Earth Science Handouts for FINALS - Energy Resources - PDF

Earth Science Handouts or form of an organism's body parts. for 4. Carbon Film - Also known as...

Earth Science Handouts or form of an organism's body parts. for 4. Carbon Film - Also known as a FINALS carbonaceous film, is the outline of an organism that has been preserved as a ENERGY RESOURCES fossil. - Are the imprints of FOSSILS organisms that were - Are the remains of ancient species crushed under a lot of that have been preserved or pressure and left a perfect evidence of their remains. outline on the surface. - Are not the actual remains of the 5. Trace Fossil organism. They are formed from - Are the traces of previous sedimentary rocks. Hard parts of life forms. These can be the the organism are the usual day-to-day activities that subjects for fossilization, like the are preserved and bones, shell, and tree trunk. fossilized. - General term for buried - Are formed when an combustible geologic deposits of organism leaves traces organic materials. from doing daily activities - Formed from decayed plants and like running or walking. animals that have been converted These traces then leave to crude oil, coal, natural gas, or imprints and, later on, heavy oils by exposure to heat become fossils. and pressure in the earth’s crust 6. Amber Fossil over hundreds of millions of years. - Insect preserved in Amber. A hard yellowish to ▪ 6 TYPES OF FOSSILS: brownish clear substance that is a fossil resin from 1. Mold Fossil trees long dead and that - When sediments fill in the can be polished and used remains of a dead in making ornamental organism and later on objects (as beads). solidify, this becomes a fossil. ▪ FOSSIL FORMATION: - Over time, the remains of 1. When an organism dies, its soft the organism do not parts often decompose or are persist, leaving a hollow eaten by animals. imprint on the sedimentary 2. The remains of organisms are rock. covered by sediments. These 2. Fossil Cast sediments become rock. - The opposite side of mold 3. As the remains break down, it fossil. Cast preserves a leaves holes in the sediment, three-dimensional which are then filled by minerals. impression of remains 4. The result is a copy of the buried in sediment. organism made out of minerals. - Are found when sediment 5. The fossil will eventually come to fills up an underground the surface as a result of fossil mold to make a fossil weathering and erosion. in the shape of the organism's form. GEOTHERMAL ENERGY 3. Petrified Fossil - Geothermal comes from the - Are the remains of an Greek words gaea (earth) and organism that have turned thermos (heat). into a mineral, rock, or - It covers all techniques used to stone through the process recover the heat that is naturally of petrification. present in the Earth’s subsurface, - Are fun to look at since you particularly in aquifers, the rock get to see the actual shape reservoirs that contain groundwater DRY STEAM POWER PLANTS - The water and the working fluid - Draw from underground resources are kept separated during the of hydrothermal that are primarily whole process, so there is little or steam. no air emissions. - The steam is piped directly from underground wells to the power plant, where it is directed into a turbine/generator unit. HUMAN ACTIVITY AND THE ENVIRONMENT WASTE GENERATION FLASH STEAM POWER PLANTS - Human activities in this world - They use geothermal reservoirs generates various kinds of of water with temperatures wastes and classified in the form greater than 360°F (182°C). of solid, liquid and gaseous. We - This very hot water flows up have, through wells in the ground under - air pollutants its own pressure. As it flows - land pollutants and upward, the pressure decreases - water pollutants. and some of the hot water boils into steam. AIR POLLUTION - The steam is then separated from - It is the introduction of impurities the water and used to power a turbine/generator. Any leftover into the atmosphere which are water and condensed steam are considered harmful to plants and injected back into the reservoir, animals including human. making this a sustainable Principal Sources: resource. 1. Natural Sources a. Eruption of Volcanoes 2. Man-made Source a. Power plants, factories 3. Stationary Industrial/Processing Plants a. Burning of Fossil Fuels 4. Mobile Engine-Driven Vehicles a. Cars and Trucks ▪ 2 TYPES OF POLLUTANTS: BINARY CYCLE POWER PLANTS 1. PRIMARY POLLUTANTS - Operate on the water at lower - Exhaust gases such as temperatures of about 225°-360°F (107°-182°C). These plants use hydrocarbons, oxides of carbon the heat from the hot water to boil and oxides of nitrogen that directly a working fluid, usually an organic mixed with the air. compound with a low boiling point. 2. SECONDARY POLLUTANTS - The working fluid is vaporized in a - Other type of pollutant that is heat exchanger and used to turn a formed in the atmosphere turbine. The water is then injected involving chemical reactions with back into the ground to be the components of the air with the reheated.  aid of sunlight like ozone and biosphere, and therefore smog. to processes of weathering, erosion, transportation, ▪ 2 TYPES OF SMOG: deposition, denudation etc. 1. SULFUR DIOXIDE SMOG - This smog affects plants causing EROSION the leaves to turn brownish or reddish in color. It also affects - is the process that moves building materials. The emission weathered sediments from of sulfur dioxide is common in one location to another. smelting plants that treat sulfide - Agents of Erosion: ores of silver, copper and zinc. Gravity, Running Water, 2. PHOTOCHEMICAL SMOG Glaciers and Wind - This type of smog is common in WEATHERING urban centers and large cities where the main source of - Weathering describes the pollution is the internal breaking down or combustion engines which dissolving of rocks generate substantial amount or and minerals on the quantity of exhaust substances surface of the Earth. in the atmosphere. - Water, ice, acids, salts, plants, animals, and changes WATER POLLUTION in temperature are all agents of weathering. - Pollution of water occurs when some substance degrades a MECHANICAL WEATHERING body of water to such a degree - Also called disaggregation, that water cannot be used in causes rocks to crumble. specific purposes. - Refers to breaking up of - Water pollution occurs when rocks into small fragments harmful substances which are without changing the often chemicals or mineral content of the rock. microorganisms that This process is called contaminate a stream, river, lake, disintegration. ocean, aquifer, or other body of water, degrading water quality FROST WEDGING and rendering it toxic to humans - a process in which water or the environment. freezes in a crack of a rock LAND POLLUTION and then the expansion edges the rock part. - Land pollution, the deposition of - water, in either liquid or solid or liquid waste materials on solid form, is often a key land or underground in a manner agent of mechanical that can contaminate the soil and weathering. groundwater, threaten public health, and cause unsightly conditions and nuisances. HOW DOES PRESSURE RELEASE WORKS? ORGANIC ACTIVITY EXOGENIC PROCESS - this includes geological - Process in which a crack in phenomena and processes that a rock is expanded by plant originate externally to the Earth's roots or broken by animals surface. and human activities. - they are genetically related to the atmosphere, hydrosphere and THERMAL ▪ 4 TYPES OF STRESS: EXPANSION/CONTRACTION 1. COMPRESSION - Stress squeezes rocks - Are the tendency for together. It causes rocks to minerals to expand and fold or fracture. contract based on - When two cars collide, temperature, occurs when compression causes them temperature changes to crumple. Compression is rapidly, causing the surface the most common stress at of rock to heat or cool. convergent plate boundaries. ▪ TYPES OF CHEMICAL 2. TENSION WEATHERING: - Stress pulls rocks apart. Tension causes rocks to 1. HYDROLYSIS lengthen or break apart. - When the rain is slightly - Tension is the major type of acidic it seeps down into stress found at divergent the ground and gets plate boundaries. contact with granite rocks. 3. CONFINING It causes the feldspar - happens as weight of all crystal within the granite to the overlying rock pushes react with the water. As a down on a deeply buried result, the rock is rock. The rock is being chemically altered to form pushed in from all sides, clay minerals. which compresses it. 2. CARBONATION - The rock will not deform - It is important in the because there is no place formation of caves. for it to move. Dissolved carbon dioxide in 4. SHEAR rainwater forms carbonic - stress happens when acid that reacts with forces slide past each other minerals in rocks. in opposite directions. 3. OXIDATION - This is the most common - Iron combines with oxygen stress found at transform in the presence of water. plate boundaries. Oxidation product is rust. 4. DISSOLUTION - A process in which mineral ▪ TYPES OF FOLDS: or rock dissolves in water 1. MONOCLINE forming halite dissolved in - is a simple “one step” bend water. in the rock layers. In a monocline, the oldest rocks are still at the bottom and DEFORMATION OF CRUST the youngest are at the top. - There is a slight bend in STRESS parallel layers of rock. 2. ANTICLINE - Stress is the force applied - is a fold that is similar to an to a rock. arch-like structure going - When plates are pushed or upward. The rocks dip pulled, the rock is away from the center of the subjected to stress. Stress fold. can cause a rock to change - The oldest rocks are found shape or to break. at the center of an anticline. The youngest rocks are draped over them at the top of the structure.  3. SYNCLINE - A graben is a valley with a - is a fold that bends distinct escarpment on downward as a result of each side caused by the compressional forces. In a displacement of a block of syncline, the youngest land downward. Graben rocks are at the center. often occurs side-by-side - The oldest rocks are at the with horsts. Single or outside edges. multiple grabens can produce a rift valley. ▪ TYPES OF FAULTS: 1. NORMAL FAULT HISTORY OF THE EARTH - occurs when tensional forces act in opposite directions causing the foot DATING METHODS wall to be pushed upward. - Tensional stress, meaning - Techniques used by rocks pulling apart from scientists to determine the each other, creates a age of rocks, fossils, and normal fault. With normal geological features. faults, the hanging wall and Scientists use 2 methods footwall are pulled apart to determine the age of from each other, and the fossils: hanging wall drops down relative to the footwall. 2. REVERSE FAULT 1. RELATIVE DATING - occurs when compression - A method of arranging forces cause one block to geological events based on be pushed up and over the the rock sequence. other block. - Determining which fossils - Reverse faults are exactly or events came first, the opposite of normal second, third… faults. If the hanging wall Rules of Relative Dating: rises relative to the footwall, you have a 1. LAW OF SUPERPOSITION reverse fault. Reverse - When sedimentary rock faults occur in areas layers are deposited, undergoing compression younger layers are on top (squishing). of older deposits. 3. STRIKE-SLIP FAULT - Strike-slip faults are vertical (or nearly vertical) fractures where the blocks have mostly moved horizontally. - If the block opposite an observer looking across the fault moves to the right, the slip style is termed right lateral; if the block moves to the left, the motion is termed left lateral. 4. GRABEN FAULT - occurs when tensional stresses result in the subsidence of a block just like the so-called Rift valleys. 2. LAW OF ORIGINAL - Scientists measure the HORIZONTALITY amount of argon in the rock - Sedimentary rock layers to determine its age. are deposited horizontally. If they are tilted, folded, or broken, it happened later. - End - To our Rock Stars: A Note from Your Earth Science Teachers Hi! If you’ve reached this part, 3. LAW OF CROSS-CUTTING know that we are incredibly proud RELATIONSHIPS of you. We recognize how much - If an igneous intrusion or a effort you’ve been putting into your fault cut through existing studies and activities, even with the challenges that come your rocks, the intrusion/fault is way. We know you may be feeling YOUNGER than the rock it overwhelmed with the academic cuts through. workload and extra-curr commitments, and it’s normal to feel tired. But remember, you didn’t come this far just to stop here. Every step you take, every late-night study session, and every assignment completed is part of a journey towards your goals. There’s a purpose to all of ABSOLUTE DATING it, even when it feels tough. Hang in there, stay resilient, and keep - It is the technique by which believing in yourself. You’ll get researchers calculate the through this, and it will all be worth exact age of any rocks it in the end. using a wide range of As you approach the end of scientific principles and the semester, we want to phenomena. congratulate you on how far you’ve come already. This is no Two Types: small feat, and you should be 1. CARBON-14 DATING proud of what you’ve - Also known as accomplished. We are here Radiocarbon dating. cheering for you and praying for - Used to date organic your success every step of the way. Remember, we’re in this substances. together. - Scientists measure the radiocarbon in the fossil to determine its age. Stay strong, and keep moving 2. POTASSIUM-ARGON DATING forward – laban pa!