Muscle of the Pelvic Limb PDF

Muscle of the pelvic limb Muscles of the Crus Lie on the cranial, lateral, and caudal surfaces of the tibia or fibula; Except medial surface of the tibia Flexor and extensor groups are not separated on the crus as they are on the antebrachium Crani...

Muscle of the pelvic limb Muscles of the Crus Lie on the cranial, lateral, and caudal surfaces of the tibia or fibula; Except medial surface of the tibia Flexor and extensor groups are not separated on the crus as they are on the antebrachium Cranially and laterally: Extensors of the digital joints and flexors of the tarsus Caudally: Flexors of the digital joints and extensors of the tarsus Tarsal joint Dorsal surface: Flexors of the tarsus and extensors of the digital joints Ventral surface: Extensor of the tarsus and flexors of the digital joints  Muscle of the pelvic limb Cranial muscles of the crus  Carnivorous Flexors of the tarsal joint (carnivorous): Extensors of the digits (carnivorous): M.tibialiscranialis M.extensor digitoruml longus M.fibularis(peroneus)longus M.extensor digitorum lateralis M.extensor digitiI longus M.fibularis brevis (carnivorous)  Muscle of the pelvic limb Craniolateral muscles of the Crus M.tibialis cranialis (carnivorous) Cranial surface of the tibia Origin: Arises lateral to the sulcus extensorius on the cranial portion of the articular margin of the lateral tibial condyle and on the laterally arched edge of the cranial border of the tibia. Extends obliquely over the tarsus to the medial side where it turns around the medial border to the plantar side On the distal part of the tibia is bridged over by the broad crural extensor retinaculum Insertion: I Metatarsal and the proximal end of II metatarsal Action: Flexion of the tarsus and rotation of the paw laterally. Nerve: Peroneal n. Flexors of the tarsal joint M.fibularis longus (carnivorous) Muscle of the pelvic limb Origin: Lateral condyle of the tibia, the fibular collateral ligament of the femorotibial joint, and the head of the fibula. Near the middle of the tibia is enclosed in a thick fascial mass with the tendons of the m. extensor digitorum lateralis and fibularis brevis. From the lateral surface of the tarsus, the tendon of fibularis longus runs through the sulcus of the lateral malleolus. Insertion: IV tarsal and on the plantar surfaces of all of the metatarsals. Action: Rotation of the hind paw medially so that the plantar surface faces laterally; flexion of the tarsus. Nerve: Peroneal n. Flexors of the tarsal joint M.fibularis brevis (carnivorous) Muscle of the pelvic limb Distally deep to the lateral digital extensor between the m. fibularis longus and the lateral deep digital flexor. Origin: It arises from the lateral surface of the distal two thirds of the fibula and tibia, almost as far distal as the lateral malleolus. Crosses the long lateral collateral ligament of the tarsus and the tendon of the m. fibularis longus Insertion: Proximal end of V metatarsus. Action: Flexion of the tarsal joint. Innervation: N. fibularis profundus Extensors of the digits M.long digital extensors Muscle of the pelvic limb Origin: extensor fossa on the lateral aspect of the articular surface of the lateral condyle of the femur and passes through the sulcus extensorius of the tibia Between the m. tibialis cranialis and the m. fibularis longus tendons are held in place by the crural extensor retinaculum On the flexor surface of the tarsus it is held against this surface by a second smaller, transverse ligament, the tarsal extensor retinaculum Insertion: extend distally along the dorsal surfaces of the metatarsal bones and digits II, III, IV, and V. Each ends on the dorsal portion of the ungual crest of the distal phalanx after it has received the collateral branches of the m. interosseus just proximal to the proximal interphalangeal joint. Action: Extension of the digits; flexion of the tarsus. Nerve: Peroneal n. Extensors of the digits M.lateral digital digital extensors Muscle of the pelvic limb Origin: Proximal third of the fibula. It lies between the m. fibularis longus and the lateral deep digital flexor on the m. fibularis brevis and fibula Insertion: It unites with the long digital extensor and the m. interosseus of the proximal phalanx of the fifth digit. Action: Extension and abduction of digit 5. Nerve: Peroneal n. Extensors of the digits M.extensor digiti I longus Muscle of the pelvic limb Origin: Arises on the cranial border of the fibula between the proximal and the middle third, and on the interosseous membrane cranial to the peroneus brevis. It lies directly on the tibia and it is covered by the m. extensor digitorum longus and fibularis longus It is accompanied by the a. and v. tibialis cranialis Action: Extension of digit 1 and 2. Innervation: N. fibularis (peroneus) profundus c le short one digital extensor Craniolateral muscles of the Crus Horses Extensors of the digits (Horse): Flexors of the tarsal joint (Horse): M.extensor digitorum longus M.tibialiscranialis M.extensor digitorum lateralis M.fibularis(peroneus)tertius M.extensor digitorum brevis  Muscle of the pelvic limb Craniolateral muscles of the Crus Flexors of the tarsal joint (horse): M.tibialis cranialis Origin: Lateral condyle and tuberosity of the tibia Insertion: Bifurcates into a medial and lateral branch. Lateral branch inserts on the metatarsal tuberosity Medial branch (cunean tendon) inserts on the combined I and II tarsal bones. Its tendinous insertion has a synovial sheath, and a bursa is present between its medial branch and the medial ligament of the tarsus (hock). In the horse, its fibres join with the third fibular muscle proximal to the tarsus. Action: Flexes the tarsus (hock) Nerve: Peroneal n. Flexors of the tarsal joint (Horse): M.fibularis (peroneus) tertius Muscle of the pelvic limb Origin: Lateral condyle of the femur; Originates together with long dig. extensor from the lat. condyle of the femur Insertion: Proximal extremity of the III metatarsal and III tarsal bone. Also the calcaneus and IV tarsal bones. Action: An almost exclusively tendinous muscle that plays an important part in the Stay Apparatus Nerve: Peroneal n. Extensors of the digits M.long digital extensors Muscle of the pelvic limb Origin: Lateral condyle of femur Its tendon of insertion passes over the front of the hock , and is held in place by three annular ligaments (proximal, middle and distal) and a synovial sheath. The tendon of the lateral digital extensor joins the tendon in the approximately the middle of the third metatarsal bone. It is also joined by two branches of the suspensory ligament before its insertion. Insertion: Extensor process of the distal phalanx, and the dorsal surfaces of the proximal and middle phalanges Action: Extends the digits, assists in flexing the tarsus Extensors of the digits M.lateral digital digital extensors Muscle of the pelvic limb Origin: Lateral patella ligament, proximal fibula, lateral border of the tibia and the interosseous ligament. It lies between the long digital extensor muscle and the long flexor muscle of the first digit. Insertion: Joins long digital extensor tendon Action: Extends digit; flexes hock Nerve: Peroneal n. Extensors of the digits M.extensor digiti brevis Muscle of the pelvic limb Horse: Short digital extensor muscle occupies the angle between the converging tendons of the larger muscles Insertion: Joins long digital extensor tendon Action: Rudimentary – may extend digit Nerve: Peroneal n.  Cattle Craniolateral muscles of the Crus Flexors of the tarsal joint (Ruminants): Extensors of the digits (Ruminants): M.tibialiscranialis M.extensor digitorum longus M.fibularis(peroneus)tertius M.extensor digitorum medialis M.fibularis(peroneus)longus M.extensor digitorum brevis  Muscle of the pelvic limb Craniolateral muscles of the Crus Flexors of the tarsal joint (cattle): M.tibialis cranialis Origin: Cranial border and proximolateral surface of tibia; proximal rudiment of fibula and replacement ligament Smaller than in horse; perforates terminal tendon of peroneus tertius; smaller head corresponds to extensor digiti I Insertion: proximomedial surfaces of the metatarsal bones III and IV Action: Flexes the tarsus (hock) Nerve: Deep peroneal n. Flexors of the tarsal joint (cattle): M.fibularis (peroneus) longus Muscle of the pelvic limb Origin: Lateral condyle of tibia and rudiment of fibula Small, with long thin tendon Insertion: Tendon crosses lateral surface of hock and tendon of lateral digital extensor and plantar surface of hock to tarsal bone I Action: Flexor of hock Nerve: Deep peroneal n. Flexors of the tarsal joint (cattle): M.fibularis (peroneus) tertius Muscle of the pelvic limb Origin: Extensor fossa of femur Large and fleshy; completely fused at origin with long digital extensor Insertion: Proximal extremity of III and IV metatarsals and, II and III tarsal bone. Action: Flexor of hock Nerve: Deep peroneal n. Extensors of the digits M.long digital extensors Muscle of the pelvic limb Origin: Extensor fossa of femur Mostly covered by peroneus tertius Medial head (Med. digital extensor): Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges of digit III Lateral head (Extensor of digits III and IV): insertion: Branches to extensor processes of distal phalanges of digits III and IV Nerve: Deep peroneal n. Function: Extensor of digits and flexor of hock Extensors of the digits M.lateral digital digital extensors Muscle of the pelvic limb Origin: Lateral collateral ligament of stifle and lateral condyle of tibia Proper extensor of digit IV It receives extensor branches from interosseus IV Insertion: Middle and distal phalanges of digit IV Function: Extensor of digit IV and flexor of hock Nerve: Deep peroneal n. Extensors of the digits M.extensor digiti brevis Muscle of the pelvic limb Cattle: Origin: Ligamentous mass on dorsal surface of tarsus Insertion: Joins long digital extensor tendon Action: Rudimentary – may extend digit Nerve: Peroneal n. Caudal muscles of the crus  Carnivorous Caudal muscles of the Crus Flexors of the digits (carnivorous): Extensors of the tarsal joint (carnivorous): M.superficial digital flexor M.gastrocnemius M.deep digital flexor M.lateral digital flexor M.medial digitalf lexor  Caudal muscles of the Crus Carnivorous Extensors of the tarsal joint (carnivorous): M.gastrocnemius Largest muscle in the caudal crus Divided into a lateral and a medial head covered by strong tendinous leaves Origin: Each tendon of origin: Lateral and the medial sesamoids (fabella) Articulate with the corresponding femoral condyle Lateral head :Arises by a large tendon on the lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur Medial head: Arises on the medial supracondylar tuberosity 2 heads of the m. gastrocnemius almost completely enclose the m. flexor digitorum superficialis Proximally the muscle is covered: Laterally:m.bicepsfemoris Medially:m.semitendinosus,semimembranosus,andgracilis Insertion: After crossing the superficial flexor tendon laterally Tendon of the m. gastrocnemius attains its deep surface and inserts on the dorsoproximal surface of the tuber calcanei Action: Primarily extends the tarsal joint; slight flexion of the stifle joint. Innervation: N. tibialis  Caudal muscles of the Crus Carnivorous Common calcanean tendon Aggregate of those structures that attach to the tuber calcanei Main component: Superficialdigitalflexor Gastrocnemius M.bicepsfemoris(laterally) Semitendinosusandgracilis(medially)  Caudal muscles of the Crus Flexors of the digits (carnivorous): Carnivorous M.superficial digital flexor Origin: Lateral supracondylar tuberosity of the femur and the lateral sesamoid. Proximally, it is firmly united with the lateral head of the m. gastrocnemius. It arises with the lateral head on the femur and along with the lateral head of the gastrocnemius contains the lateral sesamoid Lies on the mm. flexor digitorum profundus, tibialis caudalis and popliteus Insertion: On the tuber calcanei it broadens like a cap and inserts collaterally on the tuber calcanei, united with the crural fascia. Extends distally, forming four branches, over metatarsals II, III, IV, and V At the distal metatarsophalangeal joints, the branches are enclosed, in common with the corresponding branches of the deep flexor tendon, by a plantar annular ligament. The superficial digital flexor tendons form the sheaths (manica flexoria), for the passage of the tendons of the deep digital flexor. Action: Flexion of the digits Extension and fixation of the tarsus Flexion of the stifle joint Innervation: N. tibialis  Caudal muscles of the Crus Flexors of the digits (carnivorous): Carnivorous M.deep digital flexor It lies caudal surface of the tibia Covered by the m. gastrocnemius and the superficial digital flexor Divided: Lateral digital flexor Medial digital flexor Short and medial to the m. flexor digitorum Origin: Rises from the caudal surface of the lateralis and m. tibialis caudalis and lateral to the m. popliteus. proximal fibula, the proximal caudolateral border Origin: It arises on the head of the fibula, the of the tibia and the interosseous membrane popliteal line, and the fascial leaf separating it Insertion: to the distal phalanx(ges) via the from the m. flexor digitorum lateralis. common tendon of deep digital flexor muscle Insertion: to the distal phalanges via the Action: Flexion of the digits Nerve: Tibial common tendon of deep digital flexor muscle Action: Flexion of the digits Nerve: Tibialis  Caudal muscles of the Crus Flexors of the digits (carnivorous): Carnivorous M.tibialis caudalis Deep and medially placed Separated in the dog from the two heads of the deep digital flexor In hoofed animals the m. tibialis caudalis, whose tendon joins that of the m. flexor digitorum lateralis, constitutes a third head of the deep digital flexor muscle. The caudal tibial muscle is independent of the two heads of the deep digital flexor in carnivores. Origin: Medial part of the proximal end of the fibula. Lies between the two heads of the m. flexor digitorum profundus. It is covered by the m. flexor digitorum medialis Insertion: Medial ligamentous tissue of the tarsus. Action: Extension of the tarsus; lateral rotation of the pes: supination. Innervation: N. tibialis  Caudal muscles of the Crus Flexors of the digits (carnivorous): Carnivorous M.Popliteus It lies in the space on the proximocaudal surface of the tibia just distal to the popliteal notch and proximal to the popliteal line. It is covered caudally by the mm. gastrocnemius and flexor digitorum superficialis Origin: Arises on the caudal aspect of the articular surface of the lateral condyle of the femur by a long tendon that contains a sesamoid bone (articulates with the caudolateral surface of the lateral tibial condyle) This tendon invaginates the femorotibial joint capsule, which serves as a sheath for the tendon as it crosses deep to the lateral collateral ligament of the femorotibial joint. Insertion: Proximal third of the medial border of the tibia Action: Traditionally considered a flexor of the stifle joint, but this is not tenable based on the previous discussion. Also, the muscle effects medial rotation of the crus relative to the femur. It is suggested an important role in providing proprioceptive information about stifle position to the central nervous system Innervation: N. tibialis.  Caudal muscles of the Crus Horse Extensors of the tarsal joint (Horse): M.gastrocnemius Flexors of the digits (Horse): M.Soleus M.superficial digital flexor M.deep digital flexor  Caudal muscles of the Crus Horse Extensors of the tarsal joint (Horse): M.gastrocnemius Origin: Lateral head: Lateral supracondyloid crest of the femur Medial head: Medial supracondyloid crest The two bellies combine in the middle of the crus, which twists around to the dorsal aspect of the superficial digital flexor. Insertion: Calcaneus as part of the common calcaneal tendon A large bursa lies between these two tendons and a small bursa lies between the gastrocnemius and the its point of insertion on the calcaneus. Action: Extends the tarsus, assists in flexing the stifle Innervation: N. tibialis  Caudal muscles of the Crus Horse Extensors of the tarsal joint (Horse): M.Soleus Origin: Head of the fibula Forms m. triceps surae with both heads of gastrocnemius Insertion: Joins the lateral head of the gastrocnemius to become part of the gastrocnemius tendon Action: Mainly to assist the gastrocnemius Innervation: N. tibialis  Caudal muscles of the Crus Flexors of the digits (Horse): Horse M.superficial digital flexor Origin: Supracondylar fossa on the caudal femur, attached to the lateral head of the gastrocnemius Insertion: Calcaneus, the eminences on the sides of the proximal extremity of the middle phalanx Distal extremity of the proximal phalanx behind the collateral ligament of the proximal interphalangeal joint Almost entirely tendinous Major component of the common cunean tendon which forms the caudal part of the reciprocal apparatus. Widens at the point of the hock to form a cap over the calcaneal tuberosity. The calcaneal bursa lies between the calcaneal tuberosity and the superficial digital flexor tendon. Action: Extends the digit, assists in extending the tarsus and flexing the stifle. Innervation: N. tibialis  Caudal muscles of the Crus Flexors of the digits (Horse): Horse M.deep digital flexor Origin: 3 heads, originating from the lateral condyle of the fibula, the caudal and medial aspect of the tibia. Lateral digital flexor: Caudal surface of tibia and tibialis caudalis Tibialis caudalis: Caudal surface of tibia with lateral digital flexor Medial digital flexor: Lateral tibial condyle Their tendons combine to pass over the sustentaculum tali Joins common deep flexor tendon in metatarsus Insertion: Semilunar crest and adjacent surface of the cartilage of the distal phalanx, continues as the deep digital flexor tendon to insert on the distal phalanx Action: Flexes the digit Innervation: Tibial n.  Cattle Caudal muscles of the Crus Extensors of the tarsal joint (Cattle): Flexors of the digits (Cattle): M.gastrocnemius M.superficial digital flexor M.Soleus M.deep digital flexor  Caudal muscles of the Crus Cattle Extensors of the tarsal joint (Cattle): M.gastrocnemius Origin: Lateral head: Lateral supracondyloid crest of the femur Medial head: Medial supracondyloid crest Very tendinous; intermediate fleshy tract connects origin of lat. head to tendon of med. head Insertion: By the common calcanean tendon on calcanean tuber Function: Extensor of the hock, flexor of the stifle Innervation: N. tibialis  Caudal muscles of the Crus Cattle Extensors of the tarsal joint (Cattle): M.Soleus Origin: Proximal rudiment of the fibula Fused with the lat. head of gastrocnemius Insertion: Joins common calcanean tendon Function: Auxiliary extensor of the hock Innervation: N. tibialis  Caudal muscles of the Crus Flexors of the digits (Cattle): Cattle M.superficial digital flexor Origin: Supracondylar fossa of femur Very tendinous, fused proximally with lat. head of gastrocnemius Insertion: Flexor tuberosities of middle phalanges Function: Extensor of hock; digital flexor; and flexor of the stifle Innervation: N. tibialis  Caudal muscles of the Crus Cattle Flexors of the digits (Cattle): M.deep digital flexor Origin: Lateral digital flexor: Lateral condyle and caudal surface of tibia Tibialis caudalis: Lateral condyle of tibia Medial digital flexor: Lateral condyle of tibia Their tendons combine to pass over the sustentaculum tali Insertion: Distal phalanx Action: Flexors of coffin joints; support of hock and fetlock joints Innervation: Tibial n. Vascularization  Innervation of the hind limb Lumbosacral plexus: consists of the intercommunicating ventral branches of the last five lumbar nerves and the three sacral Lumbar plexus: provides the nerves that innervate the cranial and medial muscles of the thigh and the skin on the medial aspect of the pelvic limb Sacral plexus: provides the nerves that innervate the caudal muscles of the thigh and all the muscles of the crus and pes as well as the corresponding skin.  Femoral nerve Origin: L4-L6 lumbar plexus Runs caudally within the psoas major and leaves the abdomen along with the iliopsoas muscle In the proximal extent of its course, it sends muscular branches to the psoas major and iliopsoas. Branches: Supplies all four heads of the quadriceps (rectus femoris, vastus medialis, vastus intermedius, and vastus lateralis), iliopsoas, sartorius and also sends a small branch to the articularis coxae. Saphenous nerve arises from its cranial side  M. Iliopsoas Innervation: Femoral nerve which is formed by the nerve roots L4, L5 and L6 Image: Section of iliopsoas muscle. P = iliopsoas muscle L6 & L7 = lumbar vertebrae 6 and 7 PMi = psoas minor muscle SA = sacrum Arrow = femoral nerve  Saphenous nerve Origin: Only superficial branch of the femoral nerve. Arising from the femoral before this nerve leaves the iliopsoas Muscular branch: cranial belly of the sartorius muscle and the other to the caudal belly Cutaneous branch: skin of the middle and distal medial surfaces of the thigh Distal to the stifle joint, the saphenous nerve continues with the cranial branch of the saphenous vessels and supplies branches to the medial, cranial and cranio-lateral skin of the crus. Obturator nerve Origin: L4-L6 lumbar plexus Formed within the caudomedial portion of the psoas major muscle. It leaves the pelvis by passing through the cranial part of the obturator foramen It sends branches into the external obturator, pectineus, gracilis, and adductor muscles, innervating all the muscles that primarily adduct the pelvic limb. Does not have any cutaneous branches.  Cranial gluteal nerve Origin: L6-S1 lumbosacral trunk Leaves the pelvis by passing immediately through the greater sciatic foramen and plunges into the lateral muscles of the pelvis Accompanied by the cranial gluteal artery and vein Innervates: the deep and middle gluteal muscles and the tensor fasciae latae. Does not have any cutaneous branches Caudal gluteal nerve Origin: L7 (S1, 2) Runs on the medial surface of the shaft of the ilium, and, after passing through the greater sciatic foramen Innervates: Superficial and middle gluteal muscles Does not have any cutaneous branches. Sciatic nerve Origin: L6 to S1 (2) Main terminal branches: Tibial and Common Peroneal Innervates: Biceps femoris, semimembranosus and semitendinosus  Common fibular nerve Origin: L6 to S1 (2). It is the smaller of the two terminal branches of the sciatic. Supplies a small branch to the fibularis longus before dividing into: Superficial fibular n. Deep fibular n. Muscle innervated: Fibularis longus, lateral digital extensor, long digital extensor and cranial tibial. Superficial Fibular Nerve Pathway: Continues distally in subcutaneous tissue. Becomes related to small cranial division of saphenous artery near tarsus. Gives off long nerve on lateral surface near tarsus, continuing on dorsolateral aspect of metatarsus V. Branches into dorsal common digital nerves III and IV, and abaxial dorsal digital nerve V. Supplies skin of hindpaw, excluding certainareas on digits.  Common fibular nerve Deep Fibular Nerve Pathway: Arises as cranial terminal branch of common fibular nerve. Passes between lateral digital flexor and extensor muscles. Sends branches to muscles and tibialis cranialis. Continues to tarsus closely associated with cranial tibial artery. Divides into medial and lateral branches at tarsus. Supplies dorsal metatarsal nerve II, joins superficial fibular nerve. Cutaneous Area Distribution: Superficial fibular nerve: Hindpaw skin excluding specific areas on digits. Deep fibular nerve: Limited to dorsal interdigital area between digits II and III. Overlap in supply to dorsal part of digits II and III, but deep fibular nerve supplies specific plantar areas of digit II and webbing between digits II and III.  Tibial nerve Origin: L6 to S1 (2). It is the more caudal of the two terminal branches of the sciatic nerve. It enters the crus between the two heads of the gastrocnemius muscle. Innervates: Gastrocnemius, popliteus, superficial digital flexor and deep digital flexor. Also, sends branches to the stifle, tarsal, and digital joints Skin and foot pads of the plantar surface of the hindpaw. Just proximal to the tarsus, the tibial nerve gives off one or more cutaneous branches, which supply the skin around and slightly distal to the medial aspect of the tuber calcis