Art Movements: Primitive, Egyptian, Classical, & Medieval PDF

 PRIMITIVE ARTS AND EGYPTIAN ARTS Primitive art and Egyptian art are two distinct art movements that developed in different times and places, and they have their own unique characteristics and cultural contexts. PRIMITIVE ART  KEY FEATURES o...

 PRIMITIVE ARTS AND EGYPTIAN ARTS Primitive art and Egyptian art are two distinct art movements that developed in different times and places, and they have their own unique characteristics and cultural contexts. PRIMITIVE ART  KEY FEATURES often referred to as "tribal art" or "ethnic art," draws from a vast array of cultures, including African, Oceanic, Native American, and other indigenous societies  KEY FEATURES Simplicity: Primitive art often features basic and abstract forms, devoid of intricate details. Use of Natural Materials: Indigenous artists typically utilize materials like wood, stone, clay, and natural pigments in their creations. Symbolism: Artworks often have deep cultural and spiritual significance, featuring symbols and motifs relevant to the culture's belief systems and traditions. Ritual and Ceremony: Many primitive artworks are created for use in rituals, ceremonies, or as part of everyday life, such as masks, sculptures, and textiles. Panel of Horses Chauvet cave in fact features nineteen other types of animals, including deer and rhinoceroses, as well as its famous equine subjects in side profile. Venus of Willendorf, Austria They have been thought by some commentators to have acted as symbols of fertility in a harsh Ice Age environment where fecundity was highly valued, by others as images of women's bodies by and for men, and by others again as self- representations by women, or as obstetric devices to monitor the growth of the fetus and to aid with childbirth, or as a standardized way of stylized depiction to facilitate information exchange between communities. " EGYPTIAN ART  KEY FEATURES refers to the artistic traditions of ancient Egypt, which flourished over a long period, roughly from 3000 BCE to 30 BCE. Egyptian art is renowned for its preservation of certain artistic conventions and styles throughout its history, reflecting the stability of Egyptian society and its strong connection to religious beliefs.  KEY FEATURES Hierarchical Proportions: Egyptian art often depicts figures in a hierarchal scale, where the most important figures are represented as the largest. Symbolism and Hieroglyphs: Hieroglyphs, a system of writing and symbols, are frequently integrated into Egyptian art to convey information or religious significance. Idealized Forms: Egyptian art typically portrays individuals in an idealized, static form, with little variation in facial features or body proportions. Focus on the Afterlife: Much Egyptian art is associated with the afterlife, and many artworks and tombs were created with the belief that they would assist the deceased in their journey to the afterlife. Hierarchal Scale ❖In summary, primitive art encompasses diverse indigenous artistic traditions characterized by simplicity, natural materials, and cultural symbolism. Egyptian art, on the other hand, is a distinct artistic tradition rooted in ancient Egypt, known for its enduring conventions, hieroglyphs, and a focus on the afterlife. These two art movements are shaped by different cultural contexts, time periods, and purposes. Classical Art Movement  Greek and Roman art are two significant and influential traditions in the history of Western art. While there are overlapping periods and styles, they each have their distinctive characteristics and artistic movements: GREEK ART MOVEMENT  1. Archaic Period (circa 8th to 6th centuries BCE): During this period, Greek art was heavily influenced by Egyptian and Near Eastern art. Key features include the use of stone and marble to create sculptures, rigid and stylized figures, and a focus on religious subjects and athletic ideals. Notable examples are the Kouros statues and kore statues. 2. Classical Period (5th and 4th centuries BCE): The Classical era is often considered the pinnacle of Greek art. Artists like Phidias and Polykleitos created sculptures and architectural masterpieces marked by idealized proportions, naturalism, and a deep exploration of the human form. The Parthenon in Athens is a renowned example of Greek Classical architecture. 3. Hellenistic Period (late 4th to 1st centuries BCE): Hellenistic art witnessed a shift towards emotional and dramatic expression. Sculptures became more dynamic, often depicting intense moments or personal portraits. The Laocoön and His Sons and the Winged Victory of Samothrace are celebrated examples of Hellenistic art.  4. Greek Pottery: Greek pottery, with its various styles like Geometric, Black-figure, and Red-figure pottery, played a crucial role in ancient Greek art. Vases and vessels were often decorated with intricate scenes, including mythological tales, daily life, and historical events. ROMAN ART MOVEMENT  1. Roman Republican Period (509-27 BCE): Early Roman art was heavily influenced by the Etruscans and Greeks. The Romans created bronze statues, frescoes, and mosaics, often focused on historical or political subjects. Notable works include the Capitoline Wolf and the Ficoroni Cista. 2. Roman Imperial Period (1st century BCE to 4th century CE): Roman art underwent significant developments during the Pax Romana. The Romans excelled in architectural innovations, including the construction of the Colosseum, aqueducts, and the Pantheon. Portraiture was also significant, with realistic depictions of emperors and dignitaries. 3. Roman Frescoes and Mosaics: Roman wall paintings (frescoes) and floor decorations (mosaics) were commonly used to adorn homes and public buildings. They featured a wide range of subjects, from mythological scenes to landscapes and still life. 4. Roman Portraiture: Roman art is noted for its portraiture. The Romans produced lifelike busts and statues of individuals, often capturing their features and expressions with great detail.  distinct styles and influences: ○ Greek art emphasizes idealized forms and humanism, while Roman art is known for its engineering feats, practicality, and focus on portraiture. Both have had a lasting impact on the history of art and continue to be celebrated and studied to this day. ASIAN ARTS Chinese and Japanese Arts CHINESE ART 1. Traditional Chinese Painting (Shanshui or Literati Painting): This movement focuses on landscapes and nature, with an emphasis on capturing the essence and spirit of the scene rather than realistic representation. Key elements include brushwork, ink, and symbolism. 2. Chinese Calligraphy: Chinese calligraphy is not only a form of writing but also an art form. It emphasizes brushwork, rhythm, and the balance of characters. Different scripts, such as regular script, cursive script, and seal script, offer various styles for artistic expression. 3. Porcelain and Ceramics: China is renowned for its porcelain and ceramics. Different dynasties have produced distinctive styles and techniques, such as the blue and white porcelain of the Ming dynasty and the colorful, intricate designs of the Qing dynasty. 4. Mural Art: Chinese mural art, often found in ancient tombs and temples, features vibrant depictions of daily life, mythology, and religious themes. Notable examples include the Dunhuang Caves. JAPANESE ART 1. Ukiyo-e: Ukiyo-e, or "pictures of the floating world," is a genre of woodblock prints and paintings that depict scenes of the urban culture of the Edo period. It includes famous works by artists like Hokusai and Hiroshige. 2. Zen Painting (Zenga): Zen Buddhism greatly influenced Japanese art. Zen painting often reflects a minimalist and spontaneous approach, with an emphasis on capturing the essence of a subject or idea. 3. Tea Ceremony Art (Chado): The Japanese tea ceremony, also known as Chado or Sado, is not only about preparing and consuming tea but also a form of art and a spiritual practice. It involves traditional utensils and an appreciation of aesthetics. 4. Nihonga: Nihonga is a style of Japanese painting that incorporates traditional Japanese materials and techniques while also adapting to modern themes. Artists use mineral pigments and traditional materials to create contemporary artworks. Both Chinese and Japanese art have been influenced by their respective historical, cultural, and philosophical backgrounds. They continue to evolve and adapt to contemporary artistic trends while preserving their rich artistic traditions.  Medieval, Romanesque, and, Gothic Medieval Art (c. 5th - 15th Century): Time Period: Medieval art spans a long period, roughly from the 5th century to the 15th century, although it is sometimes divided into Early, High, and Late Medieval art. Characteristics: **Strong influence of Christian religion, with religious themes dominating the subject matter. **Use of symbolism and abstraction in religious art to convey spiritual and theological concepts. **Predominance of religious architecture, including Romanesque and Gothic cathedrals, with pointed arches, ribbed vaults, and flying buttresses. Scenes from the Life of Christ: Lamentation (The Mourning of Christ) by Giotto di Bondone, 1306 Mosaic of Jesus Christ in Istanbul, Turkey.  Romanesque Art (10th to 11th Century): Time Period: The Romanesque style emerged in the 10th century and extended into the 12th century. Characteristics: Thick, massive walls and rounded arches in architecture. Use of barrel vaults and groin vaults to support the weight of stone structures. Decoration with intricate, ornate designs, including sculptural reliefs and frescoes. A focus on religious themes in art, often seen in illuminated manuscripts and church decorations. Romanesque architecture includes churches, monasteries, and castles with sturdy and fortress-like appearances. Key Examples: The Church of St. Sernin in Toulouse, France, and the Romanesque frescoes in Claverley, England. Christ the Pantocrator (ruler of the universe) Artist: Master of Taüll  Gothic Art (12th to 17th Century): Time Period: The Gothic style emerged in the 12th century and extended into the 17th century. Characteristics: Use of pointed arches and ribbed vaults, allowing for taller and more spacious church interiors. Flying buttresses to support the walls and enable the construction of large stained glass windows. Elaborate and intricate ornamentation in architecture, including intricate tracery in windows and highly decorated facades. A strong emphasis on light and space, with stained glass windows creating a sense of divine illumination. Gothic architecture is often seen in cathedrals and large churches, such as Chartres Cathedral in France and the Cologne Cathedral in Germany. Key Examples: Chartres Cathedral, Notre-Dame de Paris, and the Sainte-Chapelle in Chartres Cathedral, France. Constructed between 1194 and 1220 CE. "Blessed Agostino Novello Altarpiece (detail)" Simone Martini  Medieval art, including Romanesque and Gothic styles, is characterized by its strong religious themes and monumental architecture. Romanesque art is often recognized for its robust and fortress- like buildings, while Gothic art is celebrated for its grand, soaring cathedrals and the ethereal quality created through stained glass and light. These styles reflect the evolving religious and artistic interests of the medieval period, with Romanesque emphasizing stability and symbolism and Gothic emphasizing transcendence and the grandeur of faith.  Renaissance- Italian, High, Northern(14th to 17th century) The Renaissance was a fervent period of European cultural, artistic, political and economic “rebirth” following the Middle Ages. Italian Renaissance (14th to 16th Century): High Renaissance (Late 15th to Northern Renaissance (Late A renewed interest in classical antiquity, Early 16th Century): 15th to 17th Century): particularly ancient Greek and Roman art and philosophy. A strong focus on naturalistic The pinnacle of Renaissance art, details and intricate, realistic Humanism, the focus on human potential, intellect, and individualism. marked by the works of celebrated depictions of everyday life. artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, The use of oil painting The development of linear perspective Michelangelo, and Raphael. in painting, which added depth and techniques that allowed for realism to artworks. Achievements in the use of finer details and rich color. perspective, anatomy, and idealized Pioneering artists like Leonardo da Vinci, representations of the human Subjects often included Michelangelo, and Raphael. form. religious themes, landscapes, The use of chiaroscuro (light and Monumental artworks, including still life, and domestic scenes. shadow) to create depth and volume. "Mona Lisa," "The Last Supper," Prominent Northern Sculptures, frescoes, and architectural the Sistine Chapel ceiling, and "The Renaissance artists include marvels like the dome of the Florence School of Athens.“ Jan van Eyck, Albrecht Dürer, Cathedral. An emphasis on balance, harmony, Hieronymus Bosch, and Pieter and naturalism. Bruegel the Elder. The School of Athens by Raphael The Last Judgement by Michelangelo  Jan van Eyck, The Arnolfini Portrait, 1434, Crucifixion by Matthias Grunewald National Gallery, London Mannerism and Baroque Art Mannerism (Late 16th Century): Time Period: Mannerism emerged in the late 16th century and extended into the early 17th century. (manner/style) Characteristics: A departure from the balanced and harmonious ideals of the High Renaissance. Emphasis on distortion, elongation, and exaggeration of the human form. Complex compositions, with crowded scenes and contorted poses. Ambiguity, mystery, and a sense of unease in the artworks. Use of unusual colors and contrasts to create emotional intensity. Key Artists: Parmigianino, Jacopo da Pontormo, and El Greco were notable Mannerist artists. The Madonna with the Long Neck (Italian: Madonna dal collo lungo), also known as Madonna and Long Child with Angels and St. Jerome, is an Italian Mannerist oil painting by Parmigianino, dating from c. 1535-1540 and depicting Madonna and Child with angels.  LIGHT PINK Linen graced Jacopo da Pontormo’s heavenly scenes, basking figures, and scenery in an aura of supernatural light.  Baroque (17th to 18th Century): Time Period: The Baroque era extended from the late 16th century into the 18th century. Characteristics: A return to emotional intensity and dramatic expression after the Mannerist period. Dynamic compositions with strong contrasts of light and dark (chiaroscuro). Use of movement and diagonals to create a sense of drama and grandeur. Rich ornamentation, opulence, and a focus on sensuous details. A fusion of the sacred and the secular, with religious and mythological themes often intertwined. Key Artists: Gian Lorenzo Bernini, Caravaggio, Peter Paul Rubens, and Rembrandt were prominent Baroque artists. Bernini, Gian Lorenzo: The Ecstasy of St. Teresa The Ecstasy of St. Teresa, marble and gilded bronze niche sculpture by Gian Lorenzo Bernini, 1645–52; in the Cornaro Chapel, Santa Maria della Vittoria, Rome. In summary, Mannerism and Baroque are two art movements that followed the High Renaissance. Mannerism is characterized by its departure from traditional Renaissance ideals, with a focus on distortion and ambiguity, while Baroque art is marked by its dynamic, emotional, and dramatic qualities, with a return to richness and ornamentation. Both movements had a profound impact on the art world and the development of Western art during the late 16th to 18th centuries. Rococo (circa 1730-1770): Time Period: The Rococo style developed in the early to mid-18th century. Characteristics: Ornate and highly decorative style characterized by curvaceous lines, delicate forms, and intricate details. Emphasis on asymmetry and asymmetrical balance, reflecting a sense of lightness and grace. The use of pastel colors and soft, light tones in paintings and interior design. Themes often included love, romance, fantasy, and scenes of aristocratic leisure. A focus on intimacy and sensuality in art, with a departure from grand historical or religious subjects. Key Artists: Jean-Honoré Fragonard, François Boucher, and Antoine Watteau were prominent Rococo artists. Jean-Honoré Fragonard, The Swing Neoclassicism (circa 1760-1830): Time Period: Neoclassicism emerged in the mid-18th century and extended into the early 19th century. Characteristics: A return to classical art and architecture of ancient Greece and Rome, inspired by the ideals of reason, order, and morality. Emphasis on symmetry, geometric forms, and clear, linear composition. Use of classical themes, mythological subjects, and historical events, often conveying moral and political messages. Strong sense of rationalism and a rejection of the ornate and frivolous elements of the Rococo. Neoclassical architecture often featured Greek and Roman design elements, such as columns, porticos, and domes. Key Artists: Jacques-Louis David, Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, and Antonio Canova were influential Neoclassical artists. AFTER ANTONIO CANOVA (1757-1822) ITALIAN, 19TH CENTURY PSYCHE REVIVED BY CUPID'S KISS  Filipino Art The period from 1895 to 1965 in the Philippines was a time of significant cultural and artistic development, marked by a fusion of indigenous, colonial, and modern influences. Filipino art during this era reflects the country's history, including the struggle for independence, colonial rule, and the search for a national identity.  Romanticism (1780 to 1830): Time Period: The Romantic movement developed in the late 18th century and reached its peak in the early 19th century. Characteristics: Emphasis on emotion, individualism, and imagination, as a reaction against the rationalism and order of the Enlightenment. Celebration of nature, the sublime, and the picturesque, often with a focus on untamed landscapes and the supernatural. Interest in the exotic and the distant past, resulting in themes drawn from mythology, folklore, and medieval history. Romantic literature and art often explored themes of love, passion, and the human experience. Vivid and dramatic use of color, with an emphasis on subjective, personal expression. Key Artists: J.M.W. Turner, Caspar David Friedrich, Eugène Delacroix, Francisco Goya, and William Blake were prominent Romantic artists. “Wanderer Above the Sea of Fog” by Caspar David Friedrich Realism (1850s): Time Period: Realism emerged in the mid-19th century as a response to the idealized and romanticized depictions of art and literature. Characteristics: A focus on depicting everyday life, ordinary people, and common experiences, often in a straightforward and unembellished manner. Rejecting the idealized or romanticized representations of reality in favor of portraying the world as it is. Realist art often addressed social and political issues, such as poverty, industrialization, and class disparities. The use of precise, accurate detail and the portrayal of contemporary settings and subjects. Key Artists: Gustave Courbet, Jean-François Millet, Honoré Daumier, and Édouard Manet were influential Realist artists. The Stone Breakers (French: Les Casseurs de pierres), also known as Stonebreakers, was an 1849 oil-on-canvas painting by the French painter Gustave Courbet. Impressionism (1870s to 1880s): Time Period: Impressionism originated in the 1870s and continued into the 1880s. Characteristics: A focus on capturing the fleeting effects of light, color, and atmosphere in outdoor scenes. A rejection of detailed, precise, and highly finished academic painting in favor of loose brushwork and open compositions. Interest in everyday subjects, particularly landscapes, cityscapes, and scenes of modern life. Emphasis on the artist's personal perception and interpretation of the subject, resulting in a sense of immediacy and spontaneity. The use of small, visible brushstrokes to convey the play of light and color, as well as the depiction of reflections and shadows. Key Artists: Prominent Impressionist artists include Claude Monet, Edgar Degas, Pierre- Auguste Renoir, Camille Pissarro, and Berthe Morisot. Post-Impressionism (1880s to 1900s): Time Period: Post-Impressionism emerged in the 1880s and extended into the early 20th century. Characteristics: A departure from the pure observational approach of Impressionism, with a greater emphasis on structure, form, and emotional expression. A continued interest in color and light but with a more intellectual and calculated approach to their use. A wide range of individual styles and artistic philosophies, with each artist pursuing unique goals and innovations. The use of simplified forms, abstraction, and symbolic content. Key Artists: Prominent Post-Impressionist artists include Paul Cézanne, Vincent van Gogh, Paul Gauguin, and Georges Seurat. Symbolism, Art Nouveau, and Fauvism Symbolism (Late 19th Century): Time Period: Symbolism emerged in the late 19th century and extended into the early 20th century. Characteristics: A focus on symbolism and metaphor, with an emphasis on the emotional and psychological aspects of art. Exploration of dreamlike, mystical, and otherworldly themes. Often depicted themes related to the human psyche, spirituality, and the subconscious. Symbolist artists often used rich, vibrant colors, with an emphasis on mood and atmosphere. Key Artists: Prominent Symbolist artists include Gustave Moreau, Odilon Redon, and Fernand Khnopff. Death and Life Artist: Gustav Klimt Art Nouveau (Late 19th to Early 20th Century): Time Period: Art Nouveau flourished from the late 19th century to the early 20th century. Characteristics: A focus on organic, flowing, and highly decorative forms inspired by nature. The use of sinuous lines, intricate patterns, and motifs from the natural world, such as plants and flowers. Integration of art into everyday life, including architecture, furniture, jewelry, and graphic design. An emphasis on craftsmanship and artisanal production. Key Artists: Notable Art Nouveau artists include Alphonse Mucha, Gustav Klimt, and Hector Guimard. Notable examples of Art Nouveau art include Alphonse Mucha's iconic posters, and Behind the Magic Alphonse Mucha  Fauvism (Early 20th Century): Time Period: Fauvism emerged in the early 20th century, around 1905-1908. Characteristics: A bold, vivid use of color, often with non-naturalistic and arbitrary color choices. A rejection of traditional perspective and representation in favor of simplification and abstraction. An emphasis on emotional expression and spontaneous brushwork. Subjects often included landscapes, portraits, and still life, with an emphasis on the emotional impact of color. Key Artists: Prominent Fauvist artists include Henri Matisse, André Derain, and Raoul Dufy. The Woman with a Hat Henri Matisse  In summary, Symbolism, Art Nouveau, and Fauvism were art movements that emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, each with its own distinctive style and themes. Symbolism focused on symbolism and the human psyche, Art Nouveau embraced natural forms and decoration, and Fauvism celebrated bold color and emotional expression. These movements were influential in shaping the direction of modern art in the 20th century. Cubism, Futurism, and Dadaism  Cubism (1907-1920s): Time Period: Cubism developed in the early 20th century and extended into the 1920s. Characteristics: A revolutionary approach to representation that sought to depict subjects from multiple viewpoints simultaneously. Use of geometric shapes, abstract forms, and fragmented compositions to represent the essence of the subject. A focus on deconstruction and reconstruction, breaking down objects into basic forms and reassembling them. Artists like Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque played key roles in the development of Cubism. Key Artists: Pablo Picasso, Georges Braque, Juan Gris, and Fernand Léger were prominent Cubist artists. Futurism (1909-1944): Time Period: Futurism emerged in the early 20th century and continued into the mid-20th century. Characteristics: A celebration of technology, speed, and the dynamism of modern life, often with an emphasis on industrialization and the machine age. Use of fragmented forms, dynamic lines, and repetitive patterns to convey movement and energy. An interest in themes related to progress, war, and urbanization. A rejection of traditional aesthetics and a desire to break with the past. Key Artists: Notable Futurist artists include Umberto Boccioni, Giacomo Balla, and Gino Severini. Unique Forms of Continuity in Space Umberto Boccioni Dadaism (1916-1924): Time Period: Dadaism emerged during and after World War I, roughly from 1916 to 1924. Characteristics: An avant-garde and anti-art movement characterized by a rejection of traditional aesthetics and a sense of absurdity and nihilism. Use of found objects, collage, and ready mades as artistic materials. A focus on absurdity, irrationality, and the questioning of established norms and values. Dadaist artists often used humor and satire to challenge conventional art and society. Key Artists: Prominent Dadaists include Marcel Duchamp, Hugo Ball, and Hans  In summary, Cubism, Futurism, and Dadaism are three influential art movements from the early 20th century, each with its own unique characteristics and philosophical underpinnings. Cubism reimagined how we perceive and represent reality, Futurism celebrated modernity and the machine age, and Dadaism challenged traditional artistic and societal norms with a sense of absurdity and rebellion. These movements played significant roles in shaping the direction of modern and contemporary art.  Surrealism, Constructivism, and De Stijl Surrealism (1920s - 1950s): Time Period: Surrealism emerged in the 1920s and continued into the mid-20th century. Characteristics: An exploration of the irrational, the dreamlike, and the subconscious mind. Use of juxtaposition and unexpected combinations to create bizarre and fantastical imagery. Surrealists often used techniques such as automatism (free-associative drawing or writing) to access the unconscious. A fascination with the bizarre, the uncanny, and the dream world. Key Artists: Prominent Surrealist artists include Salvador Dalí, René Magritte, Max Ernst, and Joan Miró. Constructivism (1910s - 1930s): Time Period: Constructivism developed in the early 20th century and was most active in the 1910s through the 1930s. Characteristics: An emphasis on abstraction, geometric shapes, and the use of industrial materials. A focus on functional design, often with a commitment to social and political ideals. The rejection of traditional, decorative art in favor of clear, concise, and utilitarian forms. The movement had a strong presence in architecture, graphic design, and the applied arts. Key Artists: Influential Constructivist artists and architects include Vladimir Tatlin, El Lissitzky, and Alexander Rodchenko.  De Stijl (1917 - 1931): Time Period: De Stijl, also known as Neoplasticism, was active from 1917 to 1931. Characteristics: A focus on geometric abstraction, using only primary colors (red, blue, yellow) and non-colors (black, white, and gray). An emphasis on rectilinear forms and the use of straight lines and right angles. A commitment to universal harmony and the idea that art could have a spiritual and societal impact. A presence in various art forms, including painting, architecture, design, and typography. Key Artists: Prominent De Stijl artists and architects include Piet Mondrian, Theo van Doesburg, and Gerrit Rietveld.  In summary, Surrealism explored the realm of dreams and the subconscious, Constructivism focused on geometric abstraction and functional design, and De Stijl championed universal harmony and geometric precision in art, design, and architecture. These movements made significant contributions to modern art and design, each with its own unique approach and philosophy.  Abstract Expressionism also known as Action Painting or Color Field Painting, exploded onto the art scene after World War II with its characteristic messiness and extremely energetic applications of paint. also referred to as gestural abstraction because its brush strokes revealed the artist's process. This process is the subject of the art itself. As Harold Rosenberg explained: the work of art becomes an "event." For this reason, he referred to this movement as Action Painting. Autumn Rhythm Optical Art (Op Art) and Pop Art Optical Art (Op Art): Time Period: Op Art gained prominence in the 1960s and remains influential in contemporary art. Characteristics: Focus on creating visual effects through optical illusions, often involving repetitive patterns, geometric shapes, and high-contrast colors. Artists use precise, calculated compositions to engage the viewer's perception and create the illusion of movement or three-dimensionality. Op Art often produces a sense of vibration, distortion, or the appearance of shapes floating or receding into the distance. Black-and-white patterns and stark contrasts are commonly employed. Key Artists: Prominent Op Art artists include Victor Vasarely, Bridget Riley, and Jesús Rafael Soto. Pop Art: Time Period: Pop Art emerged in the late 1950s and reached its peak in the 1960s. Characteristics: A celebration of popular culture, consumerism, and mass media imagery. Use of bold, bright colors and everyday objects as subject matter. A satirical or ironic approach to art, often blurring the line between high and low culture. Artists often appropriate and recontextualize common images, such as advertising, celebrities, and consumer products. Key Artists: Prominent Pop Art artists include Andy Warhol, Roy Lichtenstein, Claes Oldenburg, and Robert Rauschenberg.