Electricity Final Exam Notes PDF

 Electricity Final upper generation stream : Middle stream-transmission Downstream-distribution Power plants > - transmission > -...

 Electricity Final upper generation stream : Middle stream-transmission Downstream-distribution Power plants > - transmission > - substation > distribution - Subtransmission Customer 26 KV and 69kv Primary customer 13 KV and 4kV (homes secondary customer 120V and 240v avoid monopolies Regulation to and overcharging - and demand Regulated price caps don't reflect true at supply regulated rates Under regulation all prices are # ESO - Alberta IESO- Ontario Deregulation Pros and Cons Pros : cost minimize incentives marginal market , cost , pricing cons-price fluctuation , congestion Power (watts) (seconds) Energy (joules) = = Time Watt Kilowatt-> megawatte Eigawatte terawatt 1000 watts = 1 KW Peakload-highest demand (11. 5 GW) Baseload-minimum amount of demand to be met (7 6 GW). Baseload generators - hydro ; nuclear , coal , gas Electricity generation-hydro , nuclear , natural gas Main resource BC Wil Alb > coal Yukon) hydr a NB) nuclear Sask FEI) wind Que alternates frequency-rate at which a current North - american frequency 60 Hr - amount of Votage electrical pressure that pushes current - a  the market Marginal costs in electricity I ↓ system costs operating costs heat rate-efficiency of a generator to utilize heat content (1 kwh of electricity BTU-british thermal units Capacity factor actual - output of plant to its max possible output Total cost = heat rate x Eas price X O & M cost for competetive prices Design > auction - sealed bid auction increase competition Truth telling-generator offers marginal cost and reliable Submarkets real facilitate better - functioning time market Registration Suppliers register to participate - Network modelling analyze grid behaviour - CRR auction-auction to receive payments when congestion occurs Day Ahead : submit offers to buy/sell electricity for the next day Reliability : enough generation demand capacity to meet Adjustment period : make last minute adjustments to generation ( consumption plans Real time : actively to customers supplying settlement : parties are paid/charged for transactions Real Time · physical reliability, , penalties /contracts) Day Ahead · financial , one day ahead of real time , voluntary Ancillary sold in ahead, stability demand supply reliability day - = , , , physical Transmission right - financial , arbitrage , hedging annually , Monty weekly) , Capacity - physical , financial (annual month (n) ,  Bilateral contracts contracts between · signed parties privately Two settlement system - forward market converge with real time -reduce issues gaming - prices converge in every market negative balance for producer = loss negative balance for Consumer = consumer recieves Revenue Q =. +P , + /G2 · Q. ) + P2 Locational Marginal pricing/LMP) Nodal-prices car be different in all locations Zonal-prices can be different in zones but same within Alberta : zonal LMP specific to nodal When there all LMP's equal is no congestion rent used to fund Congestion CRR's Price of transmission right Psink = - Psource  the with transmission rights consumer will be paid the difference FTR payoff = /Loc A-Loc B) x.. Quantity Obligation-get paid/pay out no matter what Options - no need to get paid/pay out Acquiring transmission rights auctions special allocations , bilateral trades · , Frequencyofaction, monthly day and a , Ancillary Service Regulation respond to control within 3 to 5 seconds signals · Regulation up : amount avaliable above outpul level but below highest sustainable level down : amount available Regulation below outpult level and is above its own lowest sustainable level  Reserves Spinning help restore system frequency - - provided by online resources · respond in 10 minutes (EA) Energy Emergency alert Non Spinning reserves ina longerresponse ' : · offline resources sustained limit # SL , LSL high/low Service limit HASL , LASL high/low ancillary its Ramp rate-how fast a generator changes output #DLLHASL high/low dispatch limit LDL ? LSL point + /Suramp x5) HDL = operating LDL = operatingPoint - (SDramp x5)  Reliability Unit Commitment available for serving is - enough capacity ensure forecasted demand RUC payments uplifted: shared cost by all consumers Alberta is an energy only market Price caps Texas $9 , 000 - Netherland Euro - 100 000 , Alberta - $1 ,000 Australia - $13 , 800 weakness - no price clastic demand - price set by supply · market power problems Combustion turbine Investment barriers to immediate cost entry-high ($80-105kW/) · Combine cycle turbine 110-130kw/yr Centry costs) -  Capacities a System Cannot Use - planned outage /maintenance forced outage /unexpected due to issue) · · Generation deration (intentional reduction of power output/reduced demand , maintenance , environmental regulations() Capacity margin : capacity in excess of system forecasted pat reserve = (total supply = peals load) /peak load VOLL (value of Lost Load) amount customer is willing to pay when electricity is · lost - no accurate estimation VOLL pricing is regulatory - VOLL: price es VOLL  Price caps ERCOT -$9 , 000 Australia - $13 , 800 Alberta -$1 , 000 Netherland - Euro $100 , 000 VoLL and Scarcity balance supply and demand Transient Local Shortage - Peakers allowed to use marginal cost/includes star up cost Peaker pricing is not VOLL pricing - ↓ downward sloping = optimal scarcity pricing - operation reserve pricing is not regulatory Realtime,pricinshedding events Reserve drop below 2000 immediatley adjust to VOLL -  Compare operation reserve and VOLL - operation : more market driven risk but operation reserve low occur more frequently · risk and VOLL has more system occurs less frequent · operation = more complex · operation curbs market power voll invites market power Capacity Market sufficent capacity is built - Price of capacity : through capacity market auction - -energy price cap low , since capacity price is to recover fixed cost - Annual auction 3 ahead years smaller balancing auctions leading up to delivery date · - older resources cheaper  Market Power - ability to alter prices away from competetive levels strategies Physical witholding - resources not offered to market (whole plant shut down) Economic witholding -resources offered to market but a very high price to evade market (looks like they are still running) the marginal drive up clearing market price Groups Geothermal-consolidated us. Fragmented what country is USA Asia Canada Africa not consolidated Europe Latin America Agriculture to methane rich bio - converting ~ organic waste harder for smaller farms to do it gas - waste and emissions reduction Solar key players - canadian solar , Sun power , Jinko solar, Logni solar * 4 companies > which is key player - hydro · makes up 83 % of Lanada's renewable energy sector Wind of Alberta ruled out 23 % right now · Hydrogen Selectroysisslide Current 60-75 % future 70. 85 % Germany pledged 10 8 billion. for expansion