Summary of Teaching English as a Foreign or Second Language PDF

𝐑𝐄𝐏𝐔𝐁𝐋𝐈𝐂 𝐎𝐅 𝐈𝐑𝐀𝐐 𝐌𝐈𝐍𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐇𝐈𝐆𝐇𝐄𝐑 𝐄𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐅𝐈𝐂 𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇 𝐓𝐈𝐊𝐑𝐈𝐓 𝐔𝐍𝐈𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐘 𝐂𝐎𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐆𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐄𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐇𝐔𝐌𝐀𝐍 𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐄𝐒 𝐃𝐄𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐄𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐇 𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐔𝐀𝐆𝐄.. 𝐒𝐔𝐌𝐌𝐀𝐑𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐄𝐀𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐄𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐇 𝐀𝐒 𝐀 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐄𝐈𝐆𝐍 𝐎𝐑 𝐒𝐄𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃 𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐔𝐀𝐆𝐄. [[ 𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐏𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐒𝐈𝐗 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐄𝐈𝐆𝐇𝐓 ]] 𝐄𝐅𝐋/...

𝐑𝐄𝐏𝐔𝐁𝐋𝐈𝐂 𝐎𝐅 𝐈𝐑𝐀𝐐 𝐌𝐈𝐍𝐈𝐒𝐓𝐑𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐇𝐈𝐆𝐇𝐄𝐑 𝐄𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐓𝐈𝐅𝐈𝐂 𝐑𝐄𝐒𝐄𝐀𝐑𝐂𝐇 𝐓𝐈𝐊𝐑𝐈𝐓 𝐔𝐍𝐈𝐕𝐄𝐑𝐒𝐈𝐓𝐘 𝐂𝐎𝐋𝐋𝐄𝐆𝐄 𝐎𝐅 𝐄𝐃𝐔𝐂𝐀𝐓𝐈𝐎𝐍 𝐅𝐎𝐑 𝐇𝐔𝐌𝐀𝐍 𝐒𝐂𝐈𝐄𝐍𝐂𝐄𝐒 𝐃𝐄𝐏𝐀𝐑𝐓𝐌𝐄𝐍𝐓 𝐎𝐅 𝐄𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐇 𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐔𝐀𝐆𝐄.. 𝐒𝐔𝐌𝐌𝐀𝐑𝐘 𝐎𝐅 𝐓𝐄𝐀𝐂𝐇𝐈𝐍𝐆 𝐄𝐍𝐆𝐋𝐈𝐒𝐇 𝐀𝐒 𝐀 𝐅𝐎𝐑𝐄𝐈𝐆𝐍 𝐎𝐑 𝐒𝐄𝐂𝐎𝐍𝐃 𝐋𝐀𝐍𝐆𝐔𝐀𝐆𝐄. [[ 𝐂𝐇𝐀𝐏𝐓𝐄𝐑 𝐒𝐈𝐗 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐄𝐈𝐆𝐇𝐓 ]] 𝐄𝐅𝐋/𝐄𝐒𝐋. 𝐌𝐀𝐓𝐄𝐑𝐈𝐀𝐋𝐒, 𝐌𝐄𝐃𝐈𝐀, 𝐀𝐍𝐃 𝐓𝐄𝐂𝐇𝐍𝐎𝐋𝐎𝐆𝐘. 𝗕𝗬 :``` 𝐌𝐔𝐇𝐀𝐌𝐌𝐄𝐃 𝐍𝐀𝐒𝐒𝐈𝐅 𝐌𝐀𝐇𝐌𝐎𝐔𝐃 ``` Q1// Who creates the materials available to EFL/ESL teachers? A:: Basically, materials used in EFL/ESL classrooms are created by four group of people: publishing companies, government agencies, curriculum development teams at the school level, and classroom teachers. Q2// What are the advantages and disadvantages of commercial materials? 🔹Advantages ① - Using commercial teaching materials saves time. ②- Another advantage, especially for those new to teaching. ③- well-organized commercial materials can systematically guide the teacher and students step- by-step through a series of lessons. 🔹 Disadvantages. ①-if the teacher can't select the text to be used. ②- Text are usually based on the author's or publisher's ideas about teaching. ③- There is the possible problem of ideological conflict in teaching beliefs. For Example: some text writers believe students should memorize words and grammar rules before they practice speaking, writing, or reading; 1 Q3// What are authentic materials? What types are available? Definition of Authentic Materials. Authentic materials are those created for some real-world purpose other than language learning, and often, but not always, provided by native speakers for native speakers. ①-Authentic listening /Viewing Materials. Like → Silent films/TV commercial /cartoons/news /Dramas| ②-Authentic Visual Materials. Like →Slides/ photographs /paintings/drawings| ③-Authentic Printed Materials. Like →Newspaper articles /Sports/advertisements/plane train/ short stories | ④-Realia Used in EFL/ESL Classroom. Like →Dolls /puppets/currency/scissors/toothbrush/glasses| 2 Q4// What Are the Disadvantages and Advantages of Using Authentic Materials and Media? 🔷Disadvantages: ①-One dis advantage is that it takes time and effort to locate authentic materials. ②-It is also difficult to make authentic materials and media comprehensible to the students. ③-Also, some students will not accept authentic materials and media as being a valuable learning source. 🔷Advantages: ①-Can reinforce for students the direct relation between the language classroom and the outside world. ②-In addition, they offer a way to contextualize language learning. 3 Q5// This a question isn't important in my opinion, but important as definitions. ①Waiter: Your job is to greet customers and to take their food orders. Make sure to write down each order. ②-Customer No. 1:Go into the restaurant with a friend. Order from the menu. You want to treat your friend, but you only have $14.80. ③- Cashier: Your job is to read the waiter's writ- ten orders, write in the price of each food item, add up the bill, and collect the money. ④-Customer No. 2:Your friend wants to treat you to lunch. You are very hungry. Q6//What Kinds of Technology Do EFL/ESL Teachers Use? An: A Technology Continuum. ①-Low Technology: Sticks, Earth, Air, Clouds. ②-Chalk; Blackboard, Crayons, Paint, Paper, Scissors. ③-Overhead Projector: Slide Projector, Radio, Telephone, VCR, Video camera. ④-High Technology: Digital video camera, computer, cell Phone, Digital Audio Recorder, Internet. 4 Q7//What Problems Do Some EFL/ESL Teachers Have with Materials, Media, and Technology? An:( ①-The "I Am Forced to Teach from the Book" Problem. Some EFL/ESL teachers are required to follow a particular text, and they find that the administration's policy is stringent. ② -The "Let the Textbook Do the Teaching" Problem. Following a text has certain advantages. It saves time, and novice teachers can learn something about teaching from following a text. ③ -The "How Do I Locate Useful Websites for My Students?" Problem. There are so many websites that some teachers find it almost over- whelming to know which ones they can recommend to EFL/ESL students. Having faced this same problem. 5  Chapter Eight Teaching Students to Comprehend Spoken English Q1//What does the act of listening include? 1️⃣-Active Listening: Listening is not a passive activity. Rather, listening places many demands on us. When we participate in face-to-face or telephone. As Definition:: Active listening:-is even a part of our interpersonal communication in which we pay attention to our own thoughts and ideas. ②Processing What We Hear. Bottom-up processing:-refers to decoding a message that the listener hears through the analysis of sounds, words and grammar. Top-down processing:-refers to using background knowledge to comprehend a message. ③-The Purpose of listening: First →Interactional:: use of language center on such safe topics as the weather, food, and beautiful things. Second → Transactional function:: use focuses attention on the content of the message. Emphasis is on transferring information. 6 Q2//What Kinds of Listening Activities Do EFL/ESL Teachers Use? ① -identifying linguistic Features. ②- Responding to Requests and Commands. ③- Interacting as a listener. ④- Comprehending Extended Speech. ⑤- Problem Solving. ②-Responding to Requests and Commands Listen-and-respond activities highlight bottom-up processing because The listener listens to identify specific words and grammatical command structures. One type of activity is Total Physical Response(TPR). Q3//How do EFL/ESL teachers use the media to teach listening? There are many ways in which EFL/ESL teachers can make use of media in our listening classes. Radio, for example, offers song, advertisements, talk shows, and drama. Television offers an abundance of materials: quiz shows, comedies, reality shows, soaps, cartoons. Documentaries, educational programs, news, weather forecasts, movies, award shows, and commercials. Techniques: Processing Authentic Video Material ::::‫سؤال مهم كتعاريف او كتعداد‬ 🔷-Silent Viewing: Students view video material without sound to consider what is going on and guess what speakers are doing and saying. 🔷Soundtrack Only: Students hear the soundtrack without the picture and speculate on what speakers look like, the setting, and the location. 🔷Beginning Only: Students view the beginning of a sequence, then predict what will happen next. 7 Q4//What Problems Do Some EFL/ESL Teachers Have in Teaching Students to Comprehend Spoken English? Problems some EFL/ESL teachers face include the following: ①- The "outdated listening lab" problem. ②-The "How can I judge the authenticity of commercial EFL/ESL listening materials?" problem. ①-The "Outdated listening lab" problem. EFL/ESL teachers may find themselves in a traditional listening lab sitting at their carrels and listening to tapes, rarely speaking with classmates. In these types of programs, the role of the teacher in the listening lab is to broadcast a program to the whole class. This traditional approach doesn't always produce the best students. ②-The "How Can l Judge the Authenticity of The Commercial EFL/ESL Listening Materials" Problem. Truly authentic listening experiences focus on varieties of pronunciation and intonation. -Authentic listening also includes hearing a variety of grammatical structures, not just one or two said over and over again-the use of fragments or sequences of loosely connected words and clauses, rather than well-formed sentences. 8 English as a second or foreign language is the use of English by speakers with different native languages, often with students whose native language is not English and are learning to speak and write English, commonly among students Language education for people learning English may be known as English as a foreign. ،‫اللغة اإلنجليزية كلغة ثانية أو أجنبية هي استخدام اللغة اإلنجليزية من قبل متحدثين بلغات أصلية مختلفة‬ ‫ عادة بين‬،‫غالبًا مع الطالب الذين لغتهم األم ليست اإلنجليزية ويتعلمون التحدث والكتابة باللغة اإلنجليزية‬.‫الطالب قد يُعرف تعليم اللغة لألشخاص الذين يتعلمون اللغة اإلنجليزية باسم اإلنجليزية كأجنبي‬ ‫‪To students in an English speaking country. EFL is English which is taught to‬‬ ‫‪students in a foreign, non-English speaking country. As it is true of many‬‬ ‫‪European countries, where is common to learn to speak more than one‬‬ ‫‪foreign language.‬‬ ‫للطالب في بلد يتحدث اإلنجليزية‪.‬اللغة اإلنجليزية كلغة أجنبية هي اللغة اإلنجليزية التي يتم تدريسها ‪.‬‬ ‫للطالب في دولة أجنبية غير ناطقة باللغة اإلنجليزية‪.‬كما هو الحال في العديد من الدول األوروبية‪ ،‬حيث من‬ ‫الشائع تعلم التحدث بأكثر من لغة أجنبية‪.‬‬