Earth’s Internal Structure PDF

Earth’s Internal Structure and Introduction to Plate Tectonics This diagram of the earth’s internal structure comes from the American Museum of Natural History. Use this link to complete the matching activity below. You must double click on the activity below (it is a “DRAWING”) and then match the...

Earth’s Internal Structure and Introduction to Plate Tectonics This diagram of the earth’s internal structure comes from the American Museum of Natural History. Use this link to complete the matching activity below. You must double click on the activity below (it is a “DRAWING”) and then match the information to the correct layer of the earth by moving the textboxes. When you are finished, click the red star found in the introduction and test yourself. Introduction to Plate Tectonics Watch the BBC video, Earth: A Biography. The first 23 minutes of this segment introduce plate tectonics. In this short segment, the narrator takes you to different places around the world so you can understand the impact of plate tectonics. As you watch the video segment, take notes on the following: What is a “plate?” What do they “carry?” What layer of the earth are plates found? Big masses/pieces of the earth that carry continents, and the ocean floor. Plates are found on the crust. What are convection currents? What layer of the earth are they found? Convection currents is the process when the hot rock from the core rises to the earth’s surface (crust). This causes the crust to split apart. After a while, the rock begins to cool down, which sinks back down. This repeats, like a cycle. Convection currents are found on the mantle. The narrator first highlights Erta Ale in Ethiopia which is part of the Red Sea Rift, part of the Great Rift Valley. Then he goes to Iceland to explore the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. All these locations are divergent boundaries. What is a divergent boundary? Can you explain why volcanoes are located here? A divergent boundary essentially means plates moving apart from each other. Magma rises from the mantle into the crust (More specifically between the rift the divergent boundaries form), forming volcanoes. What is Pangaea? Pangaea is the supercontinent that contained all land masses (continents) approximately 250 million years ago. Think of it as just one big piece of land. The narrator travels to several famous mountain ranges. - the Southern Alps in New Zealand, the European Alps, the Andes and the Himalayas. How do convergent boundaries create mountains? 2 continental plates collide/come together forming “spikes”, or essentially mountains (rocks pushing up). What evidence can we monitor today that shows how mountains build? →Monitor earthquakes The segment ends with an exciting whitewater rafting adventure on the Shotover River in New Zealand and a reference to some other large rivers on the planet - the Amazon River in South America and the Ganges River in India. What is the “power of water” on the planet? Approximately 23 minutes into this segment, the narrator shifts focus to the importance of volcanoes and the link to life on earth. Feel free to view the rest of this if you want but you are not responsible for this content. Highlighted in yellow above are the locations used to model aspects of plate tectonics. Open Google Maps to find these locations and explore the area to help you understand what happens at the 2 plate boundaries from the video. Be prepared to label these on a map of the world!.Earthquakes in Canada - What is Where? Why there? WHAT? and WHY THERE? Open the link What is an earthquake? The USGS (website source) is an important stakeholder in earthquake research and preparedness. What does the acronym stand for? An earthquake is a violent and abrupt shaking of the ground. What causes earthquakes to happen? (from link above) An earthquake is the result of sudden movement along faults within the Earth. The tectonic plates are always slowly moving but get stuck at their edges due to friction. When the stress on the edge overcomes the friction, an earthquake releases energy in waves that travel through the earth’s crust and cause the shaking we feel. WHERE? Investigate the links below that record earthquakes. Global Cities and Earthquakes (Cornell University) USGS - Latest earthquakes What pattern/relationship can you see between plate boundaries and earthquakes? Most earthquakes are located on the plate boundaries. Open the NRCAN link: Simplified seismic hazard map for Canada, the provinces and territories According to the introductory paragraph, what does it mean by “seismic hazard zone? “Seismic Hazard Zones” refer to the specific areas which have a higher probability of experiencing damaging ground motions caused by earthquakes. Scroll down and study the first map of Canada. This highlights the major seismic (earthquake) hazard zones in Canada. Focus only on the Red and DARK Orange zones on LAND. Your goal is to label the map below with high hazard zones (red and dark orange) on land. The map below can be edited by simply DOUBLE clicking on it to activate the image. When you are in the edit mode, you can choose the CIRCLE in the shape tool and circle the red and dark orange areas together on land. Edit the circle by thickening the line to 8pt and color it red. Use the test box to create an appropriate title. Open this NRCAN link for All earthquakes of the last 30 days. Does this record of earthquakes match up with your hazards map? Click on the legend to understand the symbols. 1. Where was the most recent earthquake? 141 km west of Burwash Landing, Yukon Territories Magnitude? 4.5 2. Where was the closest one to us here in KW? Magnitude? Why there? Open NRCAN’s pdf, GEOFACT - Plate Tectonics which reviews Canada’s west coast seismic activity. Why are there earthquakes in British Columbia and the Yukon? Answer this by listing the 3 different plate boundaries, including the plate names involved numbered in the diagram below. Plate Boundary Type Tectonic plate 1 Tectonic plate 2 1.Convergent Juan De Fuca North American 2. Divergent Juan De Fuca Pacific 3. Transform Pacific North American Earthquakes can also occur in Canada where there are NO plate boundaries. Not all earthquakes in Canada come from plate boundary movement. Read the article, Earthquakes rare but not unexpected in Ontario. The article explains that earthquakes here are because of “ancient geologic stresses.” Summarize the 2 stresses outlined in the article: 1. Glacial Rebound (When ice sheet pushes into the earth and when it disappears, the crust slowly goes back to its original shape) 2. Ancient Failed Rift (When plates rift apart and continue to rift apart but the cracks which formed stop) Here is a video to help with glacial rebound. Locate on Google Map Wapusk National Park to understand where glacial rebound is the greatest in Canada. Do you know where it is now?  Go to the park's website and check out the polar bear live cam!! You may have to start it over because it is a recording….not really live!! Introduction to Plate Tectonics Go to:www.learner.org/interactives/dynamicearth Scroll down and click "Start your Exploration with...." Fill in BOTH charts below. Use the information from the “Earth’s Interior” section by clicking on the “parts” in the diagram. The diagram below must be labelled by double-clicking to activate the drawing to edit. Click on Next Chapter: Plate Tectonics. Follow the instructions given on the screen and then click on "How do we know this?" Read carefully through the information on the page, Plate tectonics to answer the following: What is Pangaea? How long ago did it begin to break up? Pangaea is the supercontinent that contained all land masses (continents) approximately 250 million years ago. Think of it as just one big piece of land. It began to break up around 200 million years ago. Define plate tectonics theory. (use bullets to list the different characteristics from the text) Widely accepted since the 1960s That the earth's outer layer, is broken into several large slabs called plates Plates, hold the continents and oceans Plates slowly constantly move around the planet  Supports our understanding that continents are not fixed and moved over time Explains how and why earthquakes, volcanoes, and other geologic events occur Scroll down and click on "Continents Over Time" click "Begin" and complete the activity. Click on "Plate Boundaries". Tectonic plates carry 2 types of crust. List them below AND UNDERLINE the one that is thicker? 1. Continental Crust 2. Oceanic Crust The map below is a Google Drawing. To edit the map, double click to activate the drawing. Locate Canada. On the map, locate and circle Canada. Place a star where we live in Kitchener. What tectonic plate carries Canada (and the US/Central America) and the NW Atlantic Ocean? The North American Plate There are 3 plates whose boundaries are on the British Columbia west coast? (hint: the black lines are the boundaries where 2 plates meet)  Pacific Plate Juan De Fuca Plate North American Plate Complete the table below about 3 types of plate boundaries. Convergent Boundaries Divergent Boundaries Transform Boundaries A convergent boundary Two tectonic plates that When two tectonic plates is an area on Earth are moving away from slide against each other where two or more plates each other. Definition push toward each other. Play with the interactive map of plates. You need to use this to answer the next question. At the bottom of the map, click each box to highlight each of the boundary types. Look carefully at Canada’s British Columbia coast in the Pacific Ocean. Find the 3 different plate boundaries on Canada’s BC coast. For each type, list the names of the 2 plates involved with each boundary: Convergent: Juan and North American Plates Divergent: Juan and Pacific Plates Transform: Pacific and North American Plates Double click on the map below to activate the Google Drawing. Use the tools to label the following: Create 3 text boxes and label each plate name Finish the legend by labelling each coloured line with the correct type of plate boundary  Complete the Plates and boundaries challenge beneath the interactive map. You are NOT responsible for all the plate names OR knowing what is happening at each boundary but you should recognize that most names are connected to either the continent or ocean it carries. Read over the introduction for the chapter, Slip, slide and collide. Click on “see what happens at different plate boundaries.” Convergent boundaries (colliding plates) are often the most impressive because of the landforms they create. 1. What happens at a subduction zone? Be sure to mention the types of crust involved. The area where one plate is pulled under the edge of another →An oceanic plate collides with a continental plate →Oceanic crust tends to be denser and thinner than continental crust →The denser oceanic crust gets bent and pulled under, or subducted, beneath the lighter and thicker continental crust 2. What is a trench? Long, narrow excavations on the seafloor. A steep-sided depression in the ocean floor. As oceanic crust sinks (subducts another), a massive excavation is created 3. How are volcanoes formed at subduction zones? →The magma formed at a subduction zone rises up toward the earth's surface →Builds up in magma chambers →Creates volcanoes on the overriding plate →The volcano erupts when magma finds its way to the surface through an opening →An example is a band of active volcanoes that encircle the Pacific Ocean, often referred to as the Ring of Fire. 4. How are mountain ranges like the Canadian Rockies formed? Be sure to mention the types of crust involved. →When two continental plates collide - Fold the rock at the boundary lifting it up and creating mountain ranges Open this Google Map link to see the “boundary” between the Indian and Eurasian plate. You will have to scroll into the pin. What is this famous mountain range? It’s home to the tallest mountain on earth; Mount Everest. On the same Google Map, locate the convergence between the Juan de Fuca and North American plates. (hint: in the search bar, locate British Columbia) Make sure to scroll out to see the whole region. Locate evidence of convergent boundaries…mountains? Volcanoes? Click on “Next” at the bottom of the page to advance to the next plate boundary. Divergent boundaries (spreading plates) Watch the animation carefully as it shows how a continent can pull apart at a divergent boundary to form a rift and eventually open into an ocean. 1. Define sea-floor spreading and mid-ocean ridge. →Seafloor-spreading - as plates made of ocean crust pull apart a crack in the ocean floor is created and magma oozes up from the mantle to fill in the space between the plates →Mid-Ocean-Ridge - A raised ridge above the zone where ocean plates are spreading →Divergent boundaries in the middle of the ocean contribute to seafloor spreading Open this Google Map link that centres on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge...this long ocean ridge that cuts the Atlantic Ocean in half is responsible for breaking apart Pangaea. Can you see how the continents fit together like a jigsaw? Double click on the image below to open the draw tool. Use a line feature to trace the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Make sure to label it using a text box.  2. What is a rift? This rift is a dropped zone where the plates are pulling apart. A rift is always caused by divergent plates. In Google Maps, search “Mount Kilimanjaro.” Scroll out until you can figure out where you are…this famous dormant volcano is near the Great Rift Valley where the African plate is “rifting.” Explain why volcanoes can occur where the Earth;s crust is diverging? The Earth's crust is pulled apart to create a new pathway for rising hot magma to flow on to the surface. Now search “St Lawrence River” and then “Bay of Fundy.” These 2 bodies of water are ancient rift valleys that are NO LONGER SPREADING APART TODAY. Called “ancient failed rifts,” they began forming 250M years ago when Pangaea began breaking apart. Transform boundaries (sliding past each other) 1. What is a transform boundary? Two tectonic plates grinding adjacent to each other. The closest transform boundary to Canada is the Queen Charlotte Fault between the Pacific and North American Plates off the BC coast in the Pacific Ocean. Use Google Map to try to find this location in the Pacific Ocean. Another famous transform boundary is the San Andreas Fault. Locate this famous plate boundary. Where is it? (In California, USA) Plate Tectonics - Resources As a supplement to our note, Introduction to Plate Tectonics, use the resources in the chart to help understand the basic features of plate tectonics. Answer the questions for each resource. Resource Content NG Alien Deep (video 5:47) How does this video clip help you understand divergent boundaries? →Divergent boundaries push up large amounts of land, causing 2 land masses to rift/break apart →Magma which rises between the cracks of the plates hardens/cools from the cold ocean water →Cool thing to think about - Whenever two plates are rifting apart (divergent), two plates will also begin to come together (convergent) BBC Geography - Plate How do convection currents in the mantle work? Tectonics (video 4:12) →Convection Currents - Magma rises to the top, which causes the earth to split apart. When plates split apart, some Convection Currents (video 1:13) collide, causing one of them to sometimes go underneath the earth. When some of that rock is melted due to the intense heat, carbon dioxide is released and once enough pressure is built, volcanoes form and erupt. This cycle repeats as not all of the magma stays on the surface; some comes back down, and once reheated, comes back up. →Inner core can have temperatures of up to 5500 degrees C →Oceanic plates are found are oceans, and continental plates are found beneath large land masses, most often continents  Can you use this video to help you draw your own diagrams of the different plate boundaries? The Ocean Floor Revealed Examine the mid-ocean ridges that are diverging, deep trenches (video 1:51) and Iceland’’s hotspot on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Breakup of Pangaea (video 0:15) What continent was Atlantic Canada connected to during Pangaea? Africa Watch how India separated from Pangaea and eventually collided Animation: Continents Collide with Asia to form the Himalayas. and break apart over time (video 55 sec) Watch how Pangaea splits up and how North America evolves. NG Plate Boundaries Review the 3 plate boundaries. What information did you gain that helps to clarify your understanding of either what is happening at each boundary or what features they create on the earth’s crust? Convergent - Can either form mountain ranges or have one plate go underneath. Subduction is the process of one plate diving underneath another when converging, and can sometimes cause bottomless trenches. Divergent - Forms a mountain chain. This is because when the two plates rift apart, magma rises and turns into solid rock; forming a mountain chain once cools. Transform - When two plates grind against each other. This often results in earthquakes. Plate boundaries and volcanic How do volcanoes form at both divergent and convergent activity boundaries? You are not responsible for hot spots. Divergent Boundaries split, causing magma to rise and create volcanoes.  When plates collide (convergent boundaries), one often goes underneath the other. When some of the rock on is melted due to the intense heat, carbon dioxide is released and once enough pressure is built, volcanoes form and erupt. NG Folding Mountains (video How does this video help to understand the formation of 1:36) mountains at convergent boundaries? When 2 plates collide, they start rising, forming mountains. NG Fold mountains Read over the first 6 paragraphs ONLY. How does the term “fold” help to understand what happens to the continental crust at Wildhauser Schafberg convergent boundaries? Mountain, Switzerland (Alps) Fold mountains are formed over millions of years when colliding tectonic plates cause the Earth's crust to warp and fold, a process known as orogeny, akin to creating wrinkles in a tablecloth. Typically found at convergent plate boundaries, these mountains are primarily made of weaker sedimentary and metamorphic rocks, which are more prone to folding due to compression forces. Can you trace the fold in the mountain image? Yes NG Ocean Trenches (video What plate boundary are ocean trenches connected to? 1:29) Divergent Boundaries What is the deepest ocean trench? What ocean? Mariana’s Trench (10.9km deep) - Pacific Ocean NG Active Rifts Locate these 3 divergent boundaries in Google Maps (see location labelled for each diagram). How are the crustal features different when comparing rifts on continents and ocean floors? The oceanic crust is way more thinner.  The Cascadia Subduction Zone - Waiting for the "Big One!" Watch the PBS video Will the Cascadia Earthquake be the Worst Disaster North America’s Ever Seen? This video focuses on the US west coast city of Portland, south of Vancouver and what may happen when “The Big One” occurs... the impact on British Columbia will be the same. Take note of the following: What is the Big One referring to? List the characteristics of a “big one.” The big one refers to the earthquake that will occur when the Juan the Fuca plate hits the North American Plate. →Magnitude 8 or above What is the Cascadia Subduction Zone? What are the plates involved? Can you find it on a map? The Cascadia Subduction Zone is where the Juan De Fuca plate is in the process of subducting underneath the North American Plate. Urban infrastructure refers to the built environment that we rely on in a city. List all the infrastructure of a city that could be impacted by the “big one.” What are all the ways our lives would be impacted? →Bridges →Strenghting the connection from the wall to the floor, and just in general throughout the house →Attempt to secure all appliances in the house properly so they don’t fall Many lives would not only be lost, but the people who survived would probably have their homes destroyed, having nowhere to go.  Tsunamis US National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) U.S Tsunami Warning System. **for this link, look at the FAQs to open the necessary question!! 1. What is a tsunami? One of the most powerful and destructive natural forces. Series of extremely long waves (multiple waves tens-to-hundreds of miles between crests) Caused by a large and sudden displacement of the ocean. 2. Is a tsunami one big wave? Explain. No. It is a series of extremely long waves (multiple waves tens-to-hundreds of miles between crests) caused by a large and sudden displacement of the ocean. 3. If you were on a coastal beach in BC, what would a tsunami look like as it approaches the shore? (what are all the things you might see?) →A plethora of humongous waves →Waves moving very fast towards you (wall of water) →Water ret-racting much further than usual, potentially uncovering the ocean floor and some sea animals →Loud roaring sound similar to a train 4. Why there? A tsunami is caused by a large and sudden displacement of the ocean. What causes the ocean to be “displaced?” Highlight the main cause. i. Large earthquakes (Most common cause) ii. Landslides iii. Volcanic activity  iv. Certain types of weather v. Near-earth objects (e.g., asteroids, comets) Check out the NOAA’s site Natural Hazards Viewer. Make sure the green boxes are activated in the menu under “Tsunami Events.”. Locate the tsunamis (Green boxes) on the Pacific and Atlantic coast of Canada. Click on any green box on the map to open a textbox. Under the Tsunami event it will list the location/s. Open these to identify as many causes as possible. Pacific coast Atlantic coast Earthquakes Earthquakes Landslides Landslides In general, what are the main causes for the tsunamis? Does this information match what you learned? Return back to NOAA U.S. Tsunami Warning System (link at the top) 5. What is the difference between a local and distant tsunami? **This is important for emergency planning!! A local tsunami is when the source of the tsunami is close to the coast and will arrive in less than an hour while a distant tsunami is when the source of the tsunami is far away from the coast meaning there is more time (more than an hour) to issue and respond to a warning. Open the NOAA site for Estimated Tsunami Travel Times to Coastal Locations and create local and distant tsunamis for the coast of Vancouver Island. What is the difference in time? There Is a vast difference in time, which distant tsunamis taking often 1+ hours, while local tsunamis take less than an hour to reach inland. Where? Check out the PDF for Tsunami Notification Zones for British Columbia. What is the purpose of having so many “zones” on this map? The area is so large that a tsunami would be different depending on where you’re located. Why care? Open this BC website for tsunamis. Scroll down to “Risks of Tsunamis.” Read over the 3 main impacts (images). Loss of life, injury, displacement. Where will people go? →Shelters (community centres, churches, stadiums/arenas, schools) →Hotels, and homes outside of the tsunami hazard zone (family/friends) Damage to homes, buildings, communities. What “critical services” will be disrupted? →Water supply will be contaminated →Electrical Grid →Communication →Transportation Infrastructure →Emergency Services Impacts to the economy. What types of “economic activities” will be disrupted. What is a supply chain? →Retail (food/goods/services) →Agriculture →Financial and banking →Manufacturing →Trade What now?: Get Prepared for a tsunami in BC (video) Capital Region Tsunami Information Portal Review the video and link above. Create a brief list of recommended actions: Before the tsunami Food that can last for long periods of time Medical kits All forms of identity secured (passport, licence) Batteries, radios You need to know where your safe zone is (practice evacuation routes) During the tsunami During the earthquake, stop, drop, and hold yourself to the ground Once the earthquake is finished, go to high ground (out of the hazard zone) as multiple tsunamis may occur After the tsunami Stay tuned to your local radio, TV, and trusted social media sources for further instructions. DO NOT return to the tsunami hazard zone until government officials declare it safe. Tsunami waves may continue for many hours. DO NOT call 911 unless it’s a life-threatening emergency. Keep phone lines clear for emergency personnel. On Google Maps, locate Tofino and Uclulet, BC. Can you see why they are at risk of devastating tsunamis? Both Communities have created maps to share evacuation protocols. Review each community’s protocol. Ucluelet: Earthquake Tsunami Evacuation Guide Tofino: Tsunami Evacuation Map What are the main “areas/places” highlighted on these evacuation maps? (make sure to look at the symbols carefully to interpret the maps) Tsunami hazard zone/inundation area Assembly areas/meeting spots Attempt to stay outside of tsunami hazard zones What Notification Zone (remember the link above?)do these communities belong to? C Open the link Tsunami forecasting. Use the control “F” feature and search for DART. What does DART stand for? Deep-Ocean Assessment and Reporting of Tsunamis. What is the DART system? (include “where”) Buoys were stationed around the Pacific and Atlantic, and also positioned sites in the Pacific and Indian oceans (as well as near earthquake zones). Within half an hour, you can get a very high-quality forecast showing which areas are going to be inundated. These symptoms can help detect tsunami wave heights. The buoys measure how high the waves go, giving us a pretty accurate prediction of how high the tsunami will be. How will DART improve our chance of survival from a tsunami? →Predicts what region of land will be affected by the tsunami through the data the buoys attain which is then processed by a powerful computer →This will allow the people in danger to know where to go immediately (elevation zones/zones which won’t be affected) What now? How Prepared are we for an Earthquake The following websites are published by critical Stakeholders to our public safety. Can you find out who they are? Federal Government Get Prepared (*Once you click the link for “Before” you can scroll through “During” and “After”)) Provincial Government The Great British Columbia Shakeout (FAQ page) Municipal Government Capital Region District - Prepare Yourself (**expand list for Before/During/After an earthquake) California Earthquake Country Alliance (* see the 7 steps) Take time to carefully look through these websites to collect the information below. You will note that most Earthquake Preparedness is divided into 3 parts: Before the earthquake During the earthquake After the earthquake Before the earthquake The Earthquake Alliance site above recommends 4 steps to prepare “your Space” for an earthquake. Complete the chart below with the 4 steps. Step Details 1. Secure your stuff: Make sure heavy things like bookshelves or TVs are Consider your home - list 3 ways to prepare your home attached to the walls so Bolt down furniture like shelves and mirrors,anything they don’t fall during an that can break and injure someone earthquake. Move breakable items, like glass, to lower shelves. Install latches on cabinets so they don’t fly open. 2. Plan to be safe: Create an Know how to get out of the house safely. emergency plan and figure out Have a plan to communicate with your family. how you’re going to contact Choose a meeting spot after an earthquake. people if something happens. Consider your home - list the 3 most important parts of a home emergency plan 3. Get emergency supplies: Water and canned food for at least 3 days. Keep things like water, food, and First aid kit. a first aid kit somewhere easy to Flashlight with extra batteries. find. Consider your home - What are 3 most important emergency supplies? 4. Organize important documents,  look into insurance, and fix your home to make it stronger. “During the earthquake” *don’t forget the other websites! Record below the 3-step actions (from the 3 links above!!) that are recommended when an earthquake begins. Be sure to identify specific details for each of the 3 “actions.” Find an image of the universal symbol for this 3-step action above from a Canadian website and copy/paste it below. Why should you not run when an earthquake starts. You shouldn’t run when an earthquake starts because the shaking can make it hard to stay on your feet, and running increases your chances of falling or getting injured by flying objects. Also, many injuries during earthquakes happen because of falling debris or broken glass. If you're outside, running might put you in the path of falling trees, power lines, or buildings. Instead, drop, cover, and hold on. If you’re indoors, get under a sturdy piece of furniture and hold on until the shaking stops. If you’re outside, move away from buildings and power lines, and stay in the open. What should you do if you are in an elevator during an earthquake? You may not know it's an earthquake right away but fire alarms will likely sound. If you're in an elevator during an earthquake, press the buttons for all floors to try to stop at the nearest one and get out if it's safe. If you're stuck between floors, stay inside the elevator because it's safer than trying to escape. Once the shaking stops, listen for emergency instructions or alarms, and wait for help if needed. An earthquake can happen any time and without any warning. No one can predict where you might be during an earthquake. Review a variety of different settings and the appropriate actions to take during an earthquake. Complete the table below. Setting While walking or around a downtown In your home. While driving a car Cottage location or urban area (outside) Actions Stay inside, and Get into open Stay inside your (to do dont go outside. fields avoid power car and Find a safe spot lines, trees,large Pull over on the avoid) Drop-cover-Hold crowds, tall side of your road on buildings  D-C-HO Put the car in park Stay Away from overpasses, buildings, If you get hit by power lines wait for professionals Wait for any further instructions “After an Earthquake” Even though the earthquake is over and you have survived, having an awareness of your responsibilities is critical to a region’s recovery. Use the sites above to add notes to the graphic organizer below about do’s and don'ts after the earthquake. When to leave your home Communication Safety/security Aftershocks Avoid calls-only for Aftershocks Home is unsafe(Structural emergency Do not light matches(Gas Damage) Listen to the radio Leaks) LEaking Gas Help sign if needed Check for hazards If told to evacuate by assistance Beware of hazards after authorities.. (tsunami,landslides) Protective Clothing( When touch glass and other things) Check your neighbors STAY THERE WHAT NOW? 1. What is the purpose of the Great BC Shake Out? Scan through the home page to summarize the answer. 2. As a class, we will watch the PBS video Here's EXACTLY What to Do When the Next Megaquake Hits: Cascadia Subduction Zone. (link in post) a. What is meant by situational awareness? Situational awareness means being aware of your surroundings and understanding potential hazards. This includes knowing your location, assessing the safety of the building, and paying attention to what's happening around you, like watching for falling objects. It also involves recognizing whether you're in a high-hazard zone or a low/no-hazard zone, which affects how you respond to an earthquake. b. How would you respond to an earthquake in this school after having watched this video? Why? "In a low-hazard zone where the school building is not earthquake-proof, the response should be to immediately Drop, Cover, and Hold On during the shaking. After the shaking stops, wait for aftershocks and follow any further instructions from authorities." 3. Earthquake Sensors Scan this CBC news article about new technology for earthquake preparedness. a. What is the sensor and alert system? A sensor and alert system that lets people in Vancouver know about an upcoming earthquake on the Cascadia Subduction Zone, giving them a 35-second warning before it actually hits. This important heads-up helps everyone prepare for the earthquake. b. Scan the article to list the ways this alert system will help reduce vulnerability to the region during an earthquake. Trains can slow down so they dont derail Elevator can get send to ground floor Give firehalls time to open doors Time to get into safe place ( D-C-HO)  Canada and the Cascade Volcanic Arc Use the links for each question to learn about the Cascade Volcanic Arc. 1. What is a volcano? A volcano is an opening in Earth's crust where lava, ash, and gases escape, driven by dissolved gas pressure, similar to how champagne corks out. 2. Cascade Volcanic Arc a. Where are the Cascade volcanoes? Several volcanoes (Cascade volcanoes) in a volcanic arc in western North America, extending from southwestern British Columbia through Washington and Oregon to Northern California. b. Why there? What is the cause of this volcanic arc? The arc has formed due to subduction along the Cascadia subduction zone. c. Which Canadian volcano in the arc had the most recent catastrophic eruption? Click on the name of the volcano to find out how long ago this was. Mount Meager volcano was the most recent catastrophic eruption. It occurred about 2350 years ago. 3. Pacific Ring of Fire a. What is the Pacific Ring of Fire? The Pacific Ring of Fire is an arc around the Pacific Ocean where many volcanoes and earthquakes are formed.  b. What are the characteristics of the Pacific Ring of Fire? (what is found there?) Dormant volcanos and active volcanos are here (452 volcanoes) 40,000km long About 90% of the world's earthquakes and 15% of the world's largest earthquakes occur along the Ring of Fire. Three-quarters of the world’s volcanoes c. Why there? What is the cause of the Pacific Ring of Fire? The Ring of Fire is a direct result of plate tectonics: the movement and collisions of the solid shell of the Earth’s plates. On the Google Drawing below, open it up to edit by double clicking on the map. Outline the Ring of Fire on the map. You can use the information from the website in question #3. 4. How can we tell when a volcano will erupt? From the first paragraph, list the first 4 signs of unrest that indicate a volcano may erupt. (before the eruption) Earthquakes Ground Deformation Gas emissions Heat anomalies  5. What are the Hazards from volcanoes? When Mount St. Helens (Washington State, USA) erupted in 1980, the most damage was done by the 4 HAZARDS BELOW. IF BC WERE CLOSE TO THIS TYPE OF VOLCANO, these hazards would be devastating …but we are NOT that close. Define each hazard below. You must click on the name of the hazard to open the definition/picture. i. Pyroclastic Flow Pyroclastic flows are hot avalanches of rock, ash, and gas that travel down volcano slopes at high speeds. They may be very dangerous close to a volcano. ii. Landslide Landslides, which can occur with or without eruptions, can transform into a swift river of volcanic ash if significant water is available, and pose a hazard even when a volcano is dormant. iii. Lahar Lahars are hot or cold water and volcanic debris mixtures that form when volcanic materials interact with water, ice, or snow. iv. Tephra (volcanic ash) →Consists of rock fragments ejected/launched from a volcano Locate Mount St. Helens on Google Map to understand the extent of the impact of these hazards. Can you locate other volcanoes in the Cascadia Volcanic Arc? →Mount Rainier →Mount Adams →Mount Hood The Cascadia volcano that is the greatest threat to Canadians is Mount Baker. Locate Mount Baker on Google Map…how “close” is it to Canada? Where do people live in this area close to the border? What other activities happen here? The only two places I suspect would be largely impacted is Vancouver and Abbotsford. Those are the two areas which are largely populated by humans (800k altogether). One main recreational area I observe is provincial parks, which would definitely be destroyed. 6. The 2 hazards of concern to British Columbia include volcanic ash (tephra) and lahars. Use the following sources to record the impacts of each to the southern border area of BC.,  Mount Baker How Mount Baker's volcanic eruption would impact Metro Vancouver and Fraser Valley. Scan through the images and the captions to learn about the volcano. Volcanic ash (tephra) Lahars Damage to machines which contain air Causes floods filter systems (AC, Heat…) Destroying bridges and roads Power outages, and Trap people in areas vulnerable to Telephone service will be destroyed other hazardous volcanic activity Driving becomes hard (slippery ash) Farms/crops damaged or lost Medical services may see increased Flooded buildings respiratory and eye symptoms Flights will be cancelled/delayed Water supply contamination Crops being damaged Structures collapsing