OntarioTech MECE3260U: Introduction to Energy Systems Lecture Notes PDF

Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science MECE3260U: Introduction to Energy Systems Lecture 1: Energy and Environment Perspectives Dr. Ibrahim Dincer Professor of Mechanical Engineering 1 ...

Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science MECE3260U: Introduction to Energy Systems Lecture 1: Energy and Environment Perspectives Dr. Ibrahim Dincer Professor of Mechanical Engineering 1  OBJECTIVES  To discuss:  Importance of energy  Energy issues  Environmental issues  Smart solutions  3S concept  Role of engineering  Life cycle assessment  Sustainable development  Industrial ecology  Energy labeling  Future dimensions 2  Global Issues Coronavirus Pandemic 1) Energy 2) Environment 3) Water 4) Food 5) Poverty 6) Immigration & Refuges 7) Terrorism & War 8) Disease 9) Education Source: Utrecht Sustainability Institute 10) Population 3 Major Global Issues http://geni.org/globalenergy/issues/global/ 4 Source: United Nations 5  WHY ENERGY?  Energy is vital for our daily life and sectoral activities. Examples are: in our homes for lighting, domestic appliances, televisions, computers, etc.; in factories to power the manufacture of the products we use everyday; and in cars, trucks, ships and airplanes to transport people and goods.  Energy demand has drastically increased, is increasing and will increase in the future. Question: How to meet future energy needs in a sustainable manner? 15 Fastest Growing Industries of the Future (Based on Real Data) - YouTube 6 By the year 2050, world-wide energy demand is projected to be at least double its present level! 7 MAIN TARGETS Better efficiency Better cost effectiveness Better use of energy resources Better design, analysis and implementation Better management practices Better strategies and policies Better environment Better sustainability Better energy security 8 Smart Things Smart materials Smart devices Smart technologies Smart grid etc. 9 Smart Energy Solutions Renewable Energy Technologies Clean Fuel Technologies (H2, NH3) Efficient Energy Use Cleaner Technologies for Fossil Fuels System Integration and Multigeneration Energy Storage Technologies Nuclear Energy Waste to Energy Smart energy portfolio 10 3S Approach Source System Service efficiency increase dependable clean system integration efficient abundant multigeneration cheap waste/loss practical available recovery clean etc. etc. etc. Storage Storage Sustainability 11 ENGINEERING AND THE ENVIRONMENT Environmental problems are part of every engineering discipline. Everything we do as engineers can have an impact on the environment. 12  The Role of Engineers Engineers are primarily involved in technology development and deployment. The sources of environmental impacts are directly related to the engineers and their activities: design, analysis, development, and building. Three key issues are: Materials selection: Two key questions ⇒ Can I use environmentally friendly alternative materials? And Can I use less amount of material without compromising the function or reliability? Manufacturing processes: Processing from raw materials to assembly into final products. In most cases, every step releases waste materials to the environment as air pollutants, water pollutants, and solid wastes. Energy use: plays the most crucial role in environmental impact. The quantities and the types of energy we use directly affect environmental quality. 13 Example: Emissions at the power plant When powered by fossil fuels, power plants produce gasses: carbon dioxide, nitrous oxides and sulfur oxides, as well as particulates, that go up the smoke stack. Other by-products can include: toxic ash (usually taken to a lined landfill) and hot water (which can be considered "thermal pollution” if it is dumped in a river - but can be an economic asset if it is used to heat homes and stores). 14  Thermal Power Plants! NZ Electricity Emissions | Ecotricity NZ Source: Bucknell University 15 16  17  Effects of Global Warming Source: UN  Most recent catastrophic events: Cyclones, earthquakes, tornados, floods, etc. 18 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=n9Ej5E47TNI 19 20 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)-I LCA provides a picture of how engineering decisions in any particular field for building and producing goods to serve society affect the environment. All stages of product’s life cycle must be considered in finding ways to reduce environmental impacts by generating cleaner and more efficient manufacturing operations (with less energy and material inputs) and recovering energy and materials during waste management. LCA is a significant tool in implementing the concepts of green design, green power use, and waste minimization Source: Google Images 21 Life Cycle Assessment (LCA)-II The example questions are:  What materials to use?  Where to order these materials from?  What types of energy to use in production?  How to package the products?  How to transport the products to customers?  How to dispose of wastes? under the criteria: minimizing the cost and environmental impact and maximizing the product quality and efficiency. 22 Key Steps of LCA? Goal and Scope Definition: Inventory Analysis: Impact Assessment: Improvement Analysis: 23 Example: LIFE-CYCLE COSTING (LCC) Let us look at a LCC analysis of lighting (incandescent bulbs vs compact fluorescent bulbs). Incandescents are less expensive (95% to heat and 5% to usable light). Compact fluorescent bulbs are much more energy efficient. So, which type of lighting comes out on top in a LCC analysis... Cost of buying bulbs Incandescent Compact fluorescent Lifetime of one bulb (hours) 1,000 10,000 Bulb price ($) 0.5 3 Number of bulbs for lighting 10 1 10,000 hours Cost for bulbs ($) 10 × $0.5 = $ 5 1 × $3 = $3 Energy cost Equivalent wattage (W) 75 12 Watt-hours (Wh) needed for 75 × 10,000 = 750,000 Wh 12 × 10,000 = 120,000 Wh lighting for 10,000 hours = 750 kWh = 120 kWh Cost at $ 0.05 per kWh 750 kWh × $ 0.05 = $ 37.5 120 kWh × $ 0.05 = $ 6 TOTAL COSTS ($) $ 5 + $ 37.5 = $ 42.5 $3+$6=$9  Environmental Impact: 750 kWh x 1 kgCO2/kWh = 750 kg & 120 kWh x 1 kgCO2/kWh = 120 kg  One can save: 630 kg of CO2 24  INDUSTRIAL ECOLOGY (IE) IE provides a comprehensive view of design for the environment. IE is very popular for engineering design since it combines it with environment principles. IE aims at minimizing or eliminating the overall environmental consequences of engineering design decisions. Source: Google Images IE process includes: circulating and reusing the material flows within the system, reducing the amounts of materials used in products to achieve a particular function, protecting living organisms by minimizing or eliminating the flow of harmful substances, minimizing the energy use and the waste heat to the surroundings. 25 SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT (SD) Energy resources are needed for societal development, and SD requires a supply of energy resources that are sustainably available at reasonable cost with no negative societal impacts. Energy resources, e.g. fossil fuels are finite lack of sustainability, while others such as renewable energy sources are sustainable over the relatively long term. Environmental concerns are also a major factor in SD as activities which degrade the environment are not sustainable. The Brundtland Commission defined SD as “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own needs”. 26 Factors impacting sustainable development, and their interdependences 27 Renewables  Sustainable Development 28 FUTURE EXPECTATIONS Energy supply must be sustainable and diverse. And energy must be used more efficiently. A sustainable energy supply, both short- and long-term, is needed for promoting both economic development and people's quality of life, as well as protecting the environment. We also need a greater diversification of energy resources - if we are largely dependent on one fuel source, we risk price rises and supply disruptions. Energy is a precious resource which must be conserved and used efficiently. Improved energy efficiency, therefore, in our homes, factories and transport needs to be strongly encouraged. 29   Let’s start labeling all energy systems, buildings, products, services, etc. Energy Facts Per XXX W, kW or MW production, transportation, conversion, consumption, etc. o Total energy input o Total energy output o Total heat rejection or penetration o Overall energy efficiency o Energetic renewability ratio o Energy based GHG emissions o Energetic global warming impact ratio o Energetic sustainability index o Overall category (out of 10: 1 -> worst, 10 -> best) 30 Just for $1.00 !!  WHAT TO DO?  FEEL RESPONSIBLE AND MAKE DIFFERENCE Think Globally! Act Locally! 31