Science Mid-term Study PDF

# Mid-term Science Study ## 1. Structure of living organisms: Life Process - Living things characteristics: - Movement - Sensitivity - Growth - Respiration - Exertion - Nutrition ### A. Difference Between Respiration and Breathing - Respiration is the process where food get...

# Mid-term Science Study ## 1. Structure of living organisms: Life Process - Living things characteristics: - Movement - Sensitivity - Growth - Respiration - Exertion - Nutrition ### A. Difference Between Respiration and Breathing - Respiration is the process where food gets broken down and turns into energy with the help of oxygen. - Breathing is an activity of inhalation and exhalation. ### B. Excretion and Defecation - This is the process of removing waste from the body. ## 2. Structure and Function of Living Organisms: Life Process - All living things are made up of cells. - In organisms, cells work together to form tissues and organs that are specialized for particular body functions. - MS. GREN ## 3. Cell Organization - Cell organization is basically cells that are organized into tissues, and tissues form organs. - Organs are organized into organ systems such as the skeletal and muscular systems. - Structure: cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems - The atom is the smallest and most fundamental unit of matter. - It consists of a nucleus surrounded by electrons. - Atoms form molecules. - A molecule is a chemical structure consisting of at least two atoms held together by one or more chemical bonds. - Many molecules that are biologically important are macromolecules. ## 6 Types of Body System ### Digestive System - Digestive system converts the food into their simplest forms, like glucose (sugars), amino acids (protein). - The broken-down food is then absorbed into the bloodstream from the small intestine and the nutrients are carried to each cell in the body. - Consists of: mouth, gallbladder, pancreas, liver, esophagus, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, anus ### Circulatory System - Circulatory system is made up of blood vessels that carry blood away and towards the heart. - Arteries carry blood away from the heart and veins carry blood back to the heart. - The circulatory system carries oxygen, nutrients, and hormones to cells, and removes waste products, like carbon dioxide. - Consists of: Heart, Arteries, veins, capillaries ### Nervous System - Nervous system includes the brain, spinal cord, and a complex network of nerves. - This system sends messages back and forth between the brain and the body (Sensitivity) - Consists of: Brain, spinal cord, nerves, sense organs ### Respiratory System - Respiratory system takes up oxygen from the air we breathe and expels the unwanted carbon dioxide. - The main organ of the respiratory system is the lungs. - Consists of: Nasal cavity, trachea, lungs ### Excretory System - Excretory system is a system in the body that removes excess, unnecessary materials from the body fluids of an organism, such as kidneys for example. - The excretory system also helps with balancing your body fluids. - Consists of: lungs, kidney, urinary bladder ### Muscular System - Muscular system is composed of specialized cells called muscle fibers. - It is also an organ system consisting of skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscle. - It permits movement of the body, maintains posture, and circulates blood throughout the body. - Consists of: muscle tissue that connects to the body ## 4. Plant Transport of Water and Minerals - Xylem transports water, minerals, and nutrients from the soil to all the plant parts. - Xylem connects through the roots, to leaves to the stem and to the branch. - There are two types of “transport” tissues in plants - xylem and phloem. - Water and solutes are transported (synthesized) by the xylem from the roots to the leaves, and food is transported from the leaves to the rest of the plant by the phloem. - Photosynthesis produces carbohydrates, but plants contain other types of molecule, such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid (DNA). - Plants do not eat, they make these substances themselves. - Carbohydrates contain the elements carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen but proteins, for example, the nutrients contain nitrogen as well (and certain amino acids). - Other chemicals in plants contain different elements, for example chlorophyll contains magnesium and nitrogen. - Without a source of these elements, plants cannot photosynthesise or grow properly. - Plants obtain these elements in the form of mineral ions actively absorbed from the soil by root. - ‘Mineral’ is a term used to describe any naturally occurring inorganic substance - Yellowing between veins: chlorosis - Chlorophyll - add green pigment to the plant. - Magnesium (mg²+) is needed to make chlorophyll (pigment) - Nitrate Ion (NO3) is used to make amino acid (for growth) ## 5. Plant Root System ### Taproot System - Has a central, dominant root that grows downward with lateral roots branching off. ### Fibrous Root System - Consists of many thin roots emerging from the stem base, spreading out in all directions. ### Adventitious Roots - Originate from non-root tissues such as stems or leaves, providing additional support and anchorage. ## 6. Plant Fertilizers - Fertilizer is a natural or artificial substance containing the chemical elements that improve growth and productiveness of plants. - Plants need 3 Fertilizers - N-K-P, or also known as nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium. ### Natural Fertilizers - Natural or organic (animal feces) substances that are derived from the Earth that can provide nutrients to help promote plant growth. ### Artificial Fertilizers - Plant nutrients produced through chemical processes to nurture soil and foster plant growth. - Artificial fertilizers mainly consist of plant macronutrients such as Nitrogen, Potassium, Phosphorus, and Sulphur, but lack other essential substances (micronutrients). ## 7. Humans and Animals: The Musculoskeletal System - Bones, muscles, and joints make up the musculoskeletal system, along with cartilage, tendons, and ligaments. - This system gives your body its structure and support, lets you move around, and protects important organs. - **Fact:** The femur bone in the thigh is the longest and strongest bone in the body. - **Fact:** The smallest bones in the body are called the ossicles in the ear. - Bone is a living tissue with a blood supply. - It is constantly being dissolved and formed and it can repair itself if a bone is broken. - Calcium is important for this process. - Bones work with muscles and tendons to allow the body to move. - The skeleton has four main functions: - To support the body - To protect some of the vital organs of the body - To help the body move - To make blood cells - The bones protect the vital organs: - The skull protects the brain - The vertebrae protect the spinal cord - The ribcage protects the heart, lungs, and liver ## 8. Animal, bacteria, human cells: - Diagrams of bacterial cell, animal cell, and plant cell. ## 9. Human and Animals: Body System ### Fish - **Structures:** Gills are the primary respiratory organs. - **Function:** - Water flows over the gills, where oxygen diffuses into the blood, and carbon dioxide diffuses out. - Gills are highly vascularized, allowing for efficient gas exchange. - **Respiration Type:** Typically, fish use a counter-current exchange system to maximize oxygen absorption. ### Amphibians (e.g., Frogs) - **Structures:** - Gills in the larval stage (tadpoles). - Lungs and skin in adult stages. - **Function:** - Larvae breathe through gills; adults primarily use lungs but can also absorb oxygen through moist skin (cutaneous respiration). - This dual method allows for flexibility in different environments (aquatic anterrestrial). ### Reptiles ( e.g., Snakes, Lizards) - **Structures:** Lungs are the primary respiratory organs; some have adaptations for efficient ventilation. - **Function:** Reptilian lungs are more complex than amphibians, with internal structures (alveoli) to increase surface area for gas exchange. - They rely on rib movements to expand and contract the lungs. ### Birds - **Structures:** Highly efficient lungs paired with air sacs. - **Function:** - Air flows in one direction through the lungs, allowing for continuous gas exchange (unidirectional flow) - The structure allows for a high metabolic rate necessary for flight, maximizing oxygen uptake during both inhalation and exhalation. ## Final Exam Science - Know the seven shared characteristics of living things and be able to relate them to a wide range of organisms in the local and the wider environment: - Movement - Sensitivity - Growth - Respiration - Exertion - Nutrition - Know the difference between breathing and respiration. - Respiration Is the Process Where food Gets broken down and turn Into energy with the Help of oxygen. - Breathing Is an activity of inhalation and Exhalation - Identify the cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, permanent vacuole, mitochondria, and chloroplasts in a range of familiar and less familiar animal and plant cells: - **Animal Cell:** Cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, mitochondria. - **Plant Cell:** Cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, nucleus, chloroplasts, permanent vacuole, mitochondria. - **Nucleus:** Controls cell activities. - **Main parts:** - Mitochondria: Produces energy. - Chloroplasts (plants only): Site of photosynthesis. - Cell Wall (plants only): Provides structure. - Cell Membrane: Controls what enters and exits. - Vacuole (plants): Stores nutrients and water. - **Difference:** Plant cells have a cell wall, chloroplasts, and a large vacuole. Animal cells do not. - Understand the basic parts of a simple light microscope and their functions: - Eyepiece: Where you look through. - Arm: Used to carry the microscope. - Nosepiece: Holds and changes lenses. - Objective Lens: Magnifies the object. - Stage: Holds the slide. - Diaphragm: Controls light. - Coarse Adjustment: Moves stage for focus. - Fine Adjustment: Fine-tunes focus. - Light Source: Lights the object. - Base: Supports the microscope. - **Main parts:** Head, base, arm. - **Major parts:** magnifying, illuminating, mechanical - Explain how cells may have adaptations for particular functions, using cilia and microvilli as examples: - **Cilia:** Tiny hairs that move substances (e.g., mucus in the lungs). - **Microvilli:** Increases surface area for absorption (e.g., in intestines). - Explain the functions of the slime capsule, cell wall, cell membrane, flagella, nucleoid, and plasmids in a generalized bacterial cell: - **Slime Capsule:** Protects bacteria. - **Cell Wall and Membrane:** Provides shape and controls entry/exit. - **Flagella:** Helps movement. - **Nucleoid:** Contains DNA. - **Plasmids:** Extra DNA for traits like antibiotic resistance - Structure of a typical animal cell: - Cell membrane, nucleus, cytoplasm, mitochondria. - Apply knowledge of roots, stems, and leaves to a variety of familiar and less familiar flowering plants: - **Roots:** Absorb water and nutrients. - **Stems:** Transport nutrients. (From roots to the entire plant) - **Leaves:** Site of photosynthesis. (Help with growth) - Identify the relative positions of roots, stems, and leaves in a variety of flowering plants in the local and the wilder environment. - Know the advantages and disadvantages of natural and artificial fertilizer: - **Natural Fertilizer:** Made from organic material, environmentally friendly but slow. - **Artificial Fertilizer:** Made from chemicals, faster but can harm soil. - Know the interdependence of organisms in the environment in terms of feeding relationships by drawing and interpreting food chains and food webs: - **Producer:** Makes food (plants). - **Consumers:** Eat plants or animals (primary, secondary, tertiary). - **Decomposer:** Breaks down dead material. - **Food Webs:** Shows interconnected food chains. - **Food Pyramid:** Shows number of organisms at each level. - Know how to draw and interpret pyramids of number. - Understand the terms ‘producer’, ‘primary consumer’, ‘secondary consumer’, ‘tertiary consumer’, and ‘decomposer’. - Know the difference between starvation and malnutrition and the effect of nutritional deficiencies. - **Starvation:** Lack of food. - **Malnutrition:** Lack of specific nutrients. - Know the component of a balanced diet: - **Balanced Diet Components:** Carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, minerals, water, and fiber. - Know and describe the mechanism of breathing to move air in and out of the lungs: - **Inhale:** Diaphragm contracts, lungs fill with air. - **Exhale:** Diaphragm relaxes, air leaves. - Breathing brings oxygen into the body and removes carbon dioxide. - Know how living organisms are adapted to their habitat, relating these principles to a range of organisms in the local and the wider environment: - Living organisms adapt to their environments in ways that help them survive. - These adaptations can be special body parts, behaviors, or ways their bodies work. - **Examples:** - **Amphibians (like frogs):** - Amphibians live on land and in water. - They have moist skin to help them breathe in water and lungs to breathe on land. - **Aquatic Animals (like dolphins):** - These animals live in water. - Dolphins have flippers to swim and blowholes to breathe air from the surface. - **Arboreal Animals (like monkeys):** - These animals live in trees. - Monkeys have long tails to help them balance and strong arms to swing from tree to tree. - **Terrestrial Animals (like lions):** - These animals live on land. - Lions have sharp claws and teeth to hunt, and strong legs to run fast. - Animals change in different ways to live in their habitats, whether in water, on land, or in trees. - Understand the structure and functions of the human skeleton, to include support, protection, movement, and making blood cells: - The human skeleton has several important structures and functions: - **Support:** The skeleton is like the frame of a house. - It supports the body and gives it shape, allowing us to stand upright and hold everything in place. (For example, the spine keeps your body straight). - **Protection:** The skeleton protects important organs. - **Example:** - The skull surrounds and protects the brain. - The ribcage protects the heart and lungs. - **Movement:** Bones work with muscles to help the body move. - Joints (like knees or elbows) allow bending, and muscles pull on bones to create motion. - **Example:** Your legs move when you walk because muscles pull on the leg bones. - **Making Blood Cells:** Inside some bones is a soft tissue called bone marrow. - Bone marrow produces red blood cells (carry oxygen), white blood cells (fight infections), and platelets (help stop bleeding). - Know the difference between renewable and non-renewable energy sources: - **Renewable Energy:** Energy that comes from natural sources that never run out or can be replaced quickly. - **Example:** Solar energy (from the sun), wind energy (from wind), and hydro energy (from moving water). - **Non-renewable Energy:** Energy that comes from sources found in the earth that take millions of years to form and will eventually run out. - **Example:** Coal, oil, and natural gas (fossil fuels). - Understand that energy can be transferred between energy stores but no energy is created or lost: - Energy cannot be created or destroyed, but it can be transferred and transformed. - Ways to transform energy: electrically, by heating, mechanically, and by radiation. - Know joules ( J) and kilojoules (kJ) as units of energy: - Convert from Joule (J) to Kilojoule (kJ): kJ = J x 0.001. - Convert from Kilojoule (kJ) to Joule (J): J = kJ x 1000. - Know that voltage and potential difference is measured in volts (V) using a voltmeter connected in parallel to the component (across the component): - **Voltage (V):** Measured with a voltmeter connected in parallel. - ( V = R * I, where V stands for voltage, R is resistance, and I is current.) - Understand that in a parallel circuit currents combine when routes/ branches meet and the total current entering a junction is the same as the total amount leaving: - **Parallel Circuits:** Total current entering a junction = total leaving. - (Rumus: I = V (1/R1 + 1/R2 + ... + 1/Rn)) - Understand that forces are pushes or pulls that can change the speed of an object or the direction it is moving in, or can change the shape of something: - Pushes or pulls that can change speed, direction, or shape. - Equation for force is (F=ma), where: - (F): The force, - (m): The mass, - (a): The acceleration. - Newton (N), which is defined as the amount of force required to accelerate one kilogram (kg) of mass one meter per second squared (m/s²). - Understand the difference between contact forces, such as friction, upthrust, air, and water resistance, and non-contact forces, such as gravity, magnetism, and forces due to static electricity: - **Contact force:** A force that is applied by objects in contact with each other. (E.g: Friction, air resistance.) - **A non-contact force:** A force applied to an object by another body that is not in direct contact with it. (E.g: Gravity, magnetism.) - Understand how to work safely in a Laboratory: - Why we should follow lab rules: > To Prevents Accidents and Injuries. - **Common rules:** - No Food or Drink. - Wear Your Lab Attire. - Good Hygiene. - Use Proper Storage Containers. - Wear shoes. - Clean up afterwards. - Don't Work Alone. - Stay Focused and Aware of Your Surroundings. - Participate in Safety Exercise - Know a vertical column of elements as a 'Group': - Groups in the periodic table are the vertical columns. - Elements in the same group have similar chemical properties. - **Group 1 - Alkali Metals:** These are reactive metals like lithium (Li) and sodium (Na). - **Group 2 - Alkaline Earth Metals:** These include calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg). - **Group 17 - Halogens:** These are reactive non-metals like chlorine (CI) and iodine (I). - **Group 18 - Noble Gases:** These gases, like helium (He) and neon (Ne), don't react easily. - Know a horizontal row of elements as a 'period': - Periods in the periodic table are the horizontal rows. - Each period represents a different energy level, and as you move across a period, elements change from metals to non-metals. - **Period 1:** This period has only two elements: hydrogen (H) and helium (He). - **Period 2:** This period includes elements like lithium (Li), carbon (C), and oxygen (O). - **Period 3:** Includes elements like sodium (Na), magnesium (Mg), and chlorine (CI). - **Period 4:** Includes elements like potassium (K), iron (Fe), and krypton (Kr). - **Period 5:** Includes elements like rubidium (Rb), silver (Ag), and iodine (I). - **Period 6:** Includes elements like cesium (Cs), barium (Ba), and xenon (Xe). - **Period 7:** Includes elements like francium (Fr), radon (Rn), and uranium (U). - Note: mangat hafalin (kalo ga semua gapapa. Rawr) (^▽^)