Elementary Data Processing-CSC211_Revised.pdf

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE COURSE CODE: CSC211 COURSE TITLE: ELEMENTARY DATA PROCESSING 1 Introduction CSC211 Elementary Data Processing is a two (2) credit unit course of sixteen units. It deals with the fundamentals concepts of data processing, essential components of computer systems, data processing personnel, file access, and organization techniques. Also, it deals with the tools for developing data processing applications and provides an overview of Visual Basic Language and Structured Query Language. Sample programs and queries are provided to enable the students to acquire the necessary skills for solving real-life problems. The study material provides adequate background information that is relevant for students pursuing a career in data processing or related disciplines. The course is divided into four modules: Module 1 introduces the basic concepts of data processing, explains the meaning of data, Information and data processing. A detailed description of the computer hardware and software components required for data processing is covered. The various input and output devices such as pointing devices, pen-based devices, optical character recognition, printers, plotters, etc. and their suitability for data processing are explained. Module 2 provides information on data storage devices and the parameters for disk performance. File access and organization techniques - serial, sequential, indexed-sequential, and random file organization are covered in this module. Besides, students will learn data processing techniques such as Batch processing, online Processing, Transaction Processing, Real-time Systems, and Distributed processing. Module 3 begins with database processing, the meaning of database, components of a database, and database models. For example, a relational database, hierarchical database, network database, an object-oriented database, is explained. Data processing personnel are covered. Besides, tools for developing data processing applications such as programming languages, report generators, computer-aided software engineering, query languages, etc. are covered in this module. Module 4 provides an overview of Visual Basic (VB) language and Structure Query Language (SQL). The fundamental concepts of visual and event-driven programming are covered. The student will learn how to write simple programs that respond to events Control structure, arrays, file processing, and how to use the print statements are covered. Also, the students will learn how to write simple SQL queries by using the CREATE, SELECT, INSERT, UPDATE, and DELETE commands. This course aims to equip the learners with essential information and understanding of data processing concepts as well as acquiring the relevant skills to manage and implement data processing systems. At the end of the course, students would have gained the appropriate knowledge and acquired the skills to manage the data processing department of any organization effectively. 2 This Course Guide gives a brief overview of the course content, course duration, and course materials. What will students learn in this course? The primary purpose of this course is to provide the required knowledge and business programming skills for the students to effectively data processing systems and manage the data processing department of an organization. The basic concepts of data processing, computer systems required for data processing, data processing personnel, tools for developing data processing applications, and basic programming skills are covered in this study material. This, we intend to achieve through the following: Course Aims The aims of this course are to: (i) Explain the concepts, systems, personnel, tools for data processing (ii) Describe data processing techniques (iii) Acquire skills for developing, implementing and managing data processing systems or department Course Objectives Specific objectives have been set out to ensure that the course achieves its aims. Apart from the course objectives, every unit of this course has set objectives. In the course of the study at the end of each unit, the objectives would have been met. By the end of this course students should be able to: (i) Explain the meaning of data, information, and data processing; (ii) Identify and describe the essential hardware components of a computer system; (iii) Describe some software used for data processing; (iv) Explain file access and organization techniques; (v) Describe batch processing, real-time processing, transaction processing, etc.; (vi) Explain the meaning of Database Management Systems and Database Model; (vii) Describe various tools for developing data processing applications; (viii) Explain the concept of visual and event-driven programming; (ix) Write simple Visual Basic programs; (x) Write SQL statements Working through This Course To have a thorough understanding of the course units, students will need to read and understand the contents, practice what they have learnt by studying the network of the organization, or proposing one if there is none in existence and be committed to learning and implementing the knowledge. This course is designed to cover approximately sixteen weeks, and it will require a devoted attention. Students should do the exercises in the Tutor-Marked Assignments and submit to the tutors. 3 Course Materials These include: 1. Course Guide 2. Study Units 3. Recommended Texts 4. A file for your assignments and for records to monitor your progress. Study Units There are sixteen study units in this course: Module1 Unit 1 INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF DATA PROCESSING Unit 2 BASIC HARDWARE COMPONENTS AND MEMORY CAPACITY MEASUREMENT Unit 3 BASIC SOFTWARE FOR DATA PROCESSING Unit 4 DATA CAPTURING AND REPORTING DEVICES Module 2 Unit 1 DATA STORAGE DEVICES Unit 2 FILE ORGANIZATION Unit 3 DATA PROCESSING TECHNIQUES Unit 4 TRADITIONAL FILE SYSTEM PROCESSING Module 3 Unit 1 DATABASE PROCESSING Unit 2 DATA PROCESSING PERSONNEL Unit 3 TOOLS FOR CREATING DATA PROCESSING APPLICATION Unit 4 VISUAL AND EVENT PROGRAMMING Module 4 Unit 1 CONTROL STRUCTURE AND STRING PROCESSING Unit 2 ARRAYS AND PRINTING Unit 3 FILE PROCESSING Unit 4 STRUCTURED QUERY LANGUAGE (SQL) Make use of the course materials, do the exercises to enhance your learning. Textbooks and References Alexis Leon and Matthew Leon, Fundamental of Information Technology, L & L Consultancy Services Pvt. Ltd, 1999 ITL Education Solutions Limited, Introduction to Information Technology, 2nd Edition, Pearson Education India, 2012, ISBN: 9789332525146 Introduction to Computers and Information Technology, 2nd edition, Pearson, 2015, ISBN-13: 9781323237120 4 Brain K. Williams, and Stacey C. Sawyer, Using Information Technology, A practical Introduction to Computers and Communications, McGraw Hill, 2005, N.Y Eric Frick, Information Technology Essentials Volume 1: Introduction to Information Systems, Volume 1 of Information Technology Essentials Series, Amazon Digital Services LLC - KDP Print US, 2019, ISBN:1708175148, 9781708175146 Carl Hamacher, Zvonko Vranesic, Safwat Zaky, Computer Organization, Fifth Edition, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, N.Y, 2002 David C. Kreines, Oracle SQL, O Reilly, USA, 2000 Gerald V. Post, Database Management Systems, Designing, and Building Business Applications, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill, 2005 George Beekman, Eugene J. Rathswohl, Computer Confluence, Exploring Tomorrow’s Technology, IT Edition, Prentice-Hall, New Jersey, 2003 Jan L. Harrington, SQL Clearly Explained, Morgan Kaumann Publisher, An Imprint of Elsevier Science, 2003, USA Steve Tale, SQL: The Ultimate Beginners Guide: Learn SQL Today, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016, ISBN 1533604568, 9781533604569 Dusan Petkovic, Microsoft SQL Server 2016: A Beginner's Guide, Sixth Edition, 6th Edition, McGraw- Hill 2016, ISBN: 9781259641800 Linda Null, Julia Lobur, The Essentials of Computer Organization and Architecture Jones & Bartlett Learning, 2006 – Computers. Jeffery L. Whitten, Lonnie D. Bentley, Kevin C. Dittman, Systems Analysis and Design Methods, McGraw Hill, New York, 2004, Julia Case Bradley, Anita C. Millspaugh, Programming in Visual Basic 6.O, McGraw-Hill Higher Education, 2002 Management Information Systems, Organization, and Technology in the Kenneth C. Laudon, Jane P. Laudon, Prentice Hall International, Inc, 2000 Greg Perry and Dean Miller, C Programming Absolute Beginner's Guide, 3rd Edition, Que Publishing 2014. Yuksel Uckan, Problem Solving Using C, Structured Programming Techniques McGraw-Hill International Editions, 1999 R. G. Anderson, Data Processing, Volume 1: Principles and Practice, Pitman Publishing, Singapore, 1990 http://computer.howstuffworks.com/hard-disk7.htm 5 Assignments File These are of two types: the self-assessment exercises and the Tutor-Marked Assignments. The self- assessment exercises will enable you to monitor your performance by yourself, while the Tutor- Marked Assignment is supervised. The assignments take a certain percentage of your total score in this course. Your tutor will assess the Tutor-Marked Assignments within a specified period. The examination at the end of this course will aim at determining the level of mastery of the subject matter. This course includes seventeen Tutor-Marked Assignments, and each must be done and submitted accordingly. Your best scores, however, will be recorded for you. Be sure to send these assignments to your tutor before the deadline to avoid the loss of marks. Presentation Schedule The Presentation Schedule included in the course materials contains the important dates for the completion of tutor marked assignments and attending tutorials. Students are required to submit all the assignments by the due date. Please guard against lagging behind in your work. Assessment There are two aspects to the assessment of the course. First are the tutor marked assignments; second, is a written examination. In tackling the assignments, you are expected to apply the information and knowledge acquired during this course. The assignments must be submitted to your tutor for formal assessment following the deadlines stated in the Assignment File. The work you submit to your tutor for assessment will count for 30% of your total course mark. At the end of the course, you will need to sit for a final three-hour examination. This will also count for 70% of your total course mark. Tutor Marked Assignments (TMAS) There are seventeen tutors marked assignments in this course. You need to submit all the assignments. The total marks for the best four (4) assignments will be 30% of your total course mark. Assignment questions for the units in this course are contained in the Assignment File. You should be able to complete your assignments from the information and materials contained in your set textbooks, reading, and study units. However, you may wish to use other references to broaden your viewpoint and provide a deeper understanding of the subject. When you have completed each assignment, send it together with the form to your tutor. Make sure that each assignment reaches your tutor on or before the deadline given. If, however, you cannot complete your work on time, contact your tutor before the assignment is done to discuss the possibility of an extension. Examination and Grading The final examination for the course will carry 70% of the total marks available for this course. The examination will cover every aspect of the course, so you are advised to revise all your corrected assignments before the examination. This course endows you with the status of a teacher and that of a learner. This means that you teach yourself and that you learn, as your learning capabilities would allow. It also means that you are in a better position to determine and to ascertain the what, the how, and the when of your course 6 learning. No teacher imposes any method of learning on you. The course units are similarly designed with the introduction following the table of contents, then a set of objectives and then the concepts and so on. The objectives guide you as you go through the units to ascertain your knowledge of the required terms and expressions. Course Marking Scheme This table shows how the actual course marking is broken down. Table 1: Course Marking Scheme Assessment Marks Assignment 1- 4 Four assignments, best three marks of the at 30% of course marks Final Examination 70% of overall course marks Total 100% of course marks Table 2: Course Overview Unit Title of Work Weeks Activity Assessment (End of Unit) Course Guide Week 1 Module 1 1 Introduction and Scope of Data Week 1 Assignment 1 Processing 2 Basic Hardware Components and Week 2 Assignment 2 Memory 3 Capacity Measurement Week 3 Assignment 3 4 Basic Software for Data Processing Week 4 Assignment 4 Module 2 1 Data Storage Devices Week 5 Assignment 5 2 File Organization Week 6 Assignment 6 3 Data Processing Techniques Week 7 Assignment 7 4 Traditional File System Processing Week 8 Assignment 8 Module 3 1 DataBase Processing Week 9 Assignment 9 2 Data Processing Personnel Week 10 Assignment 10 3 Tools for Creating Data Processing Week 11 Assignment 11 Application 4 Visual and Event Programming Week 12 Assignment 12 Module 4 1 Control Structure and String Week 13 Assignment 13 Processing 2 Array and Printing Week 14 Assignment 14 3 File Processing Week 15 Assignment 15 4 Structured Query Language (SQL) Week16 Assignment 16 Revision Week 16 Examination Week 17 TOTAL 17 weeks 7 How to get the best from this course In distance learning, the study units replace the university lecturer. This is one of the great advantages of distance learning; you can read and work through specially designed study materials at your own pace and at a time and place that suits you best. Think of it as reading the lecture instead of listening to a lecturer. In the same way that a lecturer might set you some reading to do, the study units tell you when to read your set books or other material. Just as a lecturer might give you an in-class exercise, your study units provide exercises for you to do at appropriate points. Each of the study units follows a standard format. The first item is an introduction to the subject matter of the unit and how a particular unit is integrated with the other units and the course as a whole. Next is a set of learning objectives. These objectives enable you to know what you should be able to do by the time you have completed the unit. You should use these objectives to guide your study. When you have finished the units, you must go back and check whether you have achieved the objectives. If you make a habit of doing this, you will significantly improve your chances of passing the course. Remember that your tutor’s job is to assist you. When you need help, don’t hesitate to call and ask your tutor to provide it. 1. Read this Course Guide thoroughly. 2. Organize a study schedule. Refer to the Course Overview for more details. Note the time you are expected to spend on each unit and how the assignments relate to the units. Whatever method you chose to use, you should decide on it and write in your dates for working on each unit. 3. Once you have created your study schedule, do everything you can to stick to it. The primary reason that students fail is that they lag in their course work. 4. Turn to Unit 1 and read the introduction and the objectives for the unit. 5. Assemble the study materials. Information about what you need for a unit is given inthe overview at the beginning of each unit. You will almost always need both the study unit you are working on and one of your sets of books on your desk at the same time. 6. Work through the unit. The content of the unit itself has been arranged to provide a sequence for you to follow. As you work through the unit, you will be instructed to read sections from your set books or other articles. Use the unit to guide your reading. 7. Review the objectives for each study unit to confirm that you have achieved them. If you feel unsure about any of the objectives, review the study material, or consult your tutor. 8. When you are confident that you have achieved a unit s objectives, you can then start on the next unit. Proceed unit by unit through the course and try to pace your study so that you keep yourself on schedule. 9. When you have submitted an assignment to your tutor for marking, do not wait for its return before starting on the next unit. Keep to your schedule. When the assignment is returned, pay particular attention to your tutor s comments, both on the tutor-marked assignment form and also written on the assignment. Consult your tutor as soon as possible if you have any questions or problems. 10. After completing the last unit, review the course and prepare yourself for the final examination. Check that you have achieved the unit objectives (listed at the beginning of each unit) and the course objectives (listed in this Course Guide). 8 Tutors and Tutorials There are 12 hours of tutorials provided in support of this course. You will be notified of the dates, times, and location of these tutorials, together with the name and phone number of your tutor, as soon as you are allocated a tutorial group. Your tutor will mark and comment on your assignments, keep a close watch on your progress, and on any difficulties you might encounter and provide assistance to you during the course. You must mail or submit your tutor-marked assignments to your tutor well before the due date (at least two working days are required). They will be marked by your tutor and returned to you as soon as possible. Do not hesitate to contact your tutor by telephone or e-mail if you need help. The following might be circumstances in which you would find the necessary support. Contact your tutor if: you do not understand any part of the study unit s or the assigned readings, you have difficulty with the self-tests or exercises, you have a question or problem with an assignment, with your tutor s comments on an assignment or with the grading of a project. You should try your best to attend the tutorials. This is the only chance to have face to face contact with your tutor and to ask questions which are answered instantly. You can raise any problem encountered in the course of your study. To gain the maximum benefit from course tutorials, prepare a question list before attending them. You will learn a lot from participating in discussions actively. Summary Elementary Data processing provides knowledge and skill for data processing. The skills you need to manage and implement the data processing system are expected to be acquired in this course. The content of the course material was planned and written to ensure that you receive the proper knowledge and skills to solve real-life data processing problems. Fundamental programming principles are taught. The sample programs provided are for you to develop your programming skills. 9 Course CSC211 Code Course Title Elementary Data Processing Course Developer: Dr. Olufunke R. Vincent Course Editor Course Co-ordinator: WPU Ontario. WPU 10 11 MODULE 1 UNIT 1: INTRODUCTION AND SCOPE OF DATA PROCESSING Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.0 Main Text 3.1 Data and Information 3.2 Electronic Data Processing Systems 3.3 The Scope of Data Processing System 3.4 Computer Systems 3.4.1 Computer Generation 3.4.2 Analog and Digital Computer 3.4.2.1 Analog Computers 3.4.2.2 Digital Computers 3.5 The Basic Operations of Computing 3.6 Benefits of Using Computer in Business 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 Introduction The word data refers to raw facts about and object. Data is meaningless until it is subjected to manual or electronic processing by a computer to produce information used for decision making. Computers are used to process data because of their speed, reliability, and other functionalities they offer. Their sizes, types can distinguish computers and generation. 2.0 Objectives At the end of this unit, you should be able to: Define and explain the terms; data and information Describe a computer system Explain the meaning of data processing Distinguish between the different types of computer Describe the basic operations of a computer List some benefits of using the computer in business 3.1 Data and Information Data exist in a variety of forms, such as numbers or text on pieces of paper, as bytes in computer memory or as facts stored in a person's mind. Data is the plural form of the word datum and refers to basic facts about an object. An object refers to a person, place, or thing. Data consist of numbers, words, images, etc. Data is meaningless until it undergoes some forms of processing. The outcome of processed data is information. Although the word data and information are often used interchangeably, there is an essential distinction between them. In the strictest sense, data consist of the raw number that computers process to produce information. Data can be looked at as facts out of context. Table 1 captures basic facts about an enrolled student of the WPU. The data items consisting of Matriculation Number, Name, School, Department, Centre, Banker, Status, and e-Email are used to hold the student's details. 12 Table 1: Student Registration S/no Data item Actual Detail or value 1 Matriculation Number WPUN050010999 2 Name Adebayo, Musa, Ada 3 School 14th April 1970 4 Department Nigerian 5 Centre Male 6 Status Student 7 Email WPUN Similarly, a commercial bank may request the following data before the same student can operate an account or enjoy some banking services. Table 2: Students Account S/no Data item Actual Detail or value 1 Matriculation Number WPUN050010999 2 Name Adebayo, Musa, Ada 3 Date of Birth 14th April 1970 4 Nationality Nigerian 5 Sex Male 6 Occupation Student 7 School WPUN The details of this student (Adebayo Musa, Ada), if treated independently, may not have specific meanings until it is subjected to some manual or computerized processing. A human or input may further process the raw data in the tables into a computer, stored, processed, and transmitted (output) to another human or a computer. A typical data processing function will be to locate a student record or data from a large file-based on matriculation numbers. If this is to be carried out manually, a lot of time and effort will be required by the data processing personnel. When the method of data processing is manual, it is called manual data processing. On the other hand, when the method of processing is electronic, we refer to it as electronic data processing. Computers are used to turn meaningless data by processing them into useful information, such as spreadsheets, graphs, and reports. Information is defined as either a meaningful answer to a query or a significant stimulus that can cascade into further queries. For example, with the data in table1 and table 2, the bank official may be interested in the number of students from each school that has subscribed to a particular service its offers. In which case, a query will be run on the existing database. The result of the query will provide information that will help the management of the bank to discontinue or continue with the service. Some characteristics of information are relevance, accuracy, conciseness, timeliness, and completeness. 3.2 Electronic Data Processing Systems Electronic Data Processing (EDP) is any computer automated process that converts raw facts. Data into useful information through a well-defined procedure. Data becomes more useful only when they have undergone some computer processing and well-presented to allow for decision making. Data processing systems have become indispensable in managing information in modern- day organizations. In recent times, data processing systems are often referred to as information systems to highlight their practicality. All the same, both terms are more or less the same, performing similar functions; data processing systems typically manipulate raw figures into information, and likewise, information systems usually take raw statistics as input to generate 13 useful information as output. In many organizations, these systems exist as payroll systems, sales and marketing systems, finance and accounting systems, manufacturing and production system, human resources systems, University management systems, etc. Also, the term data processing can apply to any process of transforming data into information and also the converting of information back to data. 3.3 The Scope of Data Processing System The conventional usage of the terms data processing and information systems restricts their use to refer to the algorithmic derivations, logical deductions, and statistical calculations that recur perennially in general business environments, rather than in the more expansive sense of all conversions of real-world measurements into real-world information. In the real reason, although data processing requires the use of computers, the level of computerizations is usually not too computing-intensive, as may be expected in scientific and engineering applications. Computing is a term restricted to number crunching that is arithmetical calculations. These include adding, multiplying, subtracting and dividing, and exponentiation (raising numbers to specific powers), etc. The primary data processing operations performed on business data include the following: Data Collection Data Capture Data Recording Data Entry Data Transmission Data Sorting Updating of Information Adding of Data Deletion of information Data Validation Data Verification Summarizing of data Printing of Results Summaries of data for management decision Calculating data Sorting data Classifying data Summarizing data Comparing data Statistical reports Data Mining Thus, data processing consists of those activities concerned with the systematic recording, sorting, computing, modifying, reporting displaying, and printing of details relating to business transactions. At the same time, a data processing system can, therefore, be viewed as an administrative system superimposed upon the physical business systems such as banking, engineering, insurance, etc. The ultimate goal of data processing is to obtain information with which to control the financial and administrative aspects of the business. Besides, managers and administrators with up-to-date information can make the right decisions that will positively affect the growth of the organization. 3.4 Computer Systems A computer is a device which given a set of instructions or data can be used to perform given task or tasks. Also, a computer can be referred to as a programmable, multi-user device that accepts 14 data, raw facts and figures, and processes, or manipulates it into useful information Computers are used primarily to speed up problem-solving and increase the overall productivity of its users. The computer reads in data and instructions does some processing, and stores or outputs desired results. The laptop is designed with an input mechanism for reading data into the computer, internal storage facilities, and means for communicating with the outside world (output for writing data out.) For data to be processed by a computer, the data needs first to be converted into a machine-readable format. Once data is in digital format, various procedures can be applied to the data to get useful information. CHARACTERISTICS OF COMPUTERS Computers have certain definite characteristics that make them unique. (a) Speed: ability to execute or carry out instructions at very great speed. (b) Accuracy: Computers per se do not make errors i.e. there is accuracy of work. Any error is usually caused by the human elements. (c) Storage: store large volume of data/information on secondary storage, which can be retrieved at a later time. (d) Consistency: ability to consistently follow instructions without getting tired. (e) Repetitiveness: ability to continue processing over an extended period. (f) Complexity: carry out very complex operations that beats the best human ability. Benefit of Computer Systems Computer can be used in the following areas of life:- § Engineering, § Science, § Health, § Marketing, § Security, § Education, § Management § Agriculture § Government, § Aviation § Production, etc. 3.4.1 Computer Generation The history of computer development is often referred to as the different generations of computing devices. These generations can distinguish the computer since each generation is characterized by a significant technological innovation that fundamentally affected the way computers operate, resulting in smaller sized, cheaper, more powerful and more reliable systems First Generation 1940-1956 The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up a large space. They were very expensive to operate and maintain. In addition to using a great deal of electricity, they generated a lot of heat and were unreliable. First-generation computers allowed programming in machine language to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. The input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. Typical examples are The UNIVAC and ENIAC. Characteristics of the First Generation - Used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory - Very Big - Very expensive - Consumes electricity 15 - Generate a lot of heat - They relied on machine language for performance - Solve one problem at a time - Input was based on punched cards and paper tape Second Generation 1956-1963 In this generation of computers, transistors were used in place of vacuum tubes. The transistor was far superior to the vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient, and more reliable than their first-generation computers. This generation of computers relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. This generation of computers supported the use of assembly, languages – this allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. Characteristics of the Second Generation - They used Transistors - Smaller, faster, cheaper and more energy efficient computers - Still relied on punched cards for input and output - Transition from binary machine language to symbolic or assembly language - High level programming languages were also developed, such as BASIC, COBOL and FORTRAN - The first set of computer that stored their instruction on memory Third Generation - 1964 -1971 Third-generation computers used integrated circuits. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. This invention led to the widespread use of computers today. Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with operating systems, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. High-level programming languages such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN were used on these systems. Characteristics of the Third Generation - Development of integrated circuit - interactions were done through keyboards and monitors - development of operating system - Smaller and cheaper computers Fourth Generation - 1971-Present The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. Fourth-generation computers use microprocessor chips, which are large-scale integrated circuits containing thousands of transistors. The microprocessor led to the creation of the first personal computer. What is the first generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm? As these small computers became more powerful, they could be connected to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of Graphical Users Interface, the pointer devices such as mouse and personal digital assistants. Characteristics of the Fourth Generation Availability of microprocessor - Thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip - Intel 4004 chip and IBM computers introduced 16 - Smaller computers were linked together to form networks - This development led to Internet - Development of Graphical User Interface (GUI) Fifth Generation - Present and Beyond: Artificial Intelligence Fifth-generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in development. However, applications such as voice recognition are gradually coming into the market. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. One of the goals of the fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that respond to natural language input. Computers are available in different categories of size, type, and capabilities. Artificial Intelligence (AI) is rapidly transforming every aspect of how we work. As data volumes steadily rise, AI allows digital marketers to utilize the potential of available data fully. In digital marketing specifically, AI can help process data from structured and unstructured sources (social media, emails, images, etc.) to generate actionable insights. These actions can even be automated, enabling greater efficiency for digital marketers. Characteristics of the Fifth Generation (Still evolving) - Based on Artificial Intelligence - With the use of voice recognition, processing and super conductors - Parallel processing and super conductors which is helping to make Artificial Intelligence a reality. - Quantum computation, molecular technology will radically change the face of computers in years to come. - The goal is to develop devices that will respond to natural language and capable of learning. 3.4.2 Analog and Digital Computer Early attempts at manufacturing computers used analog techniques, but accuracy, speed, and reliability were not very acceptable. Data processed by the computer can be described in tow forms: analog or digital. These two forms give an insight into a way of classifying computers today. Computing devices are classified as Analog or Digital according to how they represent data. 3.4.2.1 Analog Computers Analog refers to non-digital (non-computer-based), continuous variable forms of data transmission, including voice and video. An analog computer represents a datum as a voltage, distance, position, or other physical quantity. Analog - continuously varying in strength and quantity. For example, sound, light, temperature, and pressure values can fall anywhere along a continuum or range. Examples of analog devices are a thermometer, a speedometer, a clock (with hour, minute, and second hands that sweep around the dial), and a pressure sensor, which can measure continuous fluctuation. 17 Figure 1: Analog Computer 3.4.2.2 Digital Computers The term digital describes any system based on discontinuous data or events. For example, electricity is either turned on or turned off. With a two-state on/off arrangement, one state can represent a 1 digit, and the other a 0 digit. Because computers are based on/off or other two-state conditions, they use the binary system, which can represent any number using only two digits 0 and 1. Binary means have two components, alternatives, or outcomes. With this kind of arrangement, digital data then consists of data represented by on/off signal symbolized as 0s and 1s. A digital computer represents a datum as a sequence of symbols drawn from a fixed alphabet. The most common digital computers use a binary alphabet, that is, an alphabet of two characters typically denoted "0” and "1". Digital computers are more common than analog computers. Digital computer exists in different categories of sizes such computes as mainframes, minicomputers, microcomputers, workstations, and supercomputers Figure 2: Digital Computer Mainframe A mainframe is the most extensive and relatively most powerful computer, a powerhouse with ample storage and very rapid processing power and speed. It is used for a substantial amount of business, scientific and engineering, military data. They are found in many data processing centers, such as in Banks, military, airports, nuclear stations, universities, and other organizations where large amounts of data are processed. 18 Figure 3: Mainframe Computer Minicomputer A minicomputer is a mid-range, multi-purpose computer about the size of an office desk produced by several manufacturers, including Dell, Hewlett Packard, and IBMC, often used in universities, factories, and research laboratories. Applications processed on minicomputers include Accounting routines, banking, examination processing, hospital management systems, databases, geographical information systems, and other management information systems. Some training or professional’s certifications may be required to handle these systems compared to the operations of microcomputers. Figure 4: Mini Computer Microcomputers Microcomputers are sometimes referred to as personal computers (PCs). They are the computers that can be placed on desktops or carried from room to room. Some manufacturers of microcomputers include IBM, Dell, Hewlett Packard, Apple, and Compaq. As the names apply, PCs are used and operated by end-users for their own particular processing needs such as payroll, inventory control, asset management, result verification, patient medical records, and other general accounting routines. Laptops and palmtops, in particular, are the portable types of 19 PCs built with a lot of mobility functionality. Not so much skill is required to operate microcomputers as compared with mini and mainframe computers. Figure 5: Micro Computer Workstation A workstation is so much like a PC except that it is more powerful and has more capabilities for handling mathematical and graphics-processing than a PC. It can take more complicated tasks than PC in the same amount of time. Workstations are used mainly in handling computing (number crunching and algorithmic) applications such as in science, engineering, and design work that requires powerful graphics or computational capabilities rather than data processing applications where the arithmetic operation may be ideal. Supercomputer A supercomputer is a highly sophisticated and robust machine that is used for tasks requiring rapid and complex calculations with hundreds of thousands of variable factors. Supercomputers traditionally have been used in scientific and military work, but they are starting to be used in business as well. A supercomputer is an incredibly sophisticated and powerful type of computer that is used primarily for extremely rapid and complex computations with hundreds of thousands of variable factors. Supercomputers traditionally have been used for classified weapons research, weather forecasting, and petroleum and engineering applications, all of which use complex mathematical models and simulation. Although extremely expensive, supercomputers are beginning to be employed in the business for data mining and the manipulation of vast quantities of data. Supercomputers can perform complex and massive computations almost instantaneously because they can perform hundreds of billions of calculations per second-many times faster than the most massive mainframes. With advances in communications technologies, any of these categories of computers could be linked in a network enabling users to share files, software, peripheral devices, such as high-speed printers, sizeable external storage, or other network resources. Special Server computers designed to support network, providing large memory and disk-storage capacity, increased communications capabilities, and powerful CPUs. As technology continues to advance, we expect that these distinctions will become less proWPUNnced. 20 Figure 6: A Supercomputer 3.5 The Basic Operations of Computing The computer processes data by performing the following five primary operations 1) Input 2) processing 3) Output 4) Storage 5) Communication Input Operations: At this stage, data or instructions are captured electronically or entered employing the available input device. An input device is a hardware such as a keyboard that allows data from the external environment to be entered into the computer for processing. The data after it has been captured is transformed into a form in which the computer can process it. Processing Operations: At this stage, the already captured and transformed data is manipulated to generate the desired result for the end-user other processing systems. The information is worked on by the instructions in the form of programs or queries provided by the users. The instruction and the data determine what output is received from the computer. The processing instructions may be to add, subtract, multiply, find total, summarize, group, select some data based on some condition, etc. Output Operations: At the stage the result or information obtained from the data is produced in a form acceptable by the user. An example of on output will be a list of all registered students in the department of accounting who are in their second year at WPUN, Ontario Centre. The output can be printed as printed text, played as sound, displayed as charts or graphs on the computer screen. The output is usually governed by the need to communicate specific information to a specific audience. The only limit to the different forms of output you can produce is the different types of output devices currently available. 21 Secondary-storage operations: At this stage of operations, data, information, and the instructions used for the processing of data are stored temporarily or permanently in primary or secondary storage devices. Data and instructions are stored in primary storage devices during processing to allow easy access and fast processing. Secondary storage devices are used to store data or instructions more permanently. An example of a primary or internal storage device is RAM (Read Only Memory). While an example of a secondary or external storage device is a flash disk. Communication Operation There may be a need to transmit already processed data to an end-user or an output device in a remote location. Similarly, data may be gathered from a remote location. The communication operation of the computers performs these by using communication hardware. This facilitates the connection between computers and between groups of connected computers called networks. Computers linked together can share hardware, programs, and data. Though computers can operate as standard alone machines, that is, they may not be connected to anything else. By connecting them in a network, more benefits are realized. The five basic operations of a computer system take place so fast that they seem to happen all at the same time. 3.6. Current Contribution of Computer to Technology Advancement There is, in recent times, outstanding development in how people chase time and wealth through the use of technology. The computer system is not a simple tool. It is very modern and can be complicated. It can perform lots of functions at a very high speed. It has changed the way we realise and discover things in recent times. They are using its unique auto correcting tools, which work with all languages, all logic, and all subjects. Organizations today have been able also to innovate using computing tools to improve their processes with computers being given an integral role to play. They can be seen being used not only at the office or at home, but in all kinds of sectors and businesses. They are used at airports, restaurants, railway stations, banks, etc. slowly and gradually, as computers are penetrating through the modern society, people are getting more and more optimistic about the promises its invention made. Computers have also drastically changed the way agricultural tasks and businesses are carried out all over the world. In agriculture, computers are being used to find out the best possible kinds of soil, plants and to check which match of these would result in the perfect crops. The use of computers thus in this sector, along with the use of better agricultural practices and products in several countries, like India, could help the agricultural industry reach soaring heights, directly assuring the welfare of the economy. It is also wonderful to see that the invention of this unbelievable machine has brought a ray of hope in the darkness of the sick citizens’ world. Computers are very capable of bringing along a medical revolution. Where in health sectors, computers are being used for research regarding blood groups, medical histories, etc. and helping to improve medicine in a big way. The knowledge that computers are providing in this field may lead to better use and purchase of medicinal drugs and ensure better health. This also leads to a better diagnosing pattern and makes health care faster and more efficiently. 22 3.7. Benefits of Using a Computer in Business It leads to improved customer relations due to its reliability, generation of more timely reports, and speedier responses to inquiries regarding business operations Increases the productivity of staff, in general, be helping to handle boring and routine operations leaving the staff to be engaged in decision making. Improved cash flows due to improved sales accounting systems particularly those relating to credit control, invoicing and statement preparation It guarantees improved access to information through online and real-time access to information systems. It allows for a more significant degree of systems integration on the basis that the output of one part of the system (subsystem) provides the input to a related subsystem, which has the effect of eliminating duplication and delay. Makes the presentation of information for decision making it easy to comprehend. Information is presented in simplified formats such as graphs, charts, graphics images, etc. It helps in the simplification of problem-solving by the use of problem-solving software. Makes the supply of information for improving managerial decision readily available 4.0 Conclusion There terms data and information are commonly used by many people as if they mean the same thing. The differences between them have been made more evident. Data processing is not the same as computing. Some basic operations that are involved in data processing include Data Collection, Data Capture, Data Recording, Data Entry, Data Transmission, Data Sorting. Electronic data processing requires the use of computers which their sizes, types or generation distinguish ma y 5.0 Summary In this unit, we have explained the fundamental Electronic Data Processing Concepts. This should provide a good background for the easy comprehension of the contents in other units. 6.0 Tutor Marked Assignment Q1 Explain the term Data Processing Q2. What is an Electronic Data Processing System? Q3. Describe the different sizes of computer systems Q4. What are the primary operations of computer systems? Q5. Highlight 6 benefits of using a computer in business. Q6. The computer has contributed maximally to global development: Discuss. Q7. State five characteristics of each of all the five computer generations. 7.0 References/Further Readings Introduction to Computers and Information Technology, 2nd edition, Pearson, 2015, ISBN-13: 9781323237120 A Balanced Introduction to Computer Science (3rd Edition by By David Reed Introduction to Computer Science: A Textbook for Beginners in Informatics By Gilbert Brands 23 MODULE 1 UNIT 2: BASIC HARDWARE COMPONENTS AND MEMORY CAPACITY MEASUREMENT Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.0 Objectives 3.1 Input Device 3.2 The Central Processing Unit (CPU) 3.3 The Control Unit 3.4 Arithmetic and Logic Unit 3.5 Memory 3.6 Measuring the Memory Capacity of Computer System 4.0 Conclusion 5.0 Summary 6.0 Tutor Marked Assignment 7.0 References/Further Readings 1.0 Introduction To function properly, the computer needs both hardware and software. Thus a computer system is made up of hardware and software. The hardware consists of the electronic and electromechanical parts of the computer. This is the tangible or touchable part of the computer. These components include input devices, central processing units, main memory, secondary memory, and output devices. Two components handle processing in a computer: the central processing unit, or CPU, and the memory. Both are located on the computer system board or motherboard, the circuit that connects the CPU to all other hardware devices. The processor works hand in hand with other circuits known as the main memory and registers to carry out the processing. The basic unit of information representation in the computer is the bit. 2.0 Objectives At the end of this unit, the student should be able to: Identify and describe the essential hardware components of a computer system Explain the units of measuring computer memory 3.1 Input Device An input device is used to communicate data and instructions or programs to the computer. The input device accepts the data and converts them into machine understandable forms that can be processed by the computer. An input device is the main source by which computer receive information. It is the Electro-mechanical system, which aids the transferring of data into the computer, that is, it is the medium through which data can be supplied to the computer. Examples of Input Devices are: (a) Keyboard (b) Mouse (c ) Joystick (d) Trackball (e) Light Pen and Stylus (f) Graphic Tablet or Digitizer (g) Touch Screen (h) Scanner (i) Audio input units or Voice Data Entry (VDE) (j) Magnetic Tapes and Cassettes Readers (k)Computer Disk and DVDs Readers (l) Floppy and Hard Disk drives 24 3.2 The Central Processing Unit (CPU) The CPU is the brain of the computer, and it is the place where data is manipulated within the computer system. In a microcomputer, the entire CPU is contained on a tiny chip called a microprocessor, which is usually mounted on a piece of plastic with metal wires attached to it. The CPU is otherwise known as the heart of the computer. Where - All manipulations are done, - Main operation is being carried out. It is as important to computer as the heart is to the body. - It stand between the input and output devices. - It receives incoming data and instructions, works upon the data and sends to destination unit - It consists of the arithmetic and logic unit, the control unit and the memory unit. processor consists of two functional units: the control unit and the arithmetic-logic unit. The CPU - It performs most of the calculations within the computer responsible for the smooth running of your operating system (Microsoft Windows) as well as your application programs, such as word processors, spreadsheets and databases. - A small amount of memory associated with the CPU is used to perform these operations. It also accesses and uses the main memory (RAM - Random Access Memory) within your computer. - CPU is the single most important item within your computer that governs the overall speed of your computer. The CPU's speed is measured in MHz. - the higher the MHz rating of your CPU the faster your computer will run 3.3 The Control Unit All the computer s resources are managed from the control unit. The control unit of the processor coordinates all activities of the computer system. It directs the movement of electronic signals between arithmetic-logic units and the main memory and also directs the electronic signals between main memory and the input and output devices. The control unit coordinates and supervises all activities within CPU. (i) Receives instructions from the input unit and decode the instruction. (ii) Fetches data from the main memory and generates signals that are required to act on and execute the instruction. (iii) Keeps constant touch with input equipment, coordinates and keeps tracks of the instructions that have been executed. (iv) It does not partake in the processing function or store data, rather directs the sequence of operations in and outside the CPU. 3.4 Arithmetic and Logic Unit The computer can perform only two types of operations: arithmetic operations and logical operations. The arithmetic-logic unit is the electronic circuitry capable of performing these two basic logical operations. Arithmetic operations include addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, and exponentiation. The ALU is the unit where arithmetic and logical operations are carried out. It perform arithmetic operation such as addition, subtraction, multiplication, division, logical operation (AND, OR, NOT) and relational operations (, =, =, ). All data input into the computer system must first be converted into numbers (0 and 1) before they are processed. In addition to arithmetic operations, the computer can perform logical operations on two or more numbers. Logical operations are comparisons operations. The ALU compares two pieces of data to see whether one is less than ), the other. Other comparison operations are greater than or equal to (>=), less than or equal to ( 1 Then.MoveNext If Not.EOF Then txtdept.Text = !Dept txtmat.Text = !MatricNo txtlev.Text = !Level txtsch.Text = !School txtname.Text = !Names Else 117 MsgBox "No more Records Found ", vbInformation, "Message Box" End End If End If End With End Sub =============================================================== Source Code for command (Previous) Private Sub Command3_Click() If datstud.constud.State adStateOpen Then datstud.constud.Open If rstud.State adStateOpen Then rstud.Open "Select * from tblstud", datstud.constud, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic With rstud If.RecordCount > 1 Then.MovePrevious If Not.EOF Then txtdept.Text = !Dept txtmat.Text = !MatricNo txtlev.Text = !Level txtsch.Text = !School txtname.Text = !Names Else MsgBox "No previous record", vbInformation, "Message Box" End End If End If End With End Sub Source Code for command (Last) Private Sub Command4_Click() If datstud.constud.State adStateOpen Then datstud.constud.Open If rstud.State adStateOpen Then rstud.Open "Select * from tblstud", datstud.constud, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic With rstud If.RecordCount 0 Then.MoveLast txtdept.Text = !Dept txtmat.Text = !MatricNo txtlev.Text = !Level txtsch.Text = !School txtname.Text = !Names End If End With End Sub Source Code for command (Add) Private Sub Command5_Click() If datstud.constud.State adStateOpen Then datstud.constud.Open If rstud.State adStateOpen Then rstud.Open "Select * from tblstud", datstud.constud, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic 118 With rstud If txtdept.Text = "" Or txtlev.Text = "" Or txtmat.Text = "" Or txtname.Text = "" Or txtsch.Text = "" Then MsgBox "Incomplete Registration", vbCritical, "Message Box" Else.AddNew !MatricNo = txtmat.Text !Dept = txtdept.Text !School = txtsch.Text !Names = txtname.Text !Level = txtlev.Text.Update MsgBox "Registration Successful!!!", vbInformation, "Message Box" Call clr End If End With End Sub Figure 41: Information Box =============================================================== ======= Source Code for command (Edit) If datstud.constud.State adStateOpen Then datstud.constud.Open If rstud.State adStateOpen Then rstud.Open "Select * from tblstud", datstud.constud, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic With rstud If txtdept.Text = "" Or txtlev.Text = "" Or txtmat.Text = "" Or txtname.Text = "" Or txtsch.Text = "" Then MsgBox "Incomplete Registration", vbCritical, "Message Box" Else 119 !MatricNo = txtmat.Text !Dept = txtdept.Text !School = txtsch.Text !Names = txtname.Text !Level = txtlev.Text.Update MsgBox "Update Successful!!!", vbInformation, "Message Box" Call clr End If End With End Sub =============================================================== ======= Source Code for command (delete) Private Sub Command6_Click() If datstud.constud.State adStateOpen Then datstud.constud.Open If rstud.State adStateOpen Then rstud.Open "Select * from tblstud", datstud.constud, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic If txtdept.Text "" And txtlev.Text "" And txtmat.Text "" And txtname.Text "" And txtsch.Text "" Then MsgBox "Sure you want to delete this Record", vbYesNo, "Message box" If vbYes Then With rstud.Delete adAffectCurrent.Requery MsgBox "Recod Deleted", vbInformation, "Message Box" End With End If End If End Sub 120 Figure 42: Student Information =============================================================== ======= Source Code for command (Search) Private Sub Command8_Click() If datstud.constud.State adStateOpen Then datstud.constud.Open If rstud.State adStateOpen Then rstud.Open "Select * from tblstud", datstud.constud, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic With rstud.Filter = "MatricNo='" & txtmat.Text & "'" If Not.EOF Then txtname.Text = !Names txtdept.Text = !Dept txtlev.Text = !Level txtmat.Text = !MatricNo txtsch.Text = !School Else MsgBox "This name was not found in the database", vbCritical, "Message Box" End If End Sub 121 Figure 43: Other Registration =============================================================== ======= Database Connection Step 1 Create your database using Microsoft Access or SQL SCREEN SHOTS Figure 44:Database Design view in Microsoft Access 122 Figure 44: Database format Step 2 Right click in the project explorer then Add a data environment this is what it looks like: Figure 45: Environment View You could rename it if you wish to but this has been rename form data environment1 to datstud likewise connection1 has also been renamed to constud. S tep 3 Figure 446 Right on the constud an click on the properties this is what you will see: 123 Figure 46: Data Properties Step 4 Use connection string as shown on the screen shot then build. To build, you need to supply your data source name. If you have not created any, enter a new data source name. Step 5 Select the database used from the outlined databases then proceed Step 6 Repeat step 4 because you don t have any created data source. Step 7 You then select your database that has been created then you click ok! Step 8 Test you connection. If successful, it means that your data source has been successfully created otherwise repeat the step again. Step 9 - Right click in the project explorer and add a module. Step 10 Declare your recordset in this module as follows Public rstud As New ADODB.Recordset Public rsass As New ADODB.Recordset Step 11 Link each recordset with the corresponding table that has been created in the database in your form load() as follows: Private Sub Form_Load() If datstud.constud.State adStateOpen Then datstud.constud.Open If rstud.State adStateOpen Then rstud.Open "Select * from tblstud", datstud.constud, adOpenDynamic, adLockOptimistic End Sub 6.0 Tutor Marked Assignments Q1. What is a DBMS? Give 5 Examples Q2 Using any of the DBMSs create table 1( i.e Student_Information) and execute the SQL SELECT statements (a-g) in section 3.3 7.0 References/Further Readings Jan L. Harrington, SQL Clearly Explained, Morgan Kaumann Publisher, An Imprint of Elsevier Science, 2003, USA Steve Tale, SQL: The Ultimate Beginners Guide: Learn SQL Today, CreateSpace Independent Publishing Platform, 2016, ISBN 1533604568, 9781533604569 Dusan Petkovic, Microsoft SQL Server 2016: A Beginner's Guide, Sixth Edition, 6th Edition, McGraw-Hill 2016, ISBN: 978125964180 124

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