Earth Science Module 3: Energy Resources PDF

Earth Science Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268...

Earth Science Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Science, Technology, Engineering and, Mathematics Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph MODULE 3 GRADE 11 Outline: 1. Introduction 2. Type of Energy Resources 3. Advantages and Disadvantages of Energy Resources 4. Energy Resources and Environmental Sustainability 5. Environmental Impacts and Energy 6. Importance of Renewable Energy Resources and Technologies For Sustainable Development Learning Objectives: After completing the module, the students should be able to: Cite ways to address the different environmental concerns related to the use fossil fuels, geothermal energy, and hydroelectric energy. INTRODUCTION TO ENERGY RESOURCES Energy is the convertible currency of technology. Without energy the whole fabric of society as we know it would crumble; the effect of a 24-h cut in electricity supplies to a city shows how totally dependent we are on that particularly useful form of energy. Computers and lifts cease to function, hospitals sink to a care and maintenance level and the lights go out. As populations grow, many faster than the average 2%, the need for more and more energy is exacerbated. Enhanced lifestyle and energy demand rise together and the wealthy industrialized economies which contain 25% of the world's population consume 75% of the world's energy supply. Energy sources can be classified into two types: nonrenewable and renewable. Nonrenewable resources, such as fossil fuels and nuclear material, are removed from the earth and can be depleted. These resources have been the most used type of energy in the modern era. Renewable resources, such as wind, water, solar, and geothermal, come from sources that regenerate as fast as they are consumed and are continuously available. Some, such as biofuel produced from food crops and other plants, are replenished every growing season. In the early part of the twenty-first century, renewable sources have become more popular as nonrenewable sources have begun to be depleted. TYPES OF ENERGY RESOURCES The energy resources are divided into two groups—renewable and nonrenewable. Renewable Energy Sources Energy sources that can be replenished over and over again; they are never depleted. Some examples include hydropower, solar, wind, tidal, geothermal energy from inside the earth, biomass from plants, and nuclear fusion. These types of energy sources are usually converted into electricity or thermal (heat) energy. Nonrenewable Energy Sources Energy sources that we are using up and cannot produce in a short period of time. Some examples include fossil fuels (Petroleum Oil, Natural Gas, and Coal), Tar Sands, and Nuclear Fission. Another nonrenewable energy source is the element uranium, whose atoms we split (through a process called nuclear fission) to create heat, and ultimately, electricity. These types of energy sources are usually converted into electricity and mechanical energy. We get most of our energy from these nonrenewable energy sources.  Earth Science Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Science, Technology, Engineering and, Mathematics Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph MODULE 3 GRADE 11 NON RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES Fossil fuel formation Fossil fuel formation refers to the process that takes place over the time span of hundreds of millions of years to produce a variety of fossil fuels including coal, oil, and natural gas. Although all the produced materials begin as organic material and are transformed over a large time span due to burial by sediment, pressure, and temperature, different conditions result in the formation of different types of fossil fuels. Even within one "class" of fossil fuel (such as oil) there are a variety of ways that the oil can form and each method results in a different oil deposit, sometimes requiring special techniques to access. Major types of fossil fuels There are several main groups of fossil fuels, including: Coal Coal is a combustible black or brownish-black sedimentary rock usually occurring in rock strata in layers or veins called coal beds or coal seams. The harder forms, such as anthracite coal, can be regarded as metamorphic rock because of later exposure to elevated temperature and pressure. Coal is composed primarily of carbon along with variable quantities of other elements, chiefly hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and nitrogen. Source: https://empoweryourknowledgeandhappytrivia.files.wordpress.com/2015/02/ Coalification also known as carbonification is the formation of coal from plant material by the processes of diagenesis and metamorphism. Oil Crude oil, a liquid composed mainly of carbon and hydrogen, is often black, but exists in a variety of colors and viscosities depending on its chemical composition. Much of it formed during the Mesozoic period, between 252 and 66 million years ago, as plankton, algae, and other matter sank to the bottom of ancient seas and was eventually buried.  Earth Science Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Science, Technology, Engineering and, Mathematics Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph MODULE 3 GRADE 11 Source: http://www.openlearningworld.com/World_Geography/imgs/figure_7.3.3.jpg How Oil and Gas Deposits are Formed Deep in the Earth, oil and natural gas are formed from organic matter from dead plants and animals. These hydrocarbons take millions of years to form under very specific pressure and temperature conditions. When a living organism dies, it is generally recycled in one of two ways: o It is eaten by predators, scavengers or bacteria. o Through exposure to ambient air or oxygen-rich water, it oxidizes. That means that the hydrogen, carbon, nitrogen, sulfur and phosphorus contained in the matter combine with oxygen atoms present in the air. The organic matter breaks down into water (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrates, sulfates and phosphates that nourish new plants. Natural gas An odorless gas composed primarily of methane, natural gas often lies in deposits that, like those for coal and oil, formed millions of years ago from decaying plant matter and organisms. How Oil and Gas Forms At a depth of 2,000 meters, when the temperature reaches 100°C, kerogen starts to release hydrocarbons Between 2,000 and 3,800 meters, it turns into oil. This depth interval is known as the oil window. When the source rock sinks further, to between 3,800 and 5,000 meters, production of liquid hydrocarbons peaks. The liquids produced become increasingly lighter and gradually turn into methane gas, the lightest hydrocarbon. This depth interval is known as the gas window. There are no hydrocarbons below a depth of 8 to 10 kilometers, because they are destroyed by the high temperature. The proportion of liquids and gas generated in this way depends on the type of source rock. If the organic debris is composed mostly of animal origin, it will produce more oil than gas. If it is composed mainly of plant debris; the source rock will produce mostly gas. With an estimated average sedimentation of 50 meters every million years, it takes 60 million years for dead animals to become liquid hydrocarbons. It is hardly surprising, therefore, that oil is classified as a non-renewable energy source. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY Here are some of the advantages and disadvantages of non-renewable energy resources: Advantages of non-renewable energy Disadvantages of non-renewable energy ✓ It is easy to store ✓ Green-house gas emissions ✓ It is easily accessible ✓ Air pollution ✓ It is more compatible ✓ Acid rain ✓ It is affordable ✓ Water pollution ✓ It is present in fair quantity ✓ Soil pollution ✓ It can be efficiently converted to the type of ✓ Non-biodegradable waste energy required generation ✓ It is easy to transport ✓ Oil spills  Earth Science Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Science, Technology, Engineering and, Mathematics Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph MODULE 3 GRADE 11 ✓ A power plant which runs on non-renewable ✓ Depletion of ozone layer source of energy can be located anywhere as long as fuel is available ✓ They are available throughout the year unlike solar energy or water energy ✓ They have high energy density Explore more of this topic by watching these video links below: ✓ Fossil fuels https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=zaXBVYr9Ij0 ✓ What Are Fossil Fuels? | National Geographic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YTnE0OQPTEo ✓ Will Fossil Fuels Run Out? | Earth Lab https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jjfs_7kwRks ✓ How Much Oil Is Left on Earth? https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ynaOH7OmMcM Self-Assessment Questions 1. Cite another example of a non-renewable resources. a. Explain how it is used. (5 points) b. What are the advantages and disadvantages of using this energy resource? (5 points) RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES Renewable energy is energy from sources that are naturally replenishing but flow-limited; renewable resources are virtually inexhaustible in duration but limited in the amount of energy that is available per unit of time. The following are the different types of renewable resources. Solar This form of energy relies on the nuclear fusion power from the core of the Sun. This energy can be collected and converted in a few different ways. The range is from solar water heating with solar collectors or attic cooling with solar attic fans for domestic use to the complex technologies of direct conversion of sunlight to electrical energy using mirrors and boilers or photovoltaic cells. Unfortunately, these are currently insufficient to fully power our modern society. Wind Power The movement of the atmosphere is driven by differences of temperature at the Earth's surface due to varying temperatures of the Earth's surface when lit by sunlight. Wind energy can be used to pump water or generate electricity but requires extensive areal coverage to produce significant amounts of energy. Hydroelectric energy This form uses the gravitational potential of elevated water that was lifted from the oceans by sunlight. It is not strictly speaking renewable since all reservoirs eventually fill up and require very expensive excavation to become useful again. At this time, most of the available locations for hydroelectric dams are already used in the developed world. Biomass  Earth Science Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Science, Technology, Engineering and, Mathematics Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph MODULE 3 GRADE 11 Biomass is the term for energy from plants. Energy in this form is very commonly used throughout the world. Unfortunately, the most popular is the burning of trees for cooking and warmth. This process releases copious amounts of carbon dioxide gases into the atmosphere and is a major contributor to unhealthy air in many areas. Some of the more modern forms of biomass energy are methane generation and production of alcohol for automobile fuel and fueling electric power plants. Geothermal power. Geothermal energy is the heat that comes from the sub-surface of the earth. It is contained in the rocks and fluids beneath the earth’s crust and can be found as far down to the earth’s hot molten rock, magma. To produce power from geothermal energy, wells are dug a mile deep into underground reservoirs to access the steam and hot water there, which can then be used to drive turbines connected to electricity generators. ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE ENERGY RESOURCES Disadvantages of Renewable Energy Resources Advantages of Renewable Energy Resources ✓ Renewable energy resources will not run ✓ Wind turbines can only be used if the out weather conditions are suitable. ✓ Renewable energy sources are clean to ✓ Solar panels are cheap to maintain use as there are fewer greenhouse gas emissions ✓ Unused energy produced by households ✓ Usually, the energy is produced at a can be sold back to the main national slower rate than when using fossil fuels. grid ✓ Due to use of stable source of energy, the cost of renewable fuels does not ✓ Wind turbines can be very noisy. change much. ✓ Renewable energy technologies can be ✓ Renewable energy technologies could used on small or large scales – e.g. One produce many jobs in the future. house or an entire wind farm. ✓ A lot of land is required to set up large ✓ Not all places in the world can make use scale systems to make enough electricity. of renewable energy sources. Explore more of this topic by watching these video links below: ✓ Renewable Energy 101 | National Geographic https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1kUE0BZtTRc ✓ Renewable Energy Explained https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KEeH4EniM3E ✓ The Engineering Challenges of Renewable Energy: Crash Course Engineering #30 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4k5gyYAAEEU ✓ CBRED: The Story of Renewable Energy in the Philippines https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=f59THmrKtjY&t=483s Self-Assessment Questions 1. What are the renewable energy resources that is found in our country? (5 points) 2. Why is the Philippines struggling in managing its different renewable energy resources? (5 points) 3. Cite engineering challenges of renewable energy. (5 points) ENERGY RESOURCES AND ENVIRONMENT SUSTAINABILITY  Earth Science Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Science, Technology, Engineering and, Mathematics Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph MODULE 3 GRADE 11 Problems with energy supply and use are related not only to global warming, but also to such environmental concerns as air pollution, acid precipitation, ozone depletion, forest destruction, and emission of radioactive substances. These issues must be taken into consideration simultaneously if humanity is to achieve a bright energy future with minimal environmental impacts. Much evidence exists, which suggests that the future will be negatively impacted if humans keep degrading the environment. Other environmental considerations have been given increasing attention by energy industries and the public. The concept that consumers share responsibility for pollution and its cost has been increasingly accepted. Simultaneously, concern will likely increase regarding energy-related environmental concerns such as acid precipitation, stratospheric ozone depletion and global climate change. One solution to the impending energy shortage is to make much more use of renewable energy sources and technologies. This cause is sometimes espoused with a fervor which leads to extravagant and impossible claims being made. Engineering practicality, reliability, applicability, economy, scarcity of supply and public acceptability should all be considered accordingly. All are possible sources of energy but though the science is understood, it does not follow that provided enough research money is poured into the project an engineering solution should be found appropriately. ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT AND ENERGY Environmental aspects and quality of life indicate that environmental pollution (of air, water, etc.) is largely linked to the increasing use of energy, presently the climate changes due to heavy use of fossil fuel with emissions of sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxide and carbon dioxide become more and more a planetary problem and will influence in the future. Air pollution is one of the aspects of the environmental problems. The following pollution agents are sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides, ozone, dust and aerosols, carbon dioxide, chlorofluorocarbons, steam-laden emissions, and meteorological inversion. Air pollution is not the only aspect of the environmental problems created by the energy sectors. Water pollution includes any detrimental alteration of surface waters, underground water, or the marine environment with a thermal or material pollution. Water polluting agents can be solid, liquid, or gaseous that detrimentally alters the natural conditions of waters.  Earth Science Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Science, Technology, Engineering and, Mathematics Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph MODULE 3 GRADE 11 Importance of renewable energy resources and technologies for sustainable development The exploitation of renewable energy resources and technologies is a key component of sustainable development. There are three significant reasons for it as follows. 1. They have much less environmental impact compared to other sources of energy since there is no any energy sources with zero environmental impact. There are a variety of choices available in practice that a shift to renewables could provide a far cleaner energy system than would be feasible by tightening controls on conventional energy. 2. Renewable energy resources cannot be depleted unlike fossil fuel and uranium resources. If used wisely in appropriate and efficient applications, they can provide a reliable and sustainable supply energy almost indefinitely. In contrast, fossil fuel and uranium resources are definite and can be diminished by extraction and consumption. 3. They favor power system decentralization and locally applicable solutions independent of the national network, thus enhancing the flexibility of the system and the economic power supply to small isolated settlements. That is why many different renewable energy technologies are potentially available for use in urban areas. CONCEPTS AT A GLANCE 1. Renewable energy, often referred to as clean energy, comes from natural sources or processes that are constantly replenished. Meanwhile, nonrenewable sources of energy are only available in limited amounts and take a long time to replenish. 2. There are different types of the renewable energy like solar energy, wind energy, hydroelectric energy, biomass energy, and tidal energy. 3. Despite the advantages of these technology, it still holds disadvantages to our environment. Reference/s: Sia, S.R. and L.A. Cortez.(2016).Earth and life science.Quezon Ave., Quezon City.Sibs Publishing House, Inc. Dincer, I. (2000). Renewable energy and sustainable development: a crucial review. Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, 4(2), 157–175. doi:10.1016/s1364-0321(99)00011-8 Akella, A. K., Saini, R. P., & Sharma, M. P. (2009). Social, economical and environmental impacts of renewable energy systems. Renewable Energy, 34(2), 390–396. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2008.05.002  Earth Science Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Science, Technology, Engineering and, Mathematics Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph MODULE 3 GRADE 11 WRITTEN WORK 3 PART I. WRITTEN WORK A. MULTIPLE CHOICE. 10 POINTS. MULTIPLE CHOICE. Choose the letter that correctly corresponds to your answer. ______1. Which of the following is a disadvantage of most of the renewable energy sources? a. Highly polluting c. High waste disposal cost b. Unreliable supply d. High running cost ______2. Of the following choices, which best describes or defines geothermal energy? a. Heat energy from volcanic eruptions. b. Heat energy from inside the earth. c. Heat energy from hot springs. d. Heat energy from rocks on earth’s surface. _____3. Which of the following is NOT a form of kinetic energy? a. Chemical c. Heat b. Electrical d. Sound _____4. Which of the following has nothing to do with hydropower? a. Burning c. Sun b. Gravity d. Water cycle _____5. Which of the following is NOT a petroleum product? a. Crayons c. Plastic b. Gasoline d. Concrete _____6. Which of the following is NOT a sedimentary rock? a. Anthracite coal c. Limestone b. Bituminous coal d. Sandstone _____7. Which of the following is an optional form of energy? a. Geothermal energy c. Petroleum b. Natural gas d. Hydrogen _____8. The source of the geothermal energy is_____________ a. Sun c. Earth b. Tides d. Air _____9. Which one is known as a nonrenewable energy? a. Wind c. Coal b. Biomass d. Tides _____10. Which of the following is the fuel formed under the earth’s surface by the decomposition of organic matter? a. Organic fuel c. Fossil fuel b. Biogas d. Underground fuel  Earth Science Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Science, Technology, Engineering and, Mathematics Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph MODULE 3 GRADE 11 PART II. WRITTEN WORK B. POSTER MAKING (20 POINTS) Objectives: Through a poster, the learners should be able to: a. Identify what energy resources are available at your locality; and b. Cite ways to address the different environmental concerns related to the use fossil fuels, geothermal energy, and hydroelectric energy. In the Philippines, there are a lot of available energy resources. As a STEM student, you are to create a poster on addressing environmental concerns brought about by the usage of energy. You will choose one energy resource (fossil fuels, geothermal energy and hydroelectrical energy) and cite ways to address environmental concerns related to the use of your chosen energy resource. The poster should include the following: a) What is your chosen energy resource? b) Importance of the chosen energy resources. c) Environmental challenges this resource is facing. d) Cite ways to address environmental challenges/concerns. Note: you can use any drawing software or just draw it in a short bond paper (take a picture of it and send in pdf format via canvas)  Earth Science Governor Pack Road, Baguio City, Philippines 2600 Tel. Nos.: (+6374) 442-3316, 442-8220; 444-2786; 442-2564; 442-8219; 442-8256; Fax No.: 442-6268 Science, Technology, Engineering and, Mathematics Email: [email protected]; Website: www.uc-bcf.edu.ph MODULE 3 GRADE 11 RUBRICS FOR POSTER: 4 3 2 1 Descriptor The poster includes all All required elements are All but 1 of the Several required required elements as well included on the poster. required elements are elements are missing as additional information Almost all items of included on the poster Labels are too small and meets minimum importance on the poster Several items of to view or no requirements are clearly labeled importance on the important items were Format All items of importance on poster are clearly labeled the poster are clearly labeled The title labeled does not describe the Title describes content well content of the poster well Graphics are all in focus Most graphics are in Most graphics are in Many graphics are and the content easily focus and the content focus and the content not clear or are too viewed and identified easily viewed and is easily viewed small Powerful graphics with identified Clutter or too much Too much writing minimal words Uncluttered and concise writing with little purpose Several of the graphics One or two of the The graphics are Too cluttered and used on the poster reflect graphics used on the made by the student, unclear No graphics made by Graphics an exceptional degree of poster reflect student but are based on the student creativity in their creativity and/or display designs or ideas of the student are creation and/or display Effective use of color, others included Effectively “sells” topic shape, texture, lettering Use of color, shape, Looks like a rough All lettering and layout are and/or image texture, lettering and/or draft professional All graphics are related image compliments the No originality Layout may include an to the topic and most topic Graphics do not original shape or medium make it easier to All graphics related to relate to topic understand the topic Sloppy lettering Most elements of the Lettering and layout and/or layout lettering and layout are are neat professional Catchy and/or informative Informs importance of Message is cogent Incoherent, Makes a lasting topic confusing or Message impression A slogan or other inadequate message All borrowed graphics All borrowed graphics Most borrowed Several (2+) Works have a source citation have a source citation graphics have a borrowed graphics Cited source citation not cited Missing altogether Capitalization and No more than 1 error in No more than 2 errors More than 2 errors punctuation are correct capitalization in capitalization in capitalization Mechanics Grammar throughout the poster No more than 1 error in No more than 2 errors More than 2 errors No grammatical mistakes grammar/usage in grammar/usage in grammar/usage on the poster