EGB123 Bridge Approaches & Abutments 2024 QUT PDF

1 Understanding Bridge Approaches and Abutments EGB123 Civil Engineering Systems Semester 2, 2024 Assoc Prof Jon Bunker...

1 Understanding Bridge Approaches and Abutments EGB123 Civil Engineering Systems Semester 2, 2024 Assoc Prof Jon Bunker CRICOS No.00213J  2 Contents Typical About About Bridge Approach/ About Contents Geotechnical Approaches Abutment Retaining Walls Engineering and Abutments Schemes Typical Sub-task B, Sub-task B, Serviceability Design Retaining Wall Item B1: Item B1: Bridge Considerations Considerations Types General Approaches Example CRICOS No.00213J  3 Contents Typical About About Bridge Approach/ About Contents Geotechnical Approaches Abutment Retaining Walls Engineering and Abutments Schemes Typical Sub-task B, Sub-task B, Serviceability Design Retaining Wall Item B1: Item B1: Bridge Considerations Considerations Types General Approaches Example CRICOS No.00213J  4 About Geotechnical Engineering (Aust. Govt, Ref 3) Geotechnical Engineering is a sub-discipline of Civil Engineering Geotechnical engineers: plan, direct and conduct survey work to analyse the likely behaviour of soil and rock when placed under pressure by proposed structures, and design above-ground and below-ground foundations, retaining walls, bridge approaches etc. CRICOS No.00213J  5 Contents Typical About About Bridge Approach/ About Contents Geotechnical Approaches Abutment Retaining Walls Engineering and Abutments Schemes Typical Sub-task B, Sub-task B, Serviceability Design Retaining Wall Item B1: Item B1: Bridge Considerations Considerations Types General Approaches Example CRICOS No.00213J  6 Bridge Abutment (AGBT Part 3, Ref 1) At road level, provides a transition from bridge approach (E) to bridge deck (D) D A support structure (A) that transmits forces from bridge superstructure down to the foundations Also subjected to loads from: A E approach’s embankment (earth pressure) effects of traffic loads (live loads) on the embankment CRICOS No.00213J  7 Approach Slab for a Bridge Abutment (Ref 1) An approach slab is commonly used to: (bearings, bridge deck improve ride quality from the approach not shown) roadway onto the bridge reduce vehicle (live) impact loading onto the abutment Approach slabs: generally 3m long embankment supported at the abutment, on a nib (extension) on rear face of curtain wall CRICOS No.00213J  8 Contents Typical About About Bridge Approach/ About Contents Geotechnical Approaches Abutment Retaining Walls Engineering and Abutments Schemes Typical Sub-task B, Sub-task B, Serviceability Design Retaining Wall Item B1: Item B1: Bridge Considerations Considerations Types General Approaches Example CRICOS No.00213J  9 Common Retaining Wall Scheme (Ref 1) Bridge approach is commonly an earth embankment Approach embankment Bridge Retaining wall Existing surface Stability against forward movement is SECTION AA commonly provided by a retaining wall B at the abutment 90° return wing wall A A Stability against sideways movement is commonly provided by: Angled wing wall B side batter slopes Batter slope wing walls from the abutment that retain the side batter slopes SECTION BB CRICOS No.00213J  10 Common Retaining Wall Scheme (Ref 1) Side batter slopes: Bridge Approach embankment Retaining wall are needed to ensure that Existing surface embankment earth does not crumble/ SECTION AA collapse sideways B the limiting (maximum) slope depends 90° return wing wall on the type of earth material (e.g. crushed rock) A A If the limiting side batter slope Angled wing wall is not feasible or achievable: B a full-length side retaining wall may be Batter slope needed SECTION BB CRICOS No.00213J  11 Spill-through Wall Scheme (Ref 1) The approach embankment is allowed Bridge to spill forward: Approach embankment Embankment spills Buried frame Forward under bridge Existing surface around the abutment structure, which SECTION AA is substantially buried by embankment B Shallow wing wall to protect bearing seat The embankment forward A A slope can be: B the natural slope of the earth material Batter slope steepened by stone pitching, rock fill, or other means of stabilisation SECTION BB CRICOS No.00213J  12 Spill-through Wall Scheme (Ref 1) Batter slopes need adequate Bridge protection: Approach embankment Embankment spills Buried frame Forward under bridge Existing surface for when the embankment is subject to SECTION AA storm runoff and possible scour B Shallow wing wall to protect bearing seat Batter protection can be A A provided by: B synthetic mattresses injected with Batter slope grout (high strength cement concrete) gabians (rock filled wire baskets) SECTION BB CRICOS No.00213J  13 Access for Inspection of a Spill-through Wall Scheme (Ref 1) Safe access is needed for inspection of bearings bridge deck abutment and bridge support bearings a berm with handrail can provide this handrail berm Where access along the embankment embankment toe (bottom) is not available: forward slope stairs with handrails should be toe provided on the side batter slope down to the berm CRICOS No.00213J  14 Cantilever Retaining Wall Scheme (Ref 1) Dimensions: maximum heights of 5m EPFs For stability: SMF SSF bending moment of soil mass (SMF) (rock or on the footing or pile cap counteracts piles) bending moment of earth pressure FRF forces (EPFs) CRICOS No.00213J  15 Cantilever Retaining Wall Scheme (Ref 1) Sliding stability reactive force (SSF) is provided by: material in front of footing or by a shear key on the underside of footing EPFs abutment may be founded on SMF rock, or soil with piles SSF (rock or piles) to provide vertical foundation reactive FRF force (FRF) to support the bridge CRICOS No.00213J  16 Counterfort Wall Scheme (Ref 1) Front wall is stiffened by counterfort blades that: extend back to an anchor beam provide tensile axial strength blades EPFs SMF Abutment may be founded on: SSF (rock or anchor piles) beam rock where present FRF piles where soil is present CRICOS No.00213J  17 Counterfort Wall Scheme (Ref 1) For blades’ stability: along the axis of blades, component of soil mass force (SMF) on the anchor beam counteracts component of earth pressure forces (EPFs) blades EPFs SMF Sliding stability (SSF): SSF (rock or anchor soil mass force in front of the block piles) beam counteracts forward-pushing earth FRF pressure forces CRICOS No.00213J  18 Buried Trestle on Piles Scheme (Ref 1) Piles may be: vertical vertical/ raked forward alternately raked forward/ backward alternately EPFs For vertical piles: RPB VPB piles’ bending strength (VPB) RPF VPF counteracts bending moment of earth pressure forces bridge support forces resisted by axial strength of piles (VPF) CRICOS No.00213J  19 Buried Trestle on Piles Scheme (Ref 1) For raked piles: EPFs RPB VPB piles’ bending strength (RPB) and axial strength (RPF) counteract bending moment of earth pressure RPF VPF forces depending on the rake angle bridge support forces are resisted by the axial strength of piles (RPF) rake angle CRICOS No.00213J  20 Buried Tapered Columns on Piles Scheme (Ref 1) Suitable for high abutments: earth pressure forces are reduced by reducing area of headstock supports EPFs Tapered columns have increased VCB bending strength (VCB) with depth RPB VPB necessary to counteract bending RPF moment of earth pressure forces VPF which increases with depth CRICOS No.00213J  21 Buried Tapered Columns on Footings Scheme (Ref 1) Suitable for moderately high abutments: earth pressure forces are reduced by reducing area of headstock supports EPFs Tapered columns have increased VCB SMF bending strength (VCB) with depth SSF necessary to counteract bending moment of earth pressure forces FRF which increases with depth CRICOS No.00213J  22 Buried Tapered Columns on Footings Scheme (Ref 1) Soil mass at the footings: Can provide sliding stability (SSF) and EPFs overturning stability (SMF) VCB SMF Anchor bars into rock from SSF footings: FRF may be used to resist overturning CRICOS No.00213J  23 Contents Typical About About Bridge Approach/ About Contents Geotechnical Approaches Abutment Retaining Walls Engineering and Abutments Schemes Typical Sub-task B, Sub-task B, Serviceability Design Retaining Wall Item B1: Item B1: Bridge Considerations Considerations Types General Approaches Example CRICOS No.00213J  24 Retaining Walls (Ref 1) Structures that provide support to a bank of earth often stabilising a slope Can be used in conjunction with other structural elements such as other components of a bridge to provide for access across/under the bridge CRICOS No.00213J  25 Retaining Walls (Ref 1) Examples of applications to bridge abutments: Wing walls Cantilever retaining walls Counterfort wall abutments Reinforced soil walls CRICOS No.00213J  26 Contents Typical About About Bridge Approach/ About Contents Geotechnical Approaches Abutment Retaining Walls Engineering and Abutments Schemes Typical Sub-task B, Sub-task B, Serviceability Design Retaining Wall Item B1: Item B1: Bridge Considerations Considerations Types General Approaches Example CRICOS No.00213J  27 Retaining Walls (Ref 1) Proprietary Masonry Retaining Wall backfill numerous systems available use pre-cast hollow blocks infilled with steel reinforcement and concrete supported by a reinforced concrete footing CRICOS No.00213J  28 Retaining Walls (Ref 1) backfill Mass Concrete Retaining Wall used for small walls up to 1.5m high CRICOS No.00213J  29 Retaining Walls (Ref 1) Cantilever Reinforced Concrete Wall backfill height dictates whether this type is economical thickness needs to increase with depth size of the footing needs to increase with depth forward projection of the footing, and batter slope of backfill (out of the page), are designed to suit CRICOS No.00213J  30 Retaining Walls (Ref 1) reinforcements Reinforced Soil Wall RFs backfill precast panels EPFs footing Consists if precast wall elements that are tied to the backfill using metallic or non-metallic strips to develop the resisting forces (RFs) through friction CRICOS No.00213J  31 Retaining Walls (Ref 1) Mechanically Stabilised Earth Walls Soil-reinforced structures that use reinforcements to stabilise soil Can be used for retaining walls and bridge abutments Consist of well compacted granular backfill with reinforcing meshes made of ribbed steel strips, geogrid or geosynthetic strip reinforcement Reinforcing meshes attached to wall face to form coherent gravity mass that is internally stable Wall face may comprise precast segmental concrete blocks, panels or geo-cells that can tolerate some differential movements CRICOS No.00213J  32 Contents Typical About About Bridge Approach/ Contents Geotechnical Approaches Retaining Walls Abutment Engineering and Abutments Schemes Typical Sub-task B, Sub-task B, Serviceability Design Retaining Wall Item B1: Item B1: Bridge Considerations Considerations Types General Approaches Example CRICOS No.00213J  33 Serviceability Considerations Road on (or between) the bridge approach/abutment schemes: What is the functional classification of the road (motorway, arterial road, suburban road, district road, neighbourhood street, local street)? Are there off-carriageway facilities on the bridge approaches for e.g. pedestrians and bicyclists, public transport? Which road-based transport modes are permitted to use the road on the approaches? What is the lane allocation (including off-carriageway) for the various modes? Are the road-based transport modes permitted to use the road on the approaches suited to the functional classification and the actual infrastructure provision (especially roadspace available)? CRICOS No.00213J Serviceability Considerations (Brisbane City Council Standard 34 Drawing BSD-1022, Major Road Corridor 4 Traffic Lanes) CRICOS No.00213J  35 Contents Typical About About Bridge Approach/ Contents Geotechnical Approaches Retaining Walls Abutment Engineering and Abutments Schemes Typical Sub-task B, Sub-task B, Serviceability Design Retaining Wall Item B1: Item B1: Bridge Considerations Considerations Types General Approaches Example CRICOS No.00213J  36 Design Considerations Maintenance and durability of the approach/abutment schemes: How would all of the components of the bridge approaches be safely and efficiently accessed for maintenance? How would the bridge headstock and bearings be safely accessed for inspection and maintenance? How would the approach slab and expansion joint be safely accessed for inspection and maintenance? Water and environmental for the approach/abutment schemes: How is drainage of stormwater from the approaches managed? Is there vegetation on the approaches, and how would it be managed? CRICOS No.00213J  37 Design Considerations Aesthetics of the approach/abutment schemes: Does it appear that aesthetics have been accommodated in the design? Economics of the approach/abutment schemes: Is there evidence that the approaches have been designed economically with respect to land/space requirements, materials selection, constructability? CRICOS No.00213J  38 Contents Civil Typical About Bridge Engineering Approach/ About Contents Approaches and Abutment Retaining Walls and Abutments Geotechnical Schemes Typical Sub-task B, Sub-task B, Serviceability Design Retaining Wall Item B1: Item B1: Bridge Considerations Considerations Types General Approaches Example CRICOS No.00213J  39 Sub-task B: General Your client has asked you to investigate the following in the Kelvin Grove South East study area: B1. bridge approaches and abutments, B2. bridge structure They have provided you with the geospatial mapping layer for the aerial photography extracted from eBIMAP2 The document has a scale of 1:1081 at A4 paper size They have also provided photographs (see later) You may find the aerial photography layer useful for some aspects of this Sub-task. You may also find Google Street View useful for some aspects of this Sub-task. CRICOS No.00213J  40 Sub-task B: General We have provided you with all necessary information to answer the project brief If you consider that you need any further information please contact me or your tutor directly CRICOS No.00213J  B 60.91 1,218 In consideration of Council, and the copyright owners listed above, permitting the use of this data, you acknowledge and agree that Council, and the copyright owners, give no Notes: Inner City Bypass Bridge over Kelvin Grove Road warranty in relation to the data (including accuracy, reliability, completeness, currency or suitability) and accept no liability (including without limitation, liability in negligence) for any loss, damage or costs (including consequential damage), relating to any use of this data. © Brisbane City Council 2023 (unless stated below) Cadastre © 2023 Department of Resources 54.0 0 27.0 40.5 54.0 CRICOS No.00213J Contours © 2014, 2019 Department of Resources Contours © 2002, 2009 AAMHatch Print Date: N Metres Road Network © State of Queensland (Department of Resources) 2023 18/04/2024 - 4:37 PM Projection: Web Mercator Auxiliary Sphere Scale: 1: 1,081  42 Sub-task B: General A B Figure 3.1 ICB Bridge, West Approach, North Side (left) and South Side (right) CRICOS No.00213J  43 Sub-task B: General C D Figure 3.2 ICB Bridge, East Approach, North Side (left) and South Side (right) CRICOS No.00213J  44 Sub-task B: General E F Figure 3.3 ICB Bridge, Underside Looking towards East Abutment (left) and East Abutment South Side Close-up (right) CRICOS No.00213J  45 Sub-task B: General G H Figure 3.4 ICB Bridge, Bridge Deck from East Approach (left) and West Approach (right) CRICOS No.00213J Sub-task B: General 46 Google Earth 3D looking from South CRICOS No.00213J Sub-task B: General 47 Google Earth 3D looking from North CRICOS No.00213J  48 Sub-task B: General In Section 3 of your report and with figures and/or appendix/es as appropriate respond to each of the following items. Be sure to cite all sources of information you use including the client briefing (i.e. lecture slides), eBIMAP2, and the Austroads Guide to Bridge Technology. CRICOS No.00213J  49 Contents Civil Typical About Bridge Engineering Approach/ About Contents Approaches and Abutment Retaining Walls and Abutments Geotechnical Schemes Typical Sub-task B, Sub-task B, Serviceability Design Retaining Wall Item B1: Item B1: Bridge Considerations Considerations Types General Approaches Example CRICOS No.00213J  50 Sub-task B, Item B1: Bridge Approaches and Abutments i. Identify and interpret the key considerations about the constructed form of each of the east and west approach embankments in the context of the bridge, the ICB, Kelvin Grove Road, the terrain, the built environment, and any other relevant aspects. CRICOS No.00213J  51 Sub-task B, Item B1: Bridge Approaches and Abutments ii. Identify and interpret the form of each bridge approach/abutment scheme used for the ICB Bridge. Discuss why this each scheme was adopted, with due consideration to its constructed form. CRICOS No.00213J  52 Sub-task B, Item B1: Bridge Approaches and Abutments iii. Identify and interpret the key components of each of the bridge abutments. Consider their: materials, strength, serviceability, and dimensions relative to the overall approach/abutment scheme and the bridge. CRICOS No.00213J  53 Sub-task B, Item B1: Bridge Approaches and Abutments iv. Identify and interpret the structural loadings to which each approach/abutment scheme is subjected. For these structural loadings, describe: the load paths through the approach and abutment, and ultimately how the approach and abutment, and the bridge they support are kept in a stable state. CRICOS No.00213J  54 Sub-task B, Item B1: Bridge Approaches and Abutments v. For each bridge approach/abutment scheme identify and interpret two serviceability considerations that would have need to have been made for each of the following: Public transport, Motorists, Pedestrians, Bicyclists. vi. For the bridge approach/abutment schemes identify and interpret engineering design considerations that would have been made for the following: two for durability and maintenance, two for water and environmental, two for aesthetics, two for economics. CRICOS No.00213J  55 Contents Civil Typical About Bridge Engineering Approach/ Contents Approaches Retaining Walls and Abutment and Abutments Geotechnical Schemes Typical Sub-task B, Sub-task B, Serviceability Design Retaining Wall Item B1: Item B1: Bridge Considerations Considerations Types General Approaches Example CRICOS No.00213J  56 Example: Winstanley Street Bridge Approach/Abutment Schemes, Carindale Winstanley Street Bridge, West Approach Embankment (left) and Spill-through Wall Abutment Stabilised with Concrete Lining (right) CRICOS No.00213J  57 Example: Winstanley Street Bridge Approach/Abutment Schemes, Carindale Winstanley Street Bridge, West Abutment Headstock Supporting Bridge Superstructure (left) and Elastomeric Bearing System Close-up (right) CRICOS No.00213J  58 Example: Winstanley Street Bridge Approach/Abutment Schemes, Carindale Winstanley Street Bridge, West Abutment Headstock and Spill-through Wall Supporting Bridge Superstructure (left) and Underside of Prestressed Concrete Girders Span (right) CRICOS No.00213J  59 Example: Winstanley Street Bridge Approach/Abutment Scheme, Carindale Winstanley Street Bridge, Bridge Deck including Downstream Side Sidewalk (left) and Deck Expansion Joint (right) CRICOS No.00213J  60 Example: Winstanley Street Bridge Approach/Abutment Scheme, Carindale Question Response 1. Identify and interpret the key Each bridge approach ensures a geometric transition of the Winstanley considerations about the constructed form of Street carriageway from the natural surface up to the level of the bridge each of the east and west approach deck at each of the abutments. This allows the bridge deck to be at an embankments in the context of the bridge, appropriate height above Bulimba Creek for an all-weather (flood-proof) the creek, the terrain, the built environment, road crossing. and any other relevant aspects. The approaches are in the forms of embankments with side batter-slopes. These embankments are each located in park land adjacent to the creek so do not interfere with the adjacent built environment i.e. do not create a “wall” in front of buildings. The shapes and slopes of the embankments are considerate of the creek banks where there is a natural fall in terrain and do not create a dam-wall effect that could worsen flooding. CRICOS No.00213J  61 Example: Winstanley Street Bridge Approach/Abutment Scheme, Carindale Question Response 2. Identify and interpret the form of a spill- This scheme incorporates a relatively larger embankment but a relatively through wall approach/abutment scheme. smaller abutment structure. Discuss why this type of scheme was A spill-through wall scheme with large wing wall was adopted, where the adopted for both of the east and west approach embankment spills forward through abutment structure, which approaches, with due consideration to each is substantially buried by embankment. of their constructed forms. The spill-through embankment is capped by concrete lining. This scheme is practical and economical for the relatively shallow embankments and there is sufficient space available on both approaches to spill through the embankments forward of the abutments. CRICOS No.00213J  62 Example: Winstanley Street Bridge Approach/Abutment Scheme, Carindale Question Response 3. Identify and interpret the key components Each abutment is a partially buried structure. of each of the bridge abutments. Consider A reinforced concrete headstock protrudes through concrete lining of their materials, strength, serviceability, and spill-through abutment, which would be supported by buried pile dimensions relative to the overall approach foundations socketed into bedrock. and the bridge. The headstock supports bridge superstructure via longitudinal precast concrete girder groups and approach slab. The bearing system appears to provide lateral restraint but allow for longitudinal expansion/ contraction and some lateral rotation. Due to the relatively small scale of this roadway bridge, a very large, buried structure such as a retaining wall is not necessary. The abutment structure needs to be supported by piles socketed into bedrock due to poor soil conditions on this flood plain. Bearing seats are exposed above the wing wall. Elastomeric bearing system is necessary to prevent concrete elements from cracking and to absorb vibration due to traffic impact loads. CRICOS No.00213J  63 Example: Winstanley Street Bridge Approach/Abutment Scheme, Carindale Question Response 4. Identify and interpret the structural loadings Each approach is subjected to bridge superstructure dead loads (self- to which the approach/abutment schemes are weight) and live loads (traffic) transmitted through its abutment, earth subjected. Distinguish between the load pressure from the embankment, and live loads (traffic) transmitted types. through embankment. Due to the approach scheme, loads transmitted from embankment would be relatively moderate. Bridge superstructure loads would be relatively moderate due to the relatively short span. CRICOS No.00213J  64 Example: Winstanley Street Bridge Approach/Abutment Scheme, Carindale Question Response 5. For the structural loadings you identified in For each approach/abutment scheme, longitudinal and vertical earth (4), identify and interpret the load paths pressure forces are transmitted through the abutment as bending through the approach/abutment schemes, and moments and axial compressive forces that are resisted by the ultimately how the bridge and respective strengths of the buried piles. approach/abutment schemes are kept in a The headstock must be designed to provide sufficient strength to stable state. transmit forces and bending moments from the superstructure and approach embankment into the piles. The piles must be designed to provide sufficient bending and compressive strength to resist these forces. CRICOS No.00213J  65 Example: Winstanley Street Bridge Approach/Abutment Scheme, Carindale Question Response 6. For the approach/abutment schemes, The approach/abutment schemes will have been designed to identify and interpret an example engineering accommodate road-based transport modes (including bus, bicycle and consideration that would have need to have walking) relevant to the role of Winstanley Street as a suburban road in been made for each of the following aspects: the BCC road hierarchy. transport, hydraulics, environmental. They will have been designed to ensure their resilience during a design flood event, and to ensure that their presence would not worsen flooding in adjacent areas (e.g. residential) or either upstream or downstream of the bridge. The approach/abutment schemes will have been designed to avoid adverse environmental impacts (including fauna and flora, water quality, soil stability and quality). CRICOS No.00213J  66 Example: Winstanley Street Bridge Approach/Abutment Scheme, Carindale Question Response 8. Considering the approach/abutment The forward slope of each approach is capped by concrete lining, schemes, identify and interpret two design which stabilizes it so the relatively steep slope is feasible. considerations and two maintenance Each of the slopes is too steep and the surface of the concrete lining is considerations that would be important to too smooth to be negotiated on foot. However, the height of the ongoing durability. abutment structures is sufficiently limited to allow safe maintenance access at the headstock or from the toe of the wall via the public access path. For each approach, access to the headstock is required to inspect and maintain the bearings. For each approach/abutment scheme direct access is available from the carriageway to inspect and maintain the approach slab and expansion joint. CRICOS No.00213J  67 Example: Winstanley Street Bridge Approach/Abutment Scheme, Carindale Question Response 9. Considering the approach/abutment Important considerations about aesthetics would have been made schemes, identify and interpret two aesthetics about visually fitting the approaches into the scenery of the parkland considerations that would have been important and creek banks and to ensure that nearby buildings (housing) are not to design. adversely visually impacted by the form of the approaches. The batter slopes are relatively gentle to achieve these considerations and the spill-through abutments also help to fit into the visual character of the creek banks. CRICOS No.00213J  68 Example: Winstanley Street Bridge Approach/Abutment Scheme, Carindale Question Response 10. Considering the approach/abutment Important economic considerations would have been made about how schemes, describe two economic the approach/abutment schemes integrate within the overall bridge considerations that would have been important design, as well as about their constructability, types of materials and to design. quantities required, and ongoing maintenance. CRICOS No.00213J  69 Example: Winstanley Street Bridge Approach/Abutment Scheme, Carindale Question Response 11. Considering the approach/abutment The main role of the bridge and its approach/abutment schemes is to schemes, identify and interpret two provide accessibility between neighbourhoods of Carindale, Carindale serviceability considerations that would have shopping centre, and the major road network via Creek Road to the need to have been made in its design for west. pedestrians, and another two for cyclists. In addition to private vehicles, commercial vehicles, and buses, the approach/abutment schemes’ designs ensures that they provide this accessibility for bicycles (on the carriageway as well as the sidewalk) and pedestrians (on the sidewalk). The design of the west approach includes a lateral public access path located forward and at the toe of the spill-through embankment. The path is part of the Bulimba Creek bikeway and provides an important means of personal access crossing of Winstanley St that augments the at-grade crossing immediately to the west. In particular, the path is highly used due to the Carindale Recreational Reserve. Recreational fishing is prevalent at this location. CRICOS No.00213J  70 References 1. Austroads 2018, Austroads Guide to Bridge Technology, Part 3: Typical Superstructures, Substructures and Components, Sydney 2. Google Images 3. Australian Government, Your Career, Geotechnical Engineer, accessed 2024-05-08 4. Soletanche Freyssinet 2014, Reinforced Earth, France CRICOS No.00213J Your opinions count Check your inbox for the SES – open 30 July to 1 September. Help shape the future of higher education in Australia. Have a say about your course and a chance to win $1,000 – complete now for more chances to win! qilt.edu.au/ses Terms and conditions apply CRICOS No.00213J Have your say Check your inbox for the SES – open 30 July to 1 September. Help shape the future of higher education in Australia. Have a say about your course and a chance to win $1,000 – complete now for more chances to win! qilt.edu.au/ses Terms and conditions apply CRICOS No.00213J