CIVL3811 Introduction to Bridge Engineering (Part 1) Lecture Slides - Week 6 2022 PDF

Introduction to Bridge Engineering ( Part 1) CIVL3811 Engineering Design and Construction School of Civil Engineering | Faculty of Engineering THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY The University of Sydney Page 1  Bridge types, construction methods and concept design Terminology ( Definiti...

Introduction to Bridge Engineering ( Part 1) CIVL3811 Engineering Design and Construction School of Civil Engineering | Faculty of Engineering THE UNIVERSITY OF SYDNEY The University of Sydney Page 1  Bridge types, construction methods and concept design Terminology ( Definitions) Different types of bridges Construction methods Selecting a bridge type Super T bridge construction Super T beams methods https://www.enr.com/articles/52535-worlds-longest-suspension-bridge-takes-shape-in-turkey The University of Sydney Page 2  Terminology ( Definitions) Length Span https://www.steelconstruction.info/File:R12_Fig1.png The University of Sydney Page 3 Terminology ( Definitions) Superstructure Substructure ( includes foundations) The University of Sydney Page 4  Terminology ( Definitions) crosshead or headstock https://civildigital.com/the-five-major-parts-of-bridges-concrete-span-bridge/ The University of Sydney Page 5 The function of Bridge Bearings the primary function of bridge bearings is to: Terminology ( Definitions) 1. Transfer the loads coming from the superstructure safely to the bearing substructure The load on the bearings includes self- weight, traffic, wind, and earthquake loads. 2. Adapt relative movements between the superstructure and the substructure Bearings are designed to adjust translational and rotational movements. The translation movements might take place due to the creep, shrinkage, and temperature effects. https://www.prodyogi.com/2021/12/what-are-bridge-bearings.html The University of Sydney Page 6  Terminology ( Definitions) Concrete barrier https://jjhooks.com/technical/types-of-barrier The University of Sydney Page 7  Noise Wall The University of Sydney Page 8  Terminology ( Definitions) Concrete Deck https://www.steel-bridges.com/composite-beam-bridge.html https://www.shortspansteelbridges.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Bridge-Deck-Drawing.png The University of Sydney Page 9  Coutts Crossing Bridge Fibre Composite The University of Sydney Page 10 Terminology ( Definitions) expansion joint https://www.researchgate.net/publication/316432604_Investigate_the_con trol_vibration_deck_cable_bridges_using_damper_Expansion_Joint_bridg https://www.mageba-group.com/ae/en/1026/Infrastructure/Expansion-joints/TENSA-MODULAR-LR-LS/Detail.htm e/figures?lo=1 The University of Sydney Page 11 Bridge Abutment https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/Assessment-of-Local-Scour-at-Bridges-Abutment-Ghazvinei- Ariffin/626b41533890b26a6eac5f901fffe4f28b81fa60/figure/0 The University of Sydney Page 12  wall abutment https://civiconcepts.com/blog/components-of-bridge https://vincivilworld.com/2021/01/23/bridge-components-types-functions/ The University of Sydney Page 13 suspension Cable-stayed Overview of bridge truss arch types box girder – steel with orthotropic deck box girder – concrete in situ balanced cantilever box girder – concrete segmental balanced cantilever – varying depth box girder – concrete segmental balanced cantilever – constant depth box girder – concrete launched box girder – composite steel and concrete box girder – concrete whole span precast – ANZAC BRIDGE box girder – concrete segmental span by span plate girder – composite steel and concrete beam – concrete precast prestressed slab – concrete voided planks – concrete pretensioned slab – solid concrete in-situ The University of Sydney Page 14 Suspension Bridge Golden Gate bridge 1280m span (1937) https://worldkings.org/news/world-almanac-event-academy/worldkings-world-almanac-event-2020-83th-anniversary-of-opening-the-golden-gate-bridge-27-05-1937-27-05-2020 The University of Sydney Page 15 Suspension Bridge Akashi Kaikyo bridge 1991m span (1998) https://technologystudent.com/culture1/akashi 1.htm https://www.researchgate.net/publication/344932224_Numerical_modelling_and_its_physical_modelling_support_in_Civil_Engineering/fi gures?lo=1 The University of Sydney Page 16 Cable-stayed Bridge Rusky bridge 1104m span(2012) http://filminrussia.info/index.php/seaside/item/130-russky-bridge The University of Sydney Page 17 Gladesville (Arch Bridge) 300m span (1964) The University of Sydney Page 18 Arch Bridge Salgina 90m span (1930) http://bridgeworld.net/salginatobel- bridge/ The University of Sydney Page 19 Box girder bridges https://www.researchgate.net/publication/262828382_ The_Balsberg_Viaduct_of_the_new_light_rail_network _to_Zurich-Airport/figures?lo=1 https://www.google.com/search?q=box+girder+bridges&rlz=1C1GCEA_enAU982AU982&sxsrf=ALiCzsY2lEmDDNofINm6WtgJYl k7II- i0w:1658902488615&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjD4LOstZj5AhUL7TgGHf3HCbgQ_AUoAXoECAIQAw&biw= 2560&bih=1240&dpr=1#imgrc=gS1KoALBuq9y4M The University of Sydney Page 20  Box girder – steel with orthotropic deck https://www.shortspansteelbridges.org/steel-orthotropic- decks/ https://ascelibrary.org/doi/10.1061/%28ASCE%291084- 0702%282007%2912%3A3%28350%29 https://www.extrica.com/article/174 46 The University of Sydney Page 21  Box girder Bridge – composite steel and concrete https://www.researchgate.net/publication/273311764_Prestressed_ Concrete_Girder_Bridges_with_Corrugated_Steel_Webs_Review/fi gures The University of Sydney Page 22 Plate girder Bridge – composite steel and concrete https://ict.illinois.edu/news/newsletters/more-newsletters/november- 2019/ahead-of-the-curve-girder-rotation-and-increasing-bridge-life- span The University of Sydney Page 23 Precast (Prestressed) Concrete Bridge https://www.midasbridge.com/en/solutions/precast-concrete- bridges The University of Sydney Page 24  I-Girder Bridge 0£S!GHi'.DSIJRl';,1(;£ LEl/!l ON! S E :il APf!f:IOl El1S11Nli SIJAi:',J;( OH 0 g 0 ILl-5€ \ ,Fl.t ':: r - - - l _ _.. J , - - -. -:-.i0P\,.AC(.:ic : t..:s b.J Ld 200 000 \ C SlJRvtl HAAxS 1/l ll ,t G, t 8 0 %. 2 5 II !1 9 1 10 CDNCfl€!£ &.OCKli l1 t1 P\.Ar.lOE. VERTICAL ALIGNMENT DIAGRAM I/J 115 e,2 a O.!0 31 "19 63 1 IH NOT JO SC,ll.f Ct:lNC11€1( l!l,.OCJ( WITJi Pl,.Ar;uf The University of Sydney Page 25  fROM SfUIU HHiHWAY Concrete Trough Girder Bridge T O Y 3 0 U O'lf.RA.IJ. Llh'ull1Of DECK, 101)00 A?POACli SLAS JlSot 0 ( $ 0 , ( 0 SUIIFA O ' I I G The University of Sydney C C Page 28 l. t Solid Slab Bridges https://www.indiamart.com/proddetail/solid-slab-bridges-19894712112.html The University of Sydney Page 29 Concrete Slab Bridge The University of Sydney Page 30  Bridge construction methods Box girder Bridge Gateway Bridge 260 m span https://www.worldhighways.com/wh10/wh12/feature/brisbanes-highway-distinction The University of Sydney Page 31 Box girder Bridge concrete in situ balanced cantilever Cast-in-place segmentally constructed bridges are generally built using the balanced cantilever method. A form traveler is used at the end of each cantilever to support the formwork and new concrete segment before post-tensioning. The form travelers at opposite ends of the cantilevers may be advanced simultaneously or alternately. ASBI_Segmental_Bridge_Industry_Brochur e https://www.midasbridge.com/en/solutions/balanced-cantilever- bridges https://www.case.international/gateway-upgrade-project-10-year-since-first-open-to-traffic/ The University of Sydney Page 32 Box girder bridge concrete segmental balanced cantilever In the balanced cantilever method, the superstructure is erected by cantilevering out from opposite sides of the pier. The segments are added either at the same time or alternately to each cantilever to maintain a relatively balanced system. Often segments are offset by one-half segment length to reduce the out-of-balance moment. After the cantilevers from each adjacent pier reach midspan, a cast-in-place closure segment is placed followed by additional post-tensioning. ASBI_Segmental_Bridge_Industry_Brochur e https://www.international-engineering-consultants.com/balanceCantileverBridge.php?lang=en The University of Sydney Page 33  box girder concrete segmental balanced cantilever The University of Sydney Page 34  The construction sequence using the balanced cantilever method https://www.midasbridge.com/en/solutions/balanced-cantilever-bridges The use of precast concrete segments has the advantage that the superstructure can be erected at a faster rate compared to cast-in-place construction. The precast concrete segments are made while the substructure is being built and then stored until needed for an erection. The precast segments are built using either the short-line or long-line method. ASBI_Segmental_Bridge_Industry_Brochure https://www.midasbridge.com/en/solutions/balanced-cantilever-bridges The University of Sydney Page 35  beams concrete precast The University of Sydney Page 36  beams concrete precast The University of Sydney Page 37  beam – concrete precast pretensioned Super T beams The University of Sydney Page 38  beam – concrete precast pretensioned Super T beams Reference : (Taplin, 2020 ) The University of Sydney Page 39  beam – concrete precast pretensioned Super T beams – Super"Tees are precast, prestressed box girder sections with top flanges and come in two basic configurations open "flange and closed "flange. They are used in conjunction with a deck slab which acts compositely with the girders. The wide flanges reduce or eliminate the formwork requirement for the insitu deck slab. The University of Sydney Page 40  typical bridge with Super T beams The University of Sydney Page 41 Bridge substructure The substructure should resist many horizontal loads (as well as vertical loads): Bearing restraint Earth pressure Normal water flow Wind Earthquake Flood Differential bridge temperature Pedestrian loading Traffic loading http://www.constructioncivilengineering.com/construction-of-bridge-and-its-different-parts.html The University of Sydney Page 42 Pier columns and walls Piers may carry vertical and horizontal loads from the superstructure (shear forces from elastomeric bearings, reactions https://vincivilworld.com/2021/01/23/bridge-components-types-functions/ from fixed bearings, friction from sliding bearings). Piers may also resist directly horizontal loads. The pier might be subjected to an impact loading by trucks or trains. These horizontal loads are significant. https://vincivilworld.com/2021/01/23/bridge-components-types-functions/ The University of Sydney Page 43 Pier columns and walls According to AS 5100.5: “walls subject to in-plane vertical forces and horizontal forces perpendicular to the plane of the wall shall be designed as columns”. https://vincivilworld.com/2021/01/23/bridge-components-types-functions/ The University of Sydney Page 44 Some pier columns might be very slender! https://www.doka.com/en/news/press/Lahntal_Brueck https://www.doka.com/en/news/press/Lahntal_Brueck https://www.doka.com/en/news/press/Lahntal_Brueck e e e The University of Sydney Page 45 Pile caps and spread footings Pile caps and spread footings might be designed using the strut and tie method, or if their width is large relative to their thickness, they can be designed as beams. https://ryanrakhmats.wordpress.com/2021/07/03/simplified-pile-caps-design-with-strut-and-tie-methods/ https://www.researchgate.net/publication/233087801_ Evaluation_of_the_shear_strength_of_four_pile_cap_ using_strut_and_tie_model_STM/figures?lo=1 The University of Sydney Page 46  Construction Procedure - driven piles The University of Sydney Page 47  Construction Procedure - driven piles The University of Sydney Page 48  bored piles The University of Sydney Page 49  References – 1) Taplin ,G., “Short Course on Introduction to Bridge Design and Strengthening”, Swinburne University of Technology, Melbourne, Australia , 20-24 July 2020. The University of Sydney Page 50