Earth's Internal Structure and Plate Tectonics PDF

Earth’s Internal Structure and Introduction to Plate Tectonics This diagram of the earth’s internal structure comes from the American Museum of Natural History. Use this link to complete the matching activity below. You must double click on the activity below (it is a “DRAWING”) and then match the...

Earth’s Internal Structure and Introduction to Plate Tectonics This diagram of the earth’s internal structure comes from the American Museum of Natural History. Use this link to complete the matching activity below. You must double click on the activity below (it is a “DRAWING”) and then match the information to the correct layer of the earth by moving the textboxes. When you are finished, click the red star found in the introduction and test yourself. Introduction to Plate Tectonics Watch the BBC video, Earth: A Biography. The first 23 minutes of this segment introduce plate tectonics. In this short segment, the narrator takes you to different places around the world so you can understand the impact of plate tectonics. As you watch the video segment, take notes on the following: What is a “plate?” What do they “carry?” What layer of the earth are plates found? Th Earths surface is broken up in to pieces (plates) they carry the continents and the ocean floor. The plates are located in the mantle. What are convection currents? What layer of the earth are they found? The hot rock from the core rises to the surface pushin the crust apart and the cool rock goes down pushin the crust together.. After it spreads for a while the cool rocks goe back down making it into a cycle. They are found in the mantle. It pushes the crust The narrator first highlights Erta Ale in Ethiopia which is part of the Red Sea Rift, part of the Great Rift Valley. Then he goes to Iceland to explore the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. All these locations are divergent boundaries. What is a divergent boundary? Can you explain why volcanoes are located here? A divergent boundary is a boundary where plates are moving apart. Magma rises up to fill in the gaps creating new Earth’s crust/volcanos. What is Pangaea? Pangea is a super continent which was all the continents where joined together. The narrator travels to several famous mountain ranges. - the Southern Alps in New Zealand, the European Alps, the Andes and the Himalayas. How do convergent boundaries create mountains? When the the heat under the boundary of plates push against eachother What evidence can we monitor today that shows how mountains build we? We can monitor New Zealands mountains bcause millions of years ago the plates there collided and created mountains which sometimes you cann see them grow. The segment ends with an exciting whitewater rafting adventure on the Shotover River in New Zealand and a reference to some other large rivers on the planet - the Amazon River in South America and the Ganges River in India. What is the “power of water” on the planet? Water washes out the Earth and carries it to the sea. The Approximately 23 minutes into this segment, the narrator shifts focus to the importance of volcanoes and the link to life on earth. Feel free to view the rest of this if you want but you are not responsible for this content. Highlighted in yellow above are the locations used to model aspects of plate tectonics. Open Google Maps to find these locations and explore the area to help you understand what happens at the 2 plate boundaries from the video. Be prepared to label these on a map of the world!  Earthquakes in Canada - What is Where? Why there? WHAT? and WHY THERE? Open the link What is an earthquake? The USGS (website source) is an important stakeholder in earthquake research and preparedness. What does the acronym stand for? An earthquake is a violent and abrupt shaking of the ground. What causes earthquakes to happen? (from link above) An earthquake is caused by a sudden slip on a fault. tectonic plates are always slowly moving get stuck at their edges due to friction stress on the edge overcomes the friction, there is an earthquake releases energy in waves travel through the earth's crust causes shaking that we feel WHERE? Investigate the links below that record earthquakes. Global Cities and Earthquakes (Cornell University) USGS - Latest earthquakes What pattern/relationship can you see between plate boundaries and earthquakes? Most Earthquakes are located on plate boundaries. Open the NRCAN link: Simplified seismic hazard map for Canada, the provinces and territories According to the introductory paragraph, what does it mean by “seismic hazard zone? It means certain areas in Canada have a higher seismic activity based on their locations. Certain areas have a higher probability of experiencing damaging ground motions caused by earthquakes Scroll down and study the first map of Canada. This highlights the major seismic (earthquake) hazard zones in Canada. Focus only on the Red and DARK Orange zones on LAND. Your goal is to label the map below with high hazard zones (red and dark orange) on land. The map below can be edited by simply DOUBLE clicking on it to activate the image. When you are in the edit mode, you can choose the CIRCLE in the shape tool and circle the red and dark orange areas together on land. Edit the circle by thickening the line to 8pt and colour it red. Use the test box to create an appropriate title. Open this NRCAN link for All earthquakes of the last 30 days. Does this record of earthquakes match up with your hazards map? Click on the legend to understand the symbols. 1. Where was the most recent earthquake? Magnitude? 2. Where was the closest one to us here in KW? Magnitude? Why there? Open NRCAN’s pdf, GEOFACT - Plate Tectonics which reviews Canada’s west coast seismic activity. Why are there earthquakes in British Columbia and the Yukon? Answer this by listing the 3 different plate boundaries, including the plate names involved numbered in the diagram below. Plate Boundary Type Tectonic plate 1 Tectonic plate 2 1. Divergent Juan de Fuca Pacific 2. Convergent Juan de Fuca North American 3.Transform North American Pacific Earthquakes can also occur in Canada where there are NO plate boundaries. Not all earthquakes in Canada come from plate boundary movement. Read the article, Earthquakes rare but not unexpected in Ontario. The article explains that earthquakes here are because of “ancient geologic stresses.” Summarize the 2 stresses outlined in the article: 1. 2. Here is a video to help with glacial rebound. Locate on Google Map Wapusk National Park to understand where glacial rebound is the greatest in Canada. Do you know where it is now? Go to the park's website and check out the polar bear live cam!! You may have to start it over because it is a recording….not really live!! Introduction to Plate Tectonics Go to:www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth Scroll down and click "Start your Exploration with...." Fill in BOTH charts below. Use the information from the section called “Earth’s Interior” by clicking on the “parts” in the diagram. The diagram below must be labelled by double-clicking on it to activate the drawing to edit. Click on Next Chapter: Plate Tectonics. Follow the instructions given on the screen and then click on "How do we know this?" Read carefully through the information on the page, Plate tectonics to answer the following: What is Pangaea? How long ago did it begin to break up? Pangea is a supercontinent which existed up until 250 million years ago it included all the continents we have now before they broke up. Define plate tectonics theory. (use bullets to list the different characteristics from the text) Earth’s outer layer is broken up into different slabs called plates. Plates hold the continents and oceans Are constantly moving Scroll down and click on "Continents Over Time" click "Begin" and complete the activity. Click on "Plate Boundaries". Tectonic plates carry 2 types of crust. List them below AND UNDERLINE the one that is thicker? 1. Oceanic crust 2. Continental crust The map below is a Google Drawing. To edit the map, double click to activate the drawing. Locate Canada. On the map, locate and circle Canada. Place a star where we live in Kitchener. What tectonic plate carries Canada (and the US/Central America) and the NW Atlantic Ocean? The North American plate. There are 3 plates whose boundaries are on the British Columbia west coast? (hint: the black lines are the boundaries where 2 plates meet) North American Plate Pacific Plate Juan de Fuca Plate Complete the table below about 3 types of plate boundaries. Convergent Boundaries Divergent Boundaries Transform Boundaries Definition When 2 plates are pushing When 2 plates are moving When 2 plates slide by towards eachother. away from eachother. eachother.  Play with the interactive map of plates. You need to use this to answer the next question. At the bottom of the map, click each box to highlight each of the boundary types. Look carefully at Canada’s British Columbia coast in the Pacific Ocean. Find the 3 different plate boundaries on Canada’s BC coast. For each type, list the names of the 2 plates involved with each boundary: Convergent: Juan de Fuca and North American Plates Divergent: Juan de Fuca and Pacific Plates Transform: North American and Pacific Plates Double click on the map below to activate the Google Drawing. Use the tools to label the following: Create 3 text boxes and label each plate name Finish the legend by labelling each coloured line with the correct type of plate boundary Complete the Plates and boundaries challenge beneath the interactive map. You are NOT responsible for all the plate names OR knowing what is happening at each boundary but you should recognize that most names are connected to either the continent or ocean it carries. Read over the introduction for the chapter, Slip, slide and collide. Click on “see what happens at different plate boundaries.” Convergent boundaries (colliding plates) are often the most impressive because of the landforms they create. 1. What happens at a subduction zone? Be sure to mention the types of crust involved. The area where one plate is going under another. At some convergent boundaries, an oceanic plate collides with a continental plate Oceanic crust tends to be denser and thinner than continental crust denser oceanic crust gets bent and pulled under, or subducted 2. What is a trench? A trench is formed when the oceanic crust goes down. It is like a valley. When 2 oceanic crusts collide. 3. How are volcanoes formed at subduction zones? The magma formed at a subduction zone rises up toward the earth's surface builds up in magma chambers, where it feeds and creates volcanoes on the overriding plate 4. How are mountain ranges like the Canadian Rockies formed? Be sure to mention the types of crust involved. two continental plates collide rock making up continental plates is lighter and less dense than oceanic rock too light to get pulled under the earth and turned into magma collision between two continental plates crunches and folds the rock at the boundary, lifting it up and leading to the formation of mountains and mountain ranges. Open this Google Map link to see the “boundary” between the Indian and Eurasian plate. You will have to scroll into the pin. What is this famous mountain range? The Himalayas On the same Google Map, locate the convergence between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates. (hint: in the search bar, locate British Columbia) Make sure to scroll out to see the whole region. Locate evidence of convergent boundaries…mountains? Volcanoes? Click on “Next” at the bottom of the page to advance to the next plate boundary. Divergent boundaries (spreading plates) Watch the animation carefully as it shows how a continent can pull apart at a divergent boundary to form a rift and eventually open into an ocean. 1. Define sea-floor spreading and mid-ocean ridge. Divergent boundaries in the middle of the ocean contribute to seafloor spreading As plates made of oceanic crust pull apart, a crack in the ocean floor appears Magma oozes up from the mantle to fill in the space forming a raised ridge called a mid-ocean ridge. The magma also spreads outward, forming new ocean floor and new oceanic crust  Open this Google Map link that centres on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge...this long ocean ridge that cuts the Atlantic Ocean in half is responsible for breaking apart Pangaea. Can you see how the continents fit together like a jigsaw? Double click on the image below to open the draw tool. Use a line feature to trace the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Make sure to label it using a text box. 2. What is a rift? two continental plates diverge a valleylike rift develops rift is a dropped zone plates are pulling apart crust widens and thins, valleys form in and around the area, as do volcanoes, which may become increasingly active. In Google Maps, search “Mount Kilimanjaro.” Scroll out until you can figure out where you are…this famous dormant volcano is near the Great Rift Valley where the African plate is “rifting.” Explain why volcanoes can occur where the Earth;s crust is diverging? When the crust diverges magma rises and creates volcanos as the plates keep rifting more magma comes up the volcanos creating eruptions. Now search “St Lawrence River” and then “Bay of Fundy.” These 2 bodies of water are ancient rift valleys that are NO LONGER SPREADING APART TODAY. Called “ancient failed rifts,” they began forming 250M years ago when Pangaea began breaking apart. Transform boundaries (sliding past each other) 1. What is a transform boundary? plates are not moving directly toward or directly away from each other plates grind past each other in a horizontal direction The closest transform boundary to Canada is the Queen Charlotte Fault between the Pacific and North American Plates off the BC coast in the Pacific Ocean. Use Google Map to try to find this location in the Pacific Ocean. Another famous transform boundary is the San Andreas Fault. Locate this famous plate boundary. Where is it?  The Cascadia Subduction Zone - Waiting for the "Big One!" Watch the PBS video Will the Cascadia Earthquake be the Worst Disaster North America’s Ever Seen? This video focuses on the US west coast city of Portland, south of Vancouver and what may happen when “The Big One” occurs... the impact on British Columbia will be the same. Take note of the following: What is the Big One referring to? List the characteristics of a “big one.” What is the Cascadia Subduction Zone? What are the plates involved? Can you find it on a map? Urban infrastructure refers to the built environment that we rely on in a city. List all the infrastructure of a city that could be impacted by the “big one.” What are all the ways our lives would be impacted? Tab 1  Tsunamis US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) U.S Tsunami Warning System. **for this link, look at the FAQs to open the necessary question!! 1. What is a tsunami? It is a series of extremely long waves (multiple waves tens-to-hundreds of miles between crests) caused by a large and sudden displacement of the ocean. Tsunamis radiate outward in all directions from the point of origin and can move across entire ocean basins. 2. Is a tsunami one big wave? Explain. It is a series of extremely long waves (multiple waves tens-to-hundreds of miles between crests) caused by a large and sudden displacement of the ocean. 3. If you were on a coastal beach in BC, what would a tsunami look like as it approaches the shore? (what are all the things you might see?) When a tsunami reaches the coast, it may look like a fast-rising flood, or a wall of water (bore). Its appearance may differ at different points along a coast. 4. Why there? A tsunami is caused by a large and sudden displacement of the ocean. What causes the ocean to be “displaced?” Highlight the main cause. i. Earthquakes ii. Landslides iii. Volcanic activity iv. Certain types of weather Check out the NOAA’s site Natural Hazards Viewer. Make sure the green boxes are activated in the menu under “Tsunami Events.”. Locate the tsunamis (Green boxes) on the Pacific and Atlantic coast of Canada.  Click on any green box on the map to open a textbox. Under the Tsunami event it will list the location/s. Open these to identify as many causes as possible. Pacific coast Atlantic coast In general, what are the main causes for the tsunamis? Does this information match what you learned? Return back to NOAA U.S. Tsunami Warning System (link at the top) 5. What is the difference between a local and distant tsunami? **This is important for emergency planning!! Local - source of the tsunami (earthquake, landslide, volcano) is close, tsunami is less than 1 hr away Distant - “far”, tsunami is more than 1hr Open the NOAA site for Estimated Tsunami Travel Times to Coastal Locations and create local and distant tsunamis for the coast of Vancouver Island. What is the difference in time? Where? Check out the PDF for Tsunami Notification Zones for British Columbia. What is the purpose of having so many “zones” on this map? The area is so large that a tsunami would be different depending on where you are located. Why care? Open this BC website for tsunamis. Scroll down to “Risks of Tsunamis.” Read over the 3 main impacts (images). Loss of life, injury, displacement. Where will people go? - shelter (community centres, mosques, stadiums/arenas, schools) - Hotels, homes outside of tsunami hazard zone (family/friends)  Damage to homes, buildings, communities. What “critical services” will be disrupted? - Water supply (contaminated) - Communication - Electrical grid - Transportation infrastructure (bridges, roads, etc) - Emergency services Impacts to the economy. What types of “economic activities” will be disrupted. What is a supply chain? - Retail (food/goods/services) - Agriculture - finance/banking - Trade - shipping What now?: Get Prepared for a tsunami in BC (video) Capital Region Tsunami Information Portal Review the video and link above. Create a brief list of recommended actions: Before the tsunami Creating a backpack (food that won’t expire, MRI, important documents, med kit, flashlights and batteries. Drop Cover Hold on. Listen for warning signs like a loud roar from the ocean Find your designated safe zone During the tsunami Leave the tsunami hazard zone to your safe zone Travel on foot to not block the roads for emergency responders If you already are in your safe zone stay there If you are near the ocean and feel an earthquake that makes it difficult to stand and lasts a long time, move away from the tsunami hazard zone to higher ground or inland immediately. After the tsunami Continue to take the necessary precautions, and stay informed through directions from local authorities. Tune into local radio, tvs and other trusted sources Don’t return to the tsunami zone until it is deemed safe Dont call 911 unless it’s a life-threatening emergency. Keep phone lines clear for emergency personnel. On Google Maps, locate Tofino and Uclulet, BC. Can you see why they are at risk of devastating tsunamis? Both Communities have created maps to share evacuation protocols. Review each community’s protocol. Ucluelet: Earthquake Tsunami Evacuation Guide Tofino: Tsunami Evacuation Map What are the main “areas/places” highlighted on these evacuation maps? (make sure to look at the symbols carefully to interpret the maps) Tsunami hazard zones/inundation area Assembly areas/meeting spots Outside tsunami hazard zones *ZOm What Notification Zone (remember the link above?)do these communities belong to? C Open the link Tsunami forecasting. Use the control “F” feature and search for DART. What does DART stand for? Deep-Ocean Assessment and Repoting of Tsunamis What is the DART system? (include “where”) DART systems detect tsunami threats by measuring changes in water pressure. In the Pacific, Atlantic and Indian oceans. How will DART improve our chance of survival from a tsunami? Once the front of the tsunami reaches a DART sensor, Titov says, it takes another 5–10 minutes for half of the wave to pass by, thereby revealing the height of the tsunami. Warning centres will then combine the DART data with spatial models of coastlines to predict the severity of the flooding more quickly. What now? How Prepared are we for an Earthquake The following websites are published by critical Stakeholders to our public safety. Can you find out who they are? Federal Government Get Prepared (*Once you click the link for “Before” you can scroll through “During” and “After”)) Provincial Government The Great British Columbia Shakeout (FAQ page) Municipal Government Capital Region District - Prepare Yourself (**expand list for Before/During/After an earthquake) California Earthquake Country Alliance (* see the 7 steps) Take time to carefully look through these websites to collect the information below. You will note that most Earthquake Preparedness is divided into 3 parts: Before the earthquake During the earthquake After the earthquake Before the earthquake The Earthquake Alliance site above recommends 4 steps to prepare “your Space” for an earthquake. Complete the chart below with the 4 steps. Step Details 1.Secure your space Secure furniture Use flexible connections where gs lines meet household appliances Move heavy items to the floor or lower shelves. Consider your home - list 3 ways to prepare your home 2. Plan to be safe Consider earthquake insurance for you home Practice drop, cover and hold Identify safe spots in every room Consider your home - list the 3 most important parts of a home emergency plan 3. Organize emergency supplies Water, food and medications Consider your home - What are 3 most important emergency supplies? 4. Minimize financial hardship Save money to buy Earthquake insurance Create a emergency fund Create digital copies of important documents If you were a young adult living in Vancouver and renting an apartment, what do you need to do in order to complete this step? “During the earthquake” *don’t forget the other websites! Record below the 3-step actions (from the 3 links above!!) that are recommended when an earthquake begins. Be sure to identify specific details for each of the 3 “actions.” Find an image of the universal symbol for this 3-step action above from a Canadian website and copy/paste it below. Drop, Cover, Stay On: Drop onto your hands and knees. Cover your head and neck with your arm and hand. Hold on to something until the shaking stops. Improve Safety: Evacuate where you are and seek higher ground. Reconnect And Restore: Reunite with people, repair damages and help rebuild your community. Why should you not run when an earthquake starts. You should not run because there is a higher danger of falling and debris falling on you. What should you do if you are in an elevator during an earthquake? You may not know it's an earthquake right away but fire alarms will likely sound. If you are in an elevator during an earthquake it is safe to leave the elevator as soon as possible and use the stairs. An earthquake can happen any time and without any warning. No one can predict where you might be during an earthquake. Review a variety of different settings and the appropriate actions to take during an earthquake. Complete the table below. Setting While walking or around a downtown In a stadium or In your home. While driving a car location or urban area theatre (outside) Actions Drop, cover and Drop, cover Stop, Brake and Stay at your seat or drop to the ground (to do hold and hold Stay between rows. This and Go to a safe spot Find an open Pull over to the makes you a smaller target for avoid) Avoid running area away side of the road falling or flying Don’t leave from tall to not block the debris and makes it buildings, road less likely that the earthquake will power lines, Stay away from knock you over.  trees, large bridges, Protect your head and neck with your crowds overpasses, and arms, and bend Take cover underpasses over as far as possible to protect from any If hit by a power your vital organs. rushing line stay in the If possible, hold on crowds car by gripping the leg of a chair with one arm, keeping the other over your head and neck. Close your eyes and mouth to protect from dust and debris. Stay in this position until the shaking stops. Do not try to move until you’re sure the shaking has stopped. When the shaking is over, count to 60 then slowly look around to ensure it is safe to move. “After an Earthquake” Even though the earthquake is over and you have survived, having an awareness of your responsibilities is critical to a region’s recovery. Use the sites above to add notes to the graphic organizer below about do’s and don'ts after the earthquake. When to leave your home Communication Safety/security If you suspect the your Avoid calls - only for Wait for aftershocks home is unsafe you should emergency to not Do not light matches (gas leave and take an overwhelm the system leaks) emergency kit. Listen to radio for Check for hazards Such as announcements fires fires HELP sign if need gas leaks (leaking gas gas leaks (leaking gas assistance will smell) will smell) damaged electrical damaged electrical wiring wiring broken appliances broken appliances downed power lines downed power lines toxic spills toxic spills damaged chimneys damaged chimneys damaged walls, floors, damaged walls, floors, and ceilings and ceilings Beware of hazards after (tsunami - landslides) Wear sturdy shoes/protective clothing Check your neighours  If your home is secure stay home WHAT NOW? 1. What is the purpose of the Great BC Shake Out? Scan through the home page to summarize the answer. The purpose is to practice drills of when an Earthquake happens for different situations. 2. As a class, we will watch the PBS video Here's EXACTLY What to Do When the Next Megaquake Hits: Cascadia Subduction Zone. (link in post) a. What is meant by situational awareness? Location Building safety Immediate surroundings (falling objects) High hazard zone vs low/no b. How would you respond to an earthquake in this school after having watched this video? Why? Low hazard zone Not in n earthquake proof building 1. Drop, cover, hold 2. Wait for aftershocks 3. Wait for further instructions 3. Earthquake Sensors Scan this CBC news article about new technology for earthquake preparedness. a. What is the sensor and alert system? Warns of Earthquake -35 secs warning All over Vancouver Island Ocean floor b. Scan the article to list the ways this alert system will help reduce vulnerability to the region during an earthquake. Those 35 seconds could give firehalls a chance to open their doors so that they could get out of the building before it is damaged. It could also give elevator operators time to send elevators to the ground floor time for trains to slow down and avoid a possible derailment. Especially helpful for densely populated areas. Time to get into a safe place (drop, cover, hold on)  Canada and the Cascade Volcanic Arc Use the links for each question to learn about the Cascade Volcanic Arc. 1. What is a volcano? A volcano is an opening in the earth’s crust through which lava, volcanic ash, and gases escape. 2. Cascade Volcanic Arc a. Where are the Cascade volcanoes? The Cascade Volcanoes are a number of volcanoes extending from southwestern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California, a distance of well over 700 miles (1,100 km). b. Why there? What is the cause of this volcanic arc? The arc has formed due to subduction along the Cascadia subduction zone. c. Which Canadian volcano in the arc had the most recent catastrophic eruption? Click on the name of the volcano to find out how long ago this was. Canada's most recent major eruption was about 2,350 years ago at Mount Meager. 3. Pacific Ring of Fire a. What is the Pacific Ring of Fire? The Pacific Ring of Fire is an arc around the Pacific Ocean where many volcanoes and earthquakes are formed. b. What are the characteristics of the Pacific Ring of Fire? (what is found there?) About three quarters of the world's dormant volcanos and active volcanoes 40,000km long 452 volcanoes About 90% of the world's earthquakes 15% of the world's largest earthquakes  c. Why there? What is the cause of the Pacific Ring of Fire? The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics and the movement and collisions of crustal plates. On the Google Drawing below, open it up to edit by double clicking on the map. Outline the Ring of Fire on the map. You can use the information from the website in question #3. 4. How can we tell when a volcano will erupt? From the first paragraph, list the first 4 signs of unrest that indicate a volcano may erupt. (before the eruption) earthquakes Ground deformation Gas emissons Heat anomalies 5. What are the Hazards from volcanoes? When Mount St. Helens (Washington State, USA) erupted in 1980, the most damage was done by the 4 HAZARDS BELOW. IF BC WERE CLOSE TO THIS TYPE OF VOLCANO, these hazards would be devastating …but we  are NOT that close. Define each hazard below. You must click on the name of the hazard to open the definition/picture. i. Pyroclastic Flow Pyroclastic flows are hot avalanches of rock, ash, and gas that travel down volcano slopes at high speeds. ii. Landslide Landslides and other collapses of large parts of a volcano may occur with or without accompanying eruptions, and may transform into lahars if significant water is available. iii. Lahar Lahars are hot or cold mixtures of water and volcanic debris that form when volcanic materials interact with water, ice, snow, or loose wet sediments. iv. Tephra (volcanic ash) Tephra consists of rock fragments ejected from a volcano. Locate Mount St. Helens on Google Map to understand the extent of the impact of these hazards. Can you locate other volcanoes in the Cascadia Volcanic Arc? The Cascadia volcano that is the greatest threat to Canadians is Mount Baker. Locate Mount Baker on Google Map…how “close” is it to Canada? Where do people live in this area close to the border? What other activities happen here? 6. The 2 hazards of concern to British Columbia include volcanic ash (tephra) and lahars. Use the following sources to record the impacts of each to the southern border area of BC., Mount Baker How Mount Baker's volcanic eruption would impact Metro Vancouver and Fraser Valley. Scan through the images and the captions to learn about the volcano.  Volcanic ash (tephra) Lahars Infrastructure - damages Flooding Communication towers, roads/bridges are damaged Powergrids, water supply inaccessible contamination farms/crops damaged or lost Flooded buildings Transportation Within hours of a volcanic event, Driving - slippery roads, reduces lahars and flooding could occur in the visibility Fraser Valley and parts of eastern Airtravel - delays/cancellation Metro Vancouver. flights Within hours of a volcanic event, Ash gets into engines/stalls engine lahars and flooding could occur in the Health - respiratory concerns Fraser Valley and parts of eastern Buildings - ash becomeds heavy Metro Vancouver. like concrete and can collapse structures and damages airfilters and brings it into the building Farming - reduce soil fertility Damage crops