Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary PDF

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 Digitized by the Internet Arciiive in 2007 witii funding from IVIicrosoft Corporation Iittp://www.arcliive.org/details/egyptianliierogly01budguoft  T f^ >1B AN EGYPTIAN HIEROGLYPHIC DICTIONARY. WITH AN INDEX OF ENGLISH WORDS, KING LIST AND GEOGRAPHICAL LIST WITH INDEXES, LIST OF HIEROGLYPHIC CHARACTERS. COPTIC AND SEMITIC ALPHABETS, ETC. ByCSir) E^r AV WALLIS BUDGE, Knt., F.S.A., M.A. AND LiTT.D., Cambridge; M.A. and D.Litt., Oxford; D.Lit., Durham; SOMETIME SCHOLAR OF CHRIST'S COLLEGE, CAMBRIDGE, AND TYRWHITT HEBREW SCHOl.AU ; KEEPER OF THE EGYPTIAN AND ASSYRIAN ANTIQUITIES, BRITISH MUSEUM. {IN TWO VOLUMES) VOL. I. LONDON JOHN MURRAY, ALBEMARLE STREET, 1920. iPI|iiP««Hii^l^lR^PM«l HARRISON AND SONS, PRINTERS IN ORDINARY TO HIS MAJESTY. ST. martin's I.ANE LONDON, W.C. 2.  CONTENTS. PAGE Dedication '.. facing ii Introduction V List of Authorities quoted or referred to Ixxv List of Hieroglyphic Characters.... xcvii Coptic, Semitic, and Persian Cuneiform Alphabets cxiviii Egyptian Dictionary I List of Kings' Names ^. 917 List of Countries, Cities, Towns, etc. 947 Index of English Words 1067 Index of Kings' Names. 1257 Index of Geographical Names 1271 Geographical Names in Coptic, Greek, Hebrew, Assyrian, Syriac Arabic, etc 1279 List of Coptic Words quoted in the Dictionary 1287 Words quoted — Greek List of non-Egyptian Hebrew, Assyrian, Syriac, Arabic, in etc..... the Dictionary 1305 List of Egyptian Hieroglyphic Characters in the Fount of Messrs. Harrison and Sons; with Appendix. 1315  INTRODUCTION. It may be taken for granted that, from the time when Akerblad, Young and Champollion le Jeune laid the foundation of the science of Egyptology in the first quarter of the nineteenth century down to the present day, every serious student of Egyptian texts, whether hieroglyphic, hieratic or demotic, has found it necessary to compile in one form or another his own Egyptian Dictionary. In these days when we have at our disposal the knowledge which has been acquired during the hundred years by the unceasing last toil of the above-mentioned and their immediate Labours of pioneers followers — Birch, Lepsius, Brugsch, Chabas, Goodwin, E. de p^"^!^ — Rouge and others we are apt to underrate the difficulties which lexico- they met and overcame, as well as to forget how great is the debt S^'^P^^^^. which we owe to them. I therefore propose, before passing on to describe the circumstances under which the present Egyptian Hieroglyphic Dictionary has been produced, to recall briefly the labours of the " famous men " who have preceded me in the field of Egyptian lexicography, and " who were honoured in their generations, and were the glory of their times." The Abbe J. J. Barthelemy (1716-1795) as far back as 1761 Akerblad and showed satisfactorily that the ovals in Egyptian uy i inscriptions Zoega's jT. discoveries, which we call " cartouches " contamed royal names. Zoega (1756-1809) accepted this view, and, developing it, stated that the hieroglyphs them were alphabetic letters. in Had Akerblad ^ (1760-1819) and S. de Sacy (1758-1838) accepted these facts, and wofked to develop them, the progress of Egyptological science would have been materially hastened. They failed, how- ever, to pay much attention to the hieroglyphic inscriptions of which copies were available, and devoted all their time and labour to the elucidation of the enchorial, or demotic, text on the Rosetta Silvestre de ^^^^ Stone, the discovery of which had roused such profound interest among the learned men of the day. Their labours in connection with this text were crowned with considerable success. To Akerblad belongs the credit of being the first European to formulate a " Demotic Alphabet," and to give the values of its characters in Coptic letters, but neither he nor S. de Sacy seems to have sus- pected the existence of a hieroglyphic alphabet. Both these eminent scholars produced lists, or small vocabularies, of demotic ' See my Rosetta Stone, vol. I, p. 40. a 3  VI Introduction. Demotic words, and added translations of them which are surprisingly vocabularies ofAkerblad correct considering the period when they were compiled. And and de Sacy. both were able to read correctly the demotic equivalents of several Greek royal names, e.g., Alexander, Ptolemy and Berenice. Their failure to apply the method by which they achieved such success to the hieroglyphic inscriptions is inexplicable. It has been suggested that their scholarly minds revolted at the absurd views, theories and statements about the Egyptian hieroglyphs made Kircher, by Athanasius Kircher (1601-1680), Jablonski (1673-1757), J. de Jablonski, Guignes (1721-1800), Tychsen (1734-1815) and others, and the de Guignes and Tychsen. suggestion is probably correct. After the publication of his famous " Letter " to S. de Sacy,^ Akerblad seems to have dropped his Egyptological studies. At all events, he published nothing about them. De Sacy, though he did not consider that he had wasted the time that he had spent on the demotic text on the Rosetta Stone, refrained from further research in Egyptology, and nothing of importance was effected in the decipherment of the Egyptian hieroglyphs until Dr. Thomas Young (June 13th, 1773- May loth, 1830) turned his attention to them. Young's Hieroglyphic Alphabet and Vocabulary. Thomas In 1 814 Young began to study the inscriptions on the Rosetta Young and the Rosetta Stone, and, according to his own statement, succeeded in a few Stone. months in translating both the demotic and the hieroglyphic texts. His translations, together with notes and some remarks on Akerblad's Demotic Alphabet, were printed in Archceologia for 1815, under the title " Remarks on Egyptian Papyri and on the Inscription of Rosetta." With respect to the Egj^ptian Alphabet he says, " I had hoped to find an alphabet which would enable me to read the enchorial inscription. But I.... had gradually been compelled to abandon this expectation, and to admit the conviction that no such alphabet would ever be discovered, because it had never been in existence." During the next three or four years he made striking progress in the decipher- ment of both demotic and hieroglyphic characters. The results of his studies at this period were published in his article Egypt, which appeared in Part I of the fourth volume of the Encyclo- pcBcLia Britannica in i8ig. It was accompanied by five plates, containing inter alia a hieroglyphic vocabulary of 218 words, a ' Lettre sur V Inscription Egyptienne de Rosette, adressee au citoyen Silvestre de Sacy, Paris (Imprimerie de la Republique Fran^aise) and Strasbourg, an X (1802), 8vo. With a plate containing the Demotic Alphabet.  Introduction. vii " supposed enchorial, i.e., demotic alphabet," and " specimens of phrases." The Vllth Section of the letterpress contained the Young's " Rudiments of a Hieroglyphic Vocabulary," and thus Young Hieroglyphic became the "father" Egyptian Vocabu- of English compilers of laries. In this article, which formed a most important and epoch- making contribution to Egyptology, Young gave a list containing a number of alphabetic Egyptian characters, to which, in most cases, he assigned correct phonetic values, i.e., values which are accepted by Egyptologists at the present day. In fact, he showed that he had rightly grasped the idea of a phonetic principle in the reading of Egyptian hieroglyphs, the existence of which had been assumed and practically proved by Barthelemy and Zoega, His application of and applied it for the first time in the decipherment of... the Phonetic Egyptian hieroglyphs. This seems to me to be an mdisputable principle. fact, which can easily be verified by any one who will take the " trouble to read Young's article, Egypt, in the " Supplement to the EncyclopcBdia Britannica and study his correspondence and papers which John Leitch reprinted in the third volume of Young's the Miscellaneous Works of the late Thomas Young, M.D., F.R.S., gnceTith'^' London, 1855. Those whom such evidence will not satisfy may Chan-pollion consult the five volumes of his papers that are preserved in the ^ others. British Museum (Additional MSS. 27,281-27,285). In the first volume (Add. 27,281) are all the principal documents dealing with his work on the Rosetta Stone, and in the second (Add. 27,282) will be found his copies of a series of short vocabularies of Egyptian words. Without wishing in any way to reopen the dispute as to the merits and value of Young's work in comparison with that of ChampoUion, it may be pointed out that scholars who were contemporaries of both and who had competent knowledge of Egyptology couple together the names of Young and ChampoUion, and place Young's name first. Thus Kosegarten groups Young, ChampoUion and Peyron^ Birch speaks of the " discoveries of ; Dr. Young and M. ChampoUion "^ and Tattam says that the ; contemporary sculptured monuments and papyri of Egypt have long " engaged opinions on the attention of the Learned, who have endeavoured to Young's in vain decipher them, tUl our indefatigable and erudite countryman, discovery. Dr. Young, and, after him, M. ChampoUion, undertook the task."'' ' Debitas vero gratias refero Youngio, ChampoUiono, Peyronio, viris prae- clarissimis, quo quoties aliquid ad hoc studiorum genus pertinens abiis sciscitarem, toties benevolo semper et promte quae desiderarem mecum communicaverunt. De Prisca Aegyptiorum Litteratura Commentatio prima. Weimar, 1828, p. iv. - Sketch of a Hieroglyphical Dictionary. London, 1838, p. 3. ' Coptic Grammar. London, 1830, p. ix. a 4  : Vlll Introduction. The great value and importance of Young's application of the phonetic principle to Egyptian hieroglyphs has been summed up with characteristic French terseness and accuracy by Chabas, the distinguished Egyptologist, who wrote, " Cette id6e fut, dans la realite, le fiat lux de la science."' Curiously enough Young did not follow up his discovery by a continued application of his phonetic principle to Egyptian inscriptions other than those on the Rosetta Stone, but seems to have been content to leave its further application and development toChampoUion le Jeune.^ And for some reason he made no attempt to add to the Egyptian Vocabulary containing 218 words wliich he published in his article Egypt in the Encyclopaedia Britannica, or he did, his additions were never printed. On the other hand, if Young's he devoted himself to the preparation of a Demotic Dictionary and Demotic Dictionary. this work occupied the last ten years of his life. The " Advertise- ment " is of considerable interest, for it shows that it was only his inability to decide upon the system of arrangement that ought to be employed in an Egyptian Dictionary, that prevented him from publishing the work during his lifetime. His difficulty is described by him thus " From the mixed nature of the characters employed in the written language or rather languages of the Egyptians, it is diffi- cult to determine what would be the best arrangement for a dictionary, even if they were all perfectly clear in their forms, and perfectly well understood at present, however, so many of : them remain unknown, and those which are better known assume so diversified an appearance, that the original difficulty is greatly Alphabetic increased. Every methodical arrangement, however arbitrary, arrangement has the advantage of bringing together such words as nearly of the Dictionary. resemble each other and it appears most likely to be subservient : to the purposes of future investigation, to employ an imitation of an alphabetical order, or an artificial alphabet, founded upon the resemblance of the characters to those of which the phonetic value was clearly and correctly determined by the late Mr. Akerblad; and to arrange the words that are to be interpreted according to their places in this artificial order ; choosing, however, in each instance, not always the first character that enters into the composition of the word, but that which appears to be the most radical, or the most essential in its signification, or ' Inscription de Rosette, p. 5. ^ See Advertisement to Dr. Young's Egyptian Dictionary printed in Rudiments of an Egyptian Dictionary, which formed an Appendix to Tattam's Coptic Grammar. London, 1830, 8vo, and was reprinted by Leitch. op. cit., p. 472 ff.  Introduction. ix ii >^ >y^ J) 'jT;/I 0).41 Ml (>o t) >J vl ^\ j' 4^ )d o ^ "^^ 00 «^ r ^ T t.5 ^ S 5 ^ < s -^ 2 1 "S H 5 5i S c c *! 1 t' J ° ° * I £ c£ '5 * :^. ^ C S -^ := -b s J -S ?, S - : ^ I ^^ 1 ;s ^ I I I »i 'I I ,^ ^ q '~S -^ n: ^5 'o !> ^ -. < ?> 9> S ?5 S o Jm a " " ' r V 1^ ft ? ** ~ ffl i; c £ < '^ s ^ t « o ^ * 3 > O iJ -' ? = 5 t < o ^; J 1 ^ « C ^^ J "^ '^ '^ i" S- '" -1 ^ s^ 2 2 S ^ " ^ tci '«' ^ ^ «; " ^ 5 'g d ill b I w t* « ^ I I ;§' I I J tS;  Introduction. sometimes that which is merely the most readily ascertained or "1 distinguished. Now although Young was the first to apply the phonetic, or alphabetic, principle to Egyptian hieroglyphs, it is quite clear from the above that he failed to see its value in arranging Egyp- tian words in a dictionary. Speaking of Champollion's alphabet, Champollion's which was in reality his own with modifications and considerable AlphabS'^'^ additions, he says : "His system of phonetic characters may often be of use in assisting the memory, but it can only be applied with confidence to particular cases when supported in each case by the same kind of evidence that had been employed before its invention. His communications have furnished many valuable additions to this work, all of which have been acknowledged in their proper places." So then rejecting his own system of phonetic, i.e. alphabetic, characters, and Champollion's develop- ment of it, he drew up his " Rudiments of the Egyptian Dic- tionary in the ancient Enchorial Character," intending the work to appear as an Appendix to the " Coptic Grammar," which Henry Tattam was then writing. Whilst the printing of the " Rudiments " was in progress he fell ill, but his interest in the work was so great that in spite of his illness he continued to Kosegarten's prepare its pages for the lithographer and to correct the proofs. es imony. When he had passed for press six sheets, i.e. 96 pages, death overtook him, and Tattam corrected the last 14 pages (pp. 97-110) of proof, saw them through the press, and compiled an Index to the work, which appeared with Tattam's " Coptic Grammar " in Writing to M. Arago on July 4th, 1828, Young says, " Now of the nine ' letters which I insist that I had discovered, M. ChampoUion himself allows me five, and I maintain that a single one would have been sufficient for all that I wished to prove ; the method by which that one was obtained being allowed to be correct, and to be capable of further application. The true foundation of the analysis of the Egyptian system, I insist, is the great fact of the original identity of the enchorial with the sacred characters, which I discovered and printed in 1816 [in the Museum Criiicum No. VI, pp. 155-204], and which M. ChampoUion probably rediscovered, and certainly republished in 182 1 besides the reading of ; the name of Ptolemy, had completely ascertained and published in 1814, which I and the name of Cleopatra, which Mr. Bankes had afterwards discovered by means of the information that I had sent him out to Egypt, and which he asserts that he communicated indirectly to M. ChampoUion [see H. Salt, Essay on Dr. Young's and M. Champollion's Phonetic System of Hieroglyphics, London, 1825, p. 7] and whatever deficiencies there might have been in my original alphabet, ; supposing it to have contained but one letter correctly determined, they would and must have been gradually supplied by a continued application of the same method to other monuments which have been progressively discovered and made public since the date of my first paper." Leitch, Miscellaneous Works of the late Thomas Young, M.D., F.R.S., Vol. Ill, p. 464 ff.  Introduction. XI 5't^^«.4 C5^4v*\oti:|«tA Jiq/M,t,i TVldaoaCu-ptti-awX/^—--^ A t^.aJ. V^ V \.>#«^J ^, [I. ^ 0=^ B I-*. x*. A t 5 ouheHhh^JTy-wxi- o o o o «- "^ |c^D at] ! ^U-^-v 1\XS5: = ^^ O JO (1=^ U(S 4 ti: 5 if I! V t| IJ V V '^-^ \^ X 6\ « V \ SI u 5 m F< -^ o 1 o ^g f- |- (foi^uxxJSAJL^ Iwuvu'-AJ;^ a*^xtAuU6l\A/C Li/ W(^ Ajv^/.aa^s.x^'U ' P^ ' /"w^v^i^ Aire ,'X«Ji>)^'^(!>fci/^ ^ayivcT iy h* Ir'W I* "^ >»-—.^_/ ii/J lAvX' luxlvw,*/) /5vwf -Jt^/ tiAi^. / C35Mc/v.ytciw'J'CU««» - -'^tx^'iStej. To' «i»*4w*v«' j AS^L.^ 4:aH' , v'vO A page of ChampoUion's Dictionnaire Agyptien. Paris, 1842.. Introduction. xxix i®. ^. -^ ^ ^ I /VVVW\. I g'^n ) «^ JUvy»v^ VOL, Vtvt^Avv Oe^ -SviV. G. I'i^S vO S , ITATTe /"oOTIT-j , W/ AVulWvUJr ;