Dietary-Modification-and-Diet-Therapy-2nd.pdf

Diet Modification and Diet Therapy Diet Therapy A. General Diets B. Diets Modified in Consistency C. Diets Modified in Composition Definition of Terms DIETARY MODIFICATIONS changes made during food preparation, processing, and consumption to increase the bioavailability of micronutri...

Diet Modification and Diet Therapy Diet Therapy A. General Diets B. Diets Modified in Consistency C. Diets Modified in Composition Definition of Terms DIETARY MODIFICATIONS changes made during food preparation, processing, and consumption to increase the bioavailability of micronutrients and reduce micronutrient deficiencies in food MODIFIED DIET Any diet altered to include or exclude certain components, such as calories, fat, vitamins and minerals Diets are typically modified for therapeutic reasons, including treatment of high blood pressure, low body weight or vitamin and mineral deficiencies.  THERAPEUTIC DIET a meal plan that controls the intake of certain foods. It’s a practice followed in many hospitals as part of the treatment of a medical condition and are normally prescribed by a physician and planned by a dietician. usually a modification of a regular diet. Diets are modified for consistency, nutrition and new methods of making regular dishes. GENERAL OBJECTIVES OF DIET THERAPY To maintain a good nutritional status To correct nutrient deficiencies which may have occurred due to the disease. To afford rest to the whole body or to the specific organ affected by the disease. To adjust the food intake to the body's ability to metabolize the nutrients during the disease. To bring about changes in body weight whenever necessary Dietary Modifications 1.Standard diet: a diet that includes all foods and meets the nutrient needs of healthy people; also called a regular diet. 2.Modified diet: a diet that is altered by changing food consistency or nutrient content or by including or eliminating specific foods; also called a therapeutic diet. Diet modification altering the types of food consumed, adjusting portion sizes, changing meal timing, and making conscious choices to support overall well-being. Purpose of Diet Modification Weight Management: Adjusting caloric intake to lose, gain, or maintain weight. Health Conditions: Managing diseases such as diabetes, hypertension, heart disease, or gastrointestinal disorders.  Nutritional Deficiency: Ensuring adequate intake of essential nutrients like vitamins, minerals, and proteins. Lifestyle Goals: Supporting athletic performance, enhancing mental clarity, or improving energy levels. Types of General Diets 1. Regular/ Standard diet Intended for hospitalized clients who do not have special a balanced diet that supplies the metabolic requirements of a sedentary person (about 2,000 Kcal). ❖Most agencies offer clients a daily menu from which to select their meals for the next day ❖others provide standard meals to each client on the general diet.  2. Vegetarian Diet ❖A vegetarian diet excludes meat but includes plant-based foods and, depending on the type, may include dairy and eggs. Types: ❖Lacto-Ovo Vegetarian: Includes dairy and eggs. ❖Lacto Vegetarian: Includes dairy but excludes eggs. ❖Ovo Vegetarian: Includes eggs but excludes dairy. 3. A vegan diet is a plant-based dietary regimen that excludes all animal products, including meat, dairy, eggs, and honey. ❖It focuses on consuming fruits, vegetables, grains, nuts, seeds, and legumes to obtain all the necessary nutrients for a balanced and healthy lifestyle. Flexitarian Diet mostly plant-based but allows for occasional consumption of meat and animal products. Foods Allowed: Fruits and Vegetables: Wide variety of fresh, frozen, or canned options. Whole Grains: Brown rice, whole grain bread, oats. Plant-Based Proteins: Beans, lentils, tofu, nuts, seeds. Animal Products: Occasional meat (poultry, fish), dairy, and eggs. Modified Consistency Diets Regular/Standard diet These diets adjust the texture and form of food to accommodate individuals with difficulties in chewing or swallowing (dysphagia). often given to clients before and after surgery or procedures or to promote healing in clients with GI distress. GI surgery clients are not permitted red-colored liquids or candy since, if vomited, the color may be confused with blood. Pureed Diet: Foods are blended to a smooth, pudding-like consistency. This diet is ideal for individuals with severe chewing or swallowing difficulties. Foods included are smooth, homogenous, and free of lumps. Pureed diet Examples: ❖Mashed potatoes ❖ pureed meats ❖pureed vegetables ❖ smoothies ❖blended soups Mechanical Soft Diet: Foods are soft and easy to chew. They are often mashed, chopped, or ground but maintain some texture. Suitable for individuals with mild to moderate chewing difficulties. Examples: Finely chopped or ground meat, scrambled eggs, mashed fruits, and cooked, soft vegetables.  Soft Diet: Foods that are naturally soft or can be made soft with cooking. This diet excludes hard, crunchy, or sticky foods, making it easier for individuals with minor chewing issues. Examples: Tender meats, soft fruits without skins, cooked vegetables, and soft bread. Types of Liquid Diet without Solids Thickened Liquids: For individuals with dysphagia, liquids may need to be thickened to various consistencies (nectar, honey, or pudding-like) to prevent choking and aspiration. Examples: Thickened water, juice, milk, and soups. LIQUID DIET Description: Consists only of liquids and foods that turn into liquid at room temperature. It is often used as a transitional diet. INDICATIONS prescribed after surgery as a person’s first step toward taking solid foods. may be used during an acute illness certain body disturbances, such as irritation of the intestinal tract. Examples: Broth, clear juices, gelatin, ice pops, and clear nutritional supplements. CLEAR LIQUID DIET Includes minimum residue fluids that can be seen through. A short-term diet (24 to 36 hours) provided for clients after certain surgeries or in the acute stages of infection, particularly of the GI tract. Note That “Clear” Does Not Necessarily Mean “Colorless.” Is often used as the first step to restarting oral feeding after surgery or an abdominal procedure. should not be used for more than 3 days, unless the client is receiving nutritional support (nasogastric [NG] tube feedings or intravenous [IV] feedings) or other nutritional supplements.  Foods allowed in CLEAR LIQUID DIET ❖Water, Bouillon; fat-free clear broth ;Carbonated beverages; coffee, tea, Fruit juices, strained and clear juices (apple, cranberry, grape), ginger ale ❖ Plain Gelatin; popsicles Sugar; honey ❖ INDICATIONS: 1. Initial feeding after surgery or parenteral nutrition 2. in preparation for surgery and various diagnostic tests of the bowel(GI tract) ❖ CONTRAINDICATIONS: Long term used Full liquid diet ❖Includes fluids that are creamy. ❖Some examples of food allowed are ice cream, pudding, thinned hot cereal, custard, strained cream soups, and juices with pulp. ❖Used as the second step to restarting oral feeding once clear liquids are tolerated. ❖Used for people who cannot tolerate a mechanical soft diet. ❖Should not be used for extended periods. Food allowed in Full liquid diet All foods included in clear liquid plus All milk and milk drinks, puddings, custards, ice cream, sherbet All vegetable and fruit juices, Refined or strained cereals(e.g. cream of rice), Eggs in custard, Butter, margarine, cream, Dietary supplements such as Ensure INDICATIONS Used as a transitional diet between a clear diet and a soft diet, and by clients who have difficulty chewing or swallowing CONTRAINDICATIONS: Severe lactose intolerance (diet relies heavily on milk and dairy products for protein and calories) Unless modified to decrease the cholesterol content, a liquid diet is not suitable for long- term use by clients with hypercholesterolemia Transitional Diet Description: This diet serves as a step between a liquid diet and a regular diet. It often includes pureed or mechanically altered foods. Examples: Soft scrambled eggs, pureed vegetables, mashed potatoes, and thickened soups. General Guidelines in Transitional Diet Avoid high-fiber foods like raw vegetables, whole grains, and nuts. Avoid spicy, fried, and fatty foods which can be hard to digest. Limit dairy if lactose intolerance is an issue. Stay hydrated with plenty of fluids, especially water and clear liquids. Blenderized Tube Feeding Diet ❖Description: For individuals who cannot eat by mouth, this diet involves blending regular foods to be administered through a feeding tube. ❖Examples: Blended vegetables, fruits, proteins, and grains that can be given through a feeding tube. Indication for Blenderized feeding Food Allergies and Intolerances: Patients with multiple food allergies or intolerances might benefit from blenderized feeding to avoid allergens present in commercial formulas. Formula Intolerance: Patients who experience gastrointestinal issues, such as nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea, with commercial formulas might tolerate blenderized feeding better.  Tube Dependency: Long-term tube-fed patients may benefit from a more natural diet to improve quality of life and potentially support better digestive health. Home Care Settings: In certain cases, home care providers may find it more practical or cost-effective to prepare blenderized feeds rather than purchasing commercial formulas.  DIET AS TOLERATED “Diet as tolerated” describe a flexible approach to a patient's diet.- this means that the patient can eat foods that they can tolerate based on their symptoms and overall condition. For example: on the first postoperative day a client may be given a clear liquid diet. If no nausea occurs, normal intestinal motility has returned as evidenced by active bowel sounds and client reports passing gas, and the client feels like eating, the diet may be advanced to a full liquid, light, or regular diet. BLAND DIET often prescribed for those with ulcers, esophagitis, gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) or heartburn, gastritis, hiatal hernia, or other disorders of the gastrointestinal tract. goal is to limit foods that stimulate the production of gastric acid. Individuals following a bland diet should be encouraged to avoid other foods that may cause them discomfort because intolerances are often individual. FOODS TO BE AVOIDED ON THE BLAND DIET: Alcohol, Caffeine (including chocolate and cola drinks) and decaffeinated coffee and tea, Red and black pepper, Chili powder, Fried foods and foods high in fat, Peppermint and spearmint oils Foods allowed in Bland diet Lean meats: Skinless chicken, turkey, and lean cuts of beef or pork. Fish: Non-fatty, baked, grilled, or poached. Milk: Low-fat or skim. Bread: White or refined wheat bread, without seeds. Cereals: Low-fiber, refined cereals like Cream of Wheat Cooked or canned fruits: Applesauce, canned peaches or pears (without added sugar).  2. Modified Diet in Composition Low-Sodium Diet: ❖Designed for individuals with hypertension or heart disease. This diet limits sodium intake to reduce blood pressure and fluid retention. ❖This diet typically limits sodium intake to 1,500 to 2,300 milligrams per day. Low Sodium Diet ❖ Recommended Sodium Intake: Adult : less than 2,300 mg or about 1 teaspoon of table salt/day MILD SODIUM RESTRICTION called a no-added-salt diet Recommended if adults take more than 2,500 mg/day A limited amount of salt is allowed in cooking, but no salt is added at the table. Overtly salty foods, such as canned soups, beef stew, chili, pickles, olives, potato chips, soy sauce, and cured meats are discouraged. This diet is used when a person suffers from mild hypertension and stable kidney or heart disease. Moderate sodium restriction 1,000 to 2,000 mg/day is used in cases of severe edema, hypertension, and heart disease. Salt is not used in cooking or at the table. Milk and milk products are limited to the equivalent of 2 cups of milk daily, and the use of regular bread may be restricted. Strict and severe sodium restrictions 500 and 250 mg/day, respectively unpalatable and hard to follow. used only in severe conditions and for short periods (usually only in a hospital setting). LOW SODIUM DIET(SODIUM- CONTROLLED) ❖ This diet is used both to prevent and treat edema. ❖ Edema - excess accumulation of water and salts in tissues, especially in the lower extremities, which can sometimes be controlled by limiting sodium intake. INDICATIONS: ▪ congestive heart failure, hypertension, liver and renal diseases. ❖ A low salt diet in hypertensive people resulted in a decrease in systolic blood pressure Foods allowed in a low sodium diet: Fresh Fruits and Vegetables Fruits: Apples, oranges, bananas, berries, grapes, melons, pears Vegetables: Leafy greens, bell peppers, carrots, cucumbers, broccoli, cauliflower, zucchini, green beans, tomatoes Fresh Meat, Poultry, and Fish Meat: Beef, pork, lamb (preferably lean cuts)Poultry: Chicken, turkey (without added sodium solutions) Fish and seafood: Fresh or frozen fish (salmon, cod, tuna), shrimp (fresh or frozen without added salt) Grains and Starches Whole grains: Brown rice, quinoa, barley, oats Foods to Limit or Avoid in Low Sodium Diet Processed and packaged foods: Canned soups, frozen meals, processed meats (bacon, ham, sausage), snack foods (chips, pretzels) Canned vegetables and legumes: Choose low-sodium or rinse thoroughly Salted nuts and seeds Pickled foods and condiments: Pickles, olives, soy sauce, ketchup Cheese: High-sodium varieties like feta, blue cheese, processed cheese Restaurant and fast foods: Often high in sodium Salt substitutes: Use with caution and consult with a healthcare provider, especially if you have kidney problems  Neutropenic diet- diet is prepared and served under strict sanitary conditions to minimize the microbial count especially pathogens Indication for Used: ❖Before and after organ transplantation, chemotherapy and other treatment to reduce the risk of food borne infection. ❖Immuno-compromised patients ❖Patients treated for HIV/AIDS Foods Allowed in Neutropenic diet  Cooked vegetables, well washed raw fruits, frozen fruits, pasteurized juice , powdered milk ,rice , all meats cooked to well done/canned meats, eggs cooked until both white and yolk are firm Foods Restricted in Neutropenic diet  Fresh vegetables, unwashed raw fruits, yogurt and eggnog , raw/undercooked meat, soft boiled egg, fish, game , fresh squeezed fruit juices , blenderized fresh fruits/vegetable HIGH-CALORIE DIET diet is made up of foods that are high in calories(high in protein, carbohydrate, fat, vitamins, and minerals) Indications: Severe weight loss due to prolonged illness. hyperthyroidism, undernutrition, and general malnutrition. severely burned person needs a large amount of protein to rebuild lost tissue and carbohydrate to spare protein. Food allowed in high calorie diet Proteins Meats: Beef, pork, lamb, poultry (chicken, turkey) Fish and seafood: Salmon, tuna, mackerel, shrimp Fats and Oils Healthy oils: Olive oil, coconut oil, avocado oil Nuts and seeds: Almonds, walnuts, cashews, chia seeds, flaxseeds Grains and Starches Whole grains: Brown rice, quinoa, oats, barley, whole wheat bread and pasta Starchy vegetables: Potatoes, sweet potatoes, corn LOW CALORIE DIET diet that controls calorie, carbohydrates, proteins and fat consumption per day. normal diet with energy values reduced to 1500, 1200 or 1000 calories prescribed on a case-to-case basis for weight loss (eg. 3 to 5 pounds per week) in patients with Body Mass Index of 30 and above. The health care provider can recommend the diet to a patient with BMI between 27 and 30 if the medical complications the patient has due to overweight present serious health risk. Low-Fat /Fat Controlled Diet diet consists of little fat, especially saturated fat and cholesterol, which lead to increased blood cholesterol levels and heart attack. INDICATIONS: Gall bladder diseases, Celiac disease, Cystic fibrosis, Atherosclerosis, Myocardial infarction, Hyperlipidemia, Obesity/overweight, etc. Better for Low Cholesterol, Heart, prevention of cancer, better for health and weight Foods high in fat: Dairy foods (whole milk, ice cream, creams) , Fatty red meats , Butter, Oils are fat, although some may have lower saturated fat., Egg yolks, which are particularly high in cholesterol, Cheese, Processed meats (sausage, salami, hot dogs, bologna) High-Protein Diet Purpose: For muscle building, weight loss, or managing specific health conditions like malnutrition or sarcopenia. Modifications: Increases protein intake to more than the typical 10-35% of daily calories. Examples: Lean meats, fish, eggs, dairy products, legumes, and protein supplements. INDICATIONS for High protein diet: Burns Post surgery Malabsorption syndromes that waste protein Diseases of the GIT , acute phases of inflammatory bowel disease and celiac disease Protein-losing hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients LOW PROTEIN DIET(PROTEIN RESTRICTED DIET) diet in which people are required to reduce their intake of protein used by persons with abnormal kidney or liver function to prevent worsening of their disease.(Hepatic encephalopathy, Acute and chronic renal failure , Acute and chronic glomerulonephritis ) Protein should never be completely eliminated from the diet. Patients with Kidney require low protein diets since the kidney cannot excrete nitrogenous wastes. Rich in Insoluble Fiber Wheat and corn bran, Whole wheat breads and cereals, Brown rice, Bananas, Cauliflower, Nuts, Green beans Rich in Soluble Fiber Citrus fruit, Pectin Rich in Both Insoluble and Soluble Fiber Oat bran, Barley, Kidney beans, Apples, Broccoli, Carrots LOW-FIBER /LOW RESIDUE DIET ❖composed of foods that the body can absorb completely, so that little residue is left for the formation of feces. ❖ also known as “LOW-RESIDUE” DIETS. ❖ often utilized with tube feeding INDICATIONS: ❖ for severe diarrhea, colitis, diverticulitis, other gastrointestinal disorders, intestinal obstruction, and before and after intestinal surgery. LOW-RESIDUE DIET INCLUDE Ground and well-cooked meats, chicken, and fish, Seafood ,Eggs (not fried) and mild cheese, Fruit and vegetable juices without pulp, Pureed or strained vegetables, Canned fruit and firm bananas, White rice, plain noodles, plain pasta, and potatoes, Refined white or seedless rye breads and crackers, 2 cups of milk or the equivalent (e.g., yogurt), strained or cream soups made from allowed foods, Plain desserts in moderation  HIGH-FIBER DIET has an increased amount of both insoluble and soluble fiber. 1. Insoluble fiber helps increase stool bulk and stimulates peristalsis. 2. Soluble fiber helps lower the serum cholesterol level and improves glucose tolerance in diabetes. often ordered as part of the treatment for constipation and diverticulosis. Potential problems with a high fiber diet cramping, diarrhea, and gas, especially if fiber is added to a diet too quickly or in excessive amounts. Increased fluid intake is important in following a high-fiber diet. Low-Carbohydrate Diet: ❖Designed for individuals managing diabetes or those aiming for weight loss. This diet reduces carbohydrate intake and focuses on protein and fat sources. Examples: Non-starchy vegetables, lean proteins, nuts, and seeds. Limit or avoid sugars, grains, and starchy vegetables. TYPICAL MENU for Low Carbohydrate A low-carb diet focuses on meat, poultry, fish, eggs and some non-starchy vegetables. A low-carb diet excludes or limits most grains, beans, fruits, breads, sweets, pastas and starchy vegetables. Results of Low Carbohydrate Diet A low-carbohydrate diet is likely to promote weight loss. Contributing factors may include: Loss of water weight. Low-carb diets often have a diuretic effect. Increased feeling of fullness. A low-carb diet is relatively high in fat and protein. Since fat and protein take longer to digest than do carbs, you may feel fuller longer. Reduced calories. A low-carb diet strictly limits the variety of foods eaten. This generally results in fewer calories overall.  LOW CHOLESTEROL DIET Cholesterol in the body comes from two sources. 1. Most cholesterol is made by the liver from various nutrients and especially from ingested fats. ** The liver makes just about all the cholesterol the body will ever need. 2. Since all animals can make their own cholesterol, some cholesterol in the human body comes directly from eating animal foods. **include meats, poultry, egg yolks, organ meats, whole milk and milk products. **This cholesterol is absorbed through the intestines and added to what the liver makes. diet high in saturated fat increases cholesterol production in the body. Reducing dietary cholesterol and fats helps to keep blood cholesterol levels within a healthy range. LACTOSE-RESTRICTED DIET People with lactose intolerance lack enough of the enzyme lactase, which is needed to digest the sugar (lactose) in dairy products. As a result, they develop cramping, gas, and diarrhea after ingesting lactose. Often, individuals who are unable to tolerate a glass of milk between meals can tolerate yogurt, aged cheeses, lactose-reduced milk, or milk consumed with food. ❖Gluten-Free Diet: Essential for individuals with celiac disease or gluten sensitivity, this diet eliminates gluten-containing foods like wheat, barley, and rye. Examples: Gluten-free grains (rice, quinoa), fruits, vegetables, meat, and gluten-free bread and pasta products. Foods to avoid: breads and cereals, beer, commercial chocolate milk, malted milk, cakes, cookies, commercial salad dressing (gluten is a stabilizer), and meat substitutes, such as textured protein products. Special gluten-free products are commercially available, but they tend to be expensive. Avoid unless labeled gluten free  Beer , bread, cakes and pies, candies, cereals, communion wafers, cookies and crackers, French fries, Gravies, salad dressing, pasta, soups and soup bases Uremic Diet  Uremic diet-aims of maintaining a balance of minerals, fluids, electrolytes in patient who are in advanced kidney disease in advanced stages  Indicated to limit the build-up of waste products in their body  It controls the amount of protein and phosphorous in their diet Foods allowed Up to one matchbox size per meal, lean meat, fish and chicken without the skin Cheddar cheese, ½ cup milk daily Salted free crackers, homemade bread, low in baking soda and powder, macaroni, spaghetti, ampalaya, raddish, soda crackers , star-apple, okra, sitsaro Chayote, chicos, apple, atis Foods Avoided Salted foods , scallop, salted/smoked fish, internal organ, all canned meat, salted eggs, beans, corn grits, fresh corn, ube, potato chips, pancit canton, oatmeal, all green leafy vegetables, kalamansi, batong, long tongue, All canned fruits, prunes, banana, watermelon, guava, dried fruits, candies without chocolates, maja blanca, native delicacies, coconut milk HIGH SODIUM DIET ❖Sodium can be found naturally in most foods and is also added to various food products. ❖ Added forms of sodium to foods: ▪ ingredients in condiments and seasonings such as Worcestershire sauce, soy sauce, onion salt, garlic salt, and bouillon cubes. ▪ Processed meats, such as bacon, sausage, and ham, and canned soups and vegetables are all examples of foods that contain added sodium. CALCIUM- OR PHOSPHORUS- MODIFIED DIETS A high calcium intake is indicated for both the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis. Excellent sources of calcium include milk, yogurt, and cheese. A low-phosphorus diet may be indicated for the person with kidney failure. HIGH POTASSIUM DIET ❖ Potassium is a mineral that is found in many foods. ❖ A high-potassium diet is given to clients who are taking diuretics. ❖Potassium is widespread in the diet; excellent sources include milk, fresh or dried fruits (especially bananas), fresh vegetables, dried peas and beans, whole- grain bread and cereals, fruit juices such as orange and prune, sunflower seeds, watermelon, nuts, cocoa beans, fresh fish, beef, ham, and poultry. LOW POTASSIUM DIET (POTASSIUM MODIFIED DIET) ❖Diuretics flush excess salt and water out of the body but also cause a loss of potassium. ❖ The kidneys maintain the correct level of potassium in the blood. ❖ People who take certain medicines or who have chronic kidney disease must limit the amount of potassium in their diet to keep their potassium level close to normal. ❖ Potassium intake may be limited during end-stage renal failure. Foods to Increase or Limit in Potassium ❖ Below are some common types of foods that contain potassium. ❖ If blood levels are too high and a low potassium diet is required, omit them from the diet, and if a high potassium diet is needed simply increase the intake. ❖ Vegetables: ▪ Asparagus ,Avocado ,Broccoli , Cauliflower ,Celery, Mushrooms , Spinach ,Sweet potatoes ❖ Fruits: ▪ Bananas , Cantaloupe melon , Dried apricots , Grapefruit , Kiwifruit, Oranges, Strawberries Low Purine Diet ❖eating plan that limits foods that contain purine. Purines are a natural substance found in some foods. ❖ When body digests purine, a waste product called URIC ACID is produced. ❖ GOUT –a type of arthritis where there is a buildup of uric acid crystals in the joints ❖ Purines are found in many healthy foods. The purpose of a low-purine diet is not to completely avoid purines. Low Purine diet FOODS TO AVOID: ▪ Avoid Beer ▪ Soft drinks that contain sugar ▪ Fatty food ▪ Organ meats, such as liver, Anchovies, sardines, mussels, codfish, scallops, Gravy , Vegetables Beans ❖Diabetic Diet: Focuses on controlling blood sugar levels through balanced intake of carbohydrates, proteins, and fats. Emphasizes whole grains, fruits, and non-starchy vegetables. Foods allowed in Diabetic diet Leafy greens: Spinach, kale, Swiss chard. Whole wheat: Bread, pasta, and tortillas. Fish: Salmon, mackerel, sardines, trout, and other fatty fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids. Lean meats: Lean cuts of beef, pork, and lamb. Citrus fruits: Oranges, grapefruits, lemons, limes. Apples: With the skin. Foods not allowed in Diabetic diet Sweets and desserts: Candy, cookies, cakes, pastries, and ice cream. White rice Pastries and baked goods: Donuts, muffins, croissants, and similar items made from white flour and sugar. Fried foods: French fries, fried chicken, and other deep-fried items. Beer and sweet wines: Can cause spikes in blood sugar levels. Ketogenic Diet: Purpose: Primarily for managing epilepsy, but also used for weight loss and controlling blood sugar levels in type 2 diabetes. Examples: Avocado, cheese, nuts, seeds, fatty fish, and low-carb vegetables. Avoid grains, sugars, and most fruits.  DASH Diet (Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension) Purpose: To prevent and control hypertension and promote overall heart health. Examples: Fruits, vegetables, whole grains, low-fat dairy, and lean protein sources like poultry and fish. Mediterranean Diet Purpose: To promote heart health and longevity. Examples: Olive oil, nuts, fruits, vegetables, whole grains, and moderate amounts of red wine. DIETS MODIFIED FOR ALLERGENS ❖ Sometimes people have an allergic reaction to certain food substances. ❖ This reaction is caused by an autoimmune response to specific proteins called allergens in these foods. ❖ Allergies to chicken, seafoods, eggs are common ❖ When necessary, these foods are eliminated from the diet. Indications for Modified Diets Dysphagia: Difficulty swallowing can be due to neurological conditions (e.g., stroke, Parkinson’s disease) or structural problems in the mouth, throat, or esophagus. Dental Issues: Missing teeth, dentures, or oral surgeries can necessitate softer food textures.  Digestive Disorders: Conditions like gastroparesis or certain surgeries can require easier-to- digest foods. Post-Surgery: After surgeries involving the mouth, throat, or digestive tract, a softer diet may be needed to prevent irritation and promote healing.