Education Concepts PDF

College of Nursing Education Concepts Dr. Kawther Ali Assistant Professor of Nursing Administration  Class Objectives By the end of this lecture the student will be able to: - Define the terms of education, learning and teaching - Identify structure of le...

College of Nursing Education Concepts Dr. Kawther Ali Assistant Professor of Nursing Administration  Class Objectives By the end of this lecture the student will be able to: - Define the terms of education, learning and teaching - Identify structure of learning - Describe characteristics of learning - List of principles of learning - Describe conditions to facilitate learning - Identify learning pyramid and levels. EDUCATION, LEARNING, AND TEACHING:  What is Education? Education is the act or process of imparting or acquiring particular knowledge or skills, as for a profession. Education is a gradual process which brings positive changes in human life and behavior The ultimate goal of education is to help an individual navigate life and contribute to society once they become older. Education also means helping people to learn how to do things and encouraging them to think about what they learn.  Importance of Education All religions attaches great importance to knowledge and education. When the Qur'an began to be revealed, the first word of its first verse was 'Iqra' that is, read. Education as a human right is enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights given by the United Nations in 1948. “Education is the manifestation of perfection already in man”. Education develops skills essential to daily living, Education learns social norms. Education develops judgment and reasoning. Education learns how to discern right from wrong.  Importance of Education Education helps a person hone their communication skills by learning how to read, write, speak and listen. Education develops critical thinking. This is vital in teaching a person how to use logic when making decisions and interacting with people (e.g., boosting creativity, enhancing time management). Education helps an individual meet basic job qualifications and makes them more likely to secure better jobs. Education promotes gender equality and helps empower girls and women. Education reduces child mortality. According to UNESCO, a child born to a mother who has a high school diploma is 31 per cent more likely to survive past the age of five. Types of Education  Formal Education ✓ is the type that is typically conducted in a classroom setting in an academic institution. ✓ Also known as ‘formal learning’, it usually begins in elementary school and culminates in post-secondary education. ✓ It is provided by qualified teachers or professors and follows a curriculum. Examples of Formal Education ✓ School or university, where students are taught basic skills, such as reading and writing, as well as more advanced academic lessons.  Informal Education ❖ The type that is done outside the premises of an academic institution. ❖ It is spontaneous and may also be described as a natural form of education. ❖ is often not planned or deliberate, nor does it follow a regimented timetable or a specific curriculum. Examples of Informal Education ❖ Teaching the child some basics such as numeric characters. ❖ Someone learning his/her mother tongue ❖ When a person learns skills or acquires knowledge from home, when visiting libraries, or browsing educational websites through a device. ❖ Learning from the elders in one’s community.  Non-formal Education It follows a timetable and is systemically implemented but not necessarily conducted within a school/university system. It is flexible in terms of time and curriculum and normally does not have an age limit. Examples of non-formal education include: Community-based courses, Fitness programs. Free courses for adult education developed by some organization that are not facilitated by professional instructors.  Learning Learning is a process resulting in some modification, relatively permanent, of the way of thinking, feeling, doing, of the learner. Learning is a change in behavior, perception, insights, attitude, or a combination of these. Learning is a basic human activity. Learning is the desired change in the behavior of the individual results from passing a certain expertise.  Formal Learning Informal Learning Learning that takes place in a Learning is unplanned and formal and structured unstructured that takes place in environment. an informal setting. Delivered with the guidance of Not delivered with the guidance an instructor, learners are of an instructor, learners are directed. directed. Goal oriented. Not goal oriented.  Teaching Teaching: the activities and operations carried out by the teacher to facilitate the learning process. Teaching: is a process of imparting knowledge, skills, attitudes and values. Teaching can also be defined as a process of transmitting knowledge or constructing knowledge to learners;  The Teacher A teacher is a true guide who makes every effort to help students reach their maximum learning potential. The teacher’ s role is to encourage the desire to learn rather than the desire to know. it involves several kinds of transmitting skills, classroom lesson planning, classroom management, selecting subject content, use of specific methods to transmit the content, evaluating students and discussing with students  Phases of Learning It is important to know the different phases of learning, so as to better structure learning and attain objectives in a coherent manner. Robert Gagne suggested an approach in which he says a learner passes through eight phases when learning. A judicious usage of these phases will facilitate the work of the instructor. These phases are: Motivation Recognition Performance Codification Perception Feed-back Transfer Attention Generalization Memorization,,  Process of Learning Gain the learner’s attention (reception) Inform the learner of the objectives and expectations (expectancy) Stimulate the learner’s recall of prior learning (retrieval) Present information (selective perception) Provide guidance to facilitate the learner’s understanding (semantic encoding) Have the learner demonstrate the information or skill (responding) Give feedback to the learner (reinforcement) Assess the learner’s performance (retrieval) Work to enhance retention and transfer through application and varied practice(generalization) When these phases are applied by the teacher, It arouses and maintains motivation of the learners Facilitates the acquisition of new concepts Facilitates information retention Promotes transfer of knowledge Enable performance Enable feed-back of performance to be seen.  Structure of learning Learning has three identifiable aspects which exist regardless of the learning theory adopted. Learning has : (1) An input aspect. (2) An operation aspect. (3) A feed back aspect.  Three aspects of learning: 1- Input is the acquisition of information and the organization of the information into action hypothesis. These activities may be assessments, content information, instructions. 2- Operation is the activity phase, it can be directly observable behaviors, responses to the input, and/or interactions, and practice. 3- Feedback is the result of the operational test or becomes input that confirms alters, changes.  The characteristics of learning Learning is: Producing a behavioral change in the learner. Leading to a relatively permanent change that is also gradual, adaptable and selective. Resulting from practice, repetitions and experience. Not directly observable.  Principles of learning Learning is individual. Feels a need to learn. Participates actively in learning. Relevance of learning experience should be clear to the student. Feedback to learner is important.  Conditions to facilitate learning An atmosphere which : Physical comfort. Encourages people to be active. Emphasizes the personal nature of learning accepts that difference is desirable. Recognizes people’s right to make mistakes. Tolerates imperfection. Encourages openness of mind and trust in self. Makes people feel respected and accepted. Facilitates discovery and creativity. Puts emphasis on self evaluation in cooperation. Permits confrontation of ideas.  Learning Pyramid The Learning Pyramid is a visual model that illustrates different levels of understanding and retention in learning. It typically presents seven levels, starting from basic to more complex forms of engagement. The levels often include: 1. **Listening**: Receiving information through lectures or audio materials. 2. **Reading**: Exploring content through written materials. 3. **Seeing**: Observing visuals or demonstrations. 4. **Doing**: Engaging in hands-on activities or practical applications. 5. **Discussing**: Sharing and debating ideas with others. 6. **Teaching**: Explaining concepts to others, which reinforces understanding. 7. **Experiencing**: Gaining insights through real-life application and practice. The pyramid suggests that as you move up these levels, the depth of understanding increases, and retention of information becomes stronger, with experiences and teaching often leading to the best retention.