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Questions and Answers
What primarily causes endogenic processes to occur beneath the Earth's surface?
What primarily causes endogenic processes to occur beneath the Earth's surface?
- Erosion caused by water and wind
- Energy originating in the interior of the solid earth (correct)
- Energy from atmospheric conditions
- Solar radiation heating the Earth's surface
What happens to rock layers when the ground experiences endogenic forces?
What happens to rock layers when the ground experiences endogenic forces?
- They are broken, twisted, and shaken (correct)
- They evolve into magma gradually
- They become more solid and unmovable
- They are eroded away completely
What is the process called when two opposing forces cause rock layers to bend?
What is the process called when two opposing forces cause rock layers to bend?
- Faulting
- Volcanism
- Tectonics
- Folding (correct)
What geological feature is formed as a result of faulting?
What geological feature is formed as a result of faulting?
Which type of fault results from tension within the Earth's crust?
Which type of fault results from tension within the Earth's crust?
What type of force is responsible for reverse faulting?
What type of force is responsible for reverse faulting?
Where do the main endogenic processes predominantly take place?
Where do the main endogenic processes predominantly take place?
What is a fault line?
What is a fault line?
What triggers mass wasting primarily due to the effect of gravity?
What triggers mass wasting primarily due to the effect of gravity?
Which type of mass wasting involves the chaotic movement of materials mixed with water?
Which type of mass wasting involves the chaotic movement of materials mixed with water?
What is a defining characteristic of a slump in the context of mass wasting?
What is a defining characteristic of a slump in the context of mass wasting?
What is a primary factor that increases the likelihood of mass wasting on a slope?
What is a primary factor that increases the likelihood of mass wasting on a slope?
Which type of mass wasting occurs very slowly over time, involving the downward movement of soil?
Which type of mass wasting occurs very slowly over time, involving the downward movement of soil?
What is the primary process by which water erodes rock along coastlines?
What is the primary process by which water erodes rock along coastlines?
Which factor contributes to chemical weathering by forming a rust-like reaction?
Which factor contributes to chemical weathering by forming a rust-like reaction?
How do plant roots contribute to the weathering process?
How do plant roots contribute to the weathering process?
What is a major consequence of erosion by ice?
What is a major consequence of erosion by ice?
Which of the following is an effect of gravity on the erosion process?
Which of the following is an effect of gravity on the erosion process?
Which gas is involved in the dissolution of rocks, contributing to chemical weathering?
Which gas is involved in the dissolution of rocks, contributing to chemical weathering?
What distinguishes sediment from regolith?
What distinguishes sediment from regolith?
Which component is primarily responsible for the physical erosion of rocks by abrasion?
Which component is primarily responsible for the physical erosion of rocks by abrasion?
What is the primary cause of volcanism when lines of weakness form?
What is the primary cause of volcanism when lines of weakness form?
Which of the following correctly defines metamorphism?
Which of the following correctly defines metamorphism?
What triggers an earthquake according to the content provided?
What triggers an earthquake according to the content provided?
Which statement best describes endogenic processes?
Which statement best describes endogenic processes?
How does weathering differ from erosion?
How does weathering differ from erosion?
What is the main distinction between intrusive and extrusive volcanism?
What is the main distinction between intrusive and extrusive volcanism?
Which of these processes is NOT classified as an endogenic process?
Which of these processes is NOT classified as an endogenic process?
What is a significant consequence of endogenic processes on Earth's landforms?
What is a significant consequence of endogenic processes on Earth's landforms?
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Study Notes
Endogenic Processes
- Defined as geological processes that occur beneath the Earth's surface.
- Involve energy originating from the interior of the Earth.
- Characterized by continuous movement of the ground, driven by endogenic forces.
Main Endogenic Processes
- Include folding and faulting, primarily along tectonic plate boundaries.
- Shape major landforms and geological structures through movement.
Folding
- Occurs when two forces push rock layers towards each other, causing bends or folds.
- Results from compressional forces and can create large-scale folds at destructive plate boundaries.
Faulting
- Involves fracturing and displacement of brittle rock layers along fault planes.
- Creates faults where vertical or horizontal rock movements occur, often leading to volcanic activity.
- Types of faults:
- Normal fault (Convergence)
- Reverse fault (Divergence)
- Tear fault (Transform)
- Forms landforms such as block mountains and rift valleys.
Subsequent Endogenic Processes
- Include volcanism, metamorphism, and earthquakes.
- Responsible for additional geological features and processes.
Volcanism
- Describes the movement of magma due to pressure beneath the crust.
- Can result in explosive volcanic activity, with magma rising through cracks.
- Types of volcanism: intrusive (beneath surface) and extrusive (reaches surface).
Metamorphism
- Occurs under high pressure and heat, transforming existing rocks into metamorphic rocks.
Earthquakes
- Sudden vibrations in the Earth’s crust caused by plate movements and released strain.
- Can also be triggered by molten rock movements associated with volcanic activity.
Exogenic Processes
- Involves activities on Earth's surface leading to degradation and sculpting, often referred to as denudation.
Types of Exogenic Processes
- Include weathering, erosion, mass wasting, and sedimentation.
Weathering
- Breaks down rocks into smaller particles through physical or chemical processes.
- Physical weathering mechanisms: ice wedging, pressure release, plant growth, animal activity, and abrasion.
- Chemical weathering involves water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, living organisms, and acid rain.
Erosion
- Transport of weathered material driven by water, wind, ice, or gravity.
- Water erosion alters coastlines, while wind erosion shapes dunes.
Mass Wasting
- The downhill movement of rock and soil due to gravity.
- Triggers include over-steepened slopes, water saturation, earthquakes, and vegetation removal.
Classification of Mass Wasting
- Includes various forms such as slump, solifluction, earthflow, mudflow, debris slide, debris flow, rock flow, and soil creep, each with distinct characteristics and movement patterns.
Sedimentation
- Natural process where materials settle at the bottom of bodies of water, forming solids over time.
Important Considerations
- Weathered rock can remain (regolith) or be removed (sediment).
- Water is a key agent in both erosion and mass wasting, influenced by human activity as well.
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