. 3. CARBON DIOXIDE ~> CO2 dissolves in rainwater and weathers marble and limestone. 4. LIVING ORGANISMS ~> Acids from plants and roots chemically weather rock. 5. ACID RAIN ~> Air pollution reacts with clouds and falls on rock as acid rain.  EROSION BY EROSION BY WIND WATER Erosion by water changes the Erosion by wind carries dust, sand, shape of coastlines. Waves and volcanic ash from one place to constantly crash against shores. another. Wind can sometimes blow They pound rocks into pebbles and sand into towering dunes. reduce pebbles to sand. Water sometimes takes sand away from beaches. This moves the coastline farther inland. EROSION BY EROSION BY ICE GRAVITY Gravity pulls any loose bits down Erosion by ice can erode the land. In the side of a hill or mountain. Gravity frigid areas and on some Erosion is better known as Mass mountaintops, glaciers move slowly Movement. downhill and across the land. As they move, they pick up everything in their path, from tiny grains of sand to RESULT OF EROSION  WEATHERING VS. BEGINS (EROSION EROSIONWITH A PROCESS CALLED WEATHERING) ADDITIONAL INFO (WEATHERING & EROSION) REGOLITH - When weathered rock remains in place and remains in its pure state. SEDIMENT - When weathered material is removed from the site of weathering. MOVING WATER - It is the main agent of erosion. PEOPLE - Nowadays, people became one of the causes of erosion. WEATHERING AND EROSION - Weathered rock material will be removed from its original site and transported away by a natural agent.  SEDIMENTATION It is a natural process in which a material is carried to the bottom of bodies of water and forms to solid.  MASS WASTING Mass wasting is the movement of rock, soil and regolith downward due to the action of gravity.  FACTORS THAT TRIGGERED the MASS WASTING OVER-STEEPENED WATE EARTHQUAKE VEGETATIO SLOPE R N REMOVAL Rapid movements are commonly found in steep Rainwater adds It is a vibration and The lack of vegetation slopes while slow weight and acts as a also a factor that cover to hold the loose movements are found on lubricant to weathered triggers mass wasting. particles. gentle slopes. material.  CLASSIFICATION OF MASS WASTING SLUMP SOLIFUCTION A slump is a type of mass wasting that results in the sliding of coherent rock materials along a The solifluction is the slow curved surface downhill flow of soil. CLASSIFICATION OF MASS WASTING EARTHFLOW MUDFLOW Earthflow is a downslope viscous flow of fine-grained materials that have been saturated with water and moves under Mudflow occurs when mud travels down the pull of gravity. a slope very quickly.  CLASSIFICATION OF MASS WASTING DEBRIS SLIDE DEBRIS FLOW A debris slide is a type of slide characterized by the chaotic movement of A debris flow is moving mass of loose mud, sand, rocks, soil, and debris mixed with water soil, rock, water and air that travels down a slope and/or ice. under the influence of gravity  CLASSIFICATION OF MASS WASTING ROCK FLOW SOIL CREEP A Rock flow occurs when pieces of rock break loose Soil creep is a slow, gradual movement of from a steep rock face or cliff.. soil or regolith downhill over time