Demography of India.pdf

Demography of India Demography & Demographic Dividend  Definition: o A country where the working/productive population (aged 15 to 64 years) is higher than the dependent population.  India's Context: o India has the highest n...

Demography of India Demography & Demographic Dividend  Definition: o A country where the working/productive population (aged 15 to 64 years) is higher than the dependent population.  India's Context: o India has the highest number of youth in the world. o To achieve the demographic dividend, India needs to skill its youth effectively.  Population Classification: o Children (0 to 14 years): Dependent population. o Working Age (15 to 64 years): Productive population. o Senior Citizens (65 years and above): Dependent population. Population Density Types  Population Density: o The average number of persons per square kilometer. o Formula: Total Population ÷ Total Area.  Physiological Density: o The average number of persons per square kilometer of agricultural land. o Formula: Total Population ÷ Total Agricultural Area.  Agricultural Density:  o The number of farmers per square kilometer of agricultural land. o Formula: Farmer Population ÷ Total Agricultural Area. Mortality Rates  Neonatal Mortality Rate: o Death of infants (within 28 days) per 1,000 live births.  Infant Mortality Rate: o Death of infants (up to 1 year) per 1,000 live births.  Child Mortality Rate: o Death of children (up to 5 years) per 1,000 live births.  Mortality Rate (Death Rate): o Number of deaths per 1,000 persons in a year. Maternal & Fertility Rates  Maternal Mortality Rate: o Number of female deaths within pregnancy and delivery per 1 lakh females.  Fertility Rate: o The average number of children in a family.  Replacement Rate: o Population becomes stable when the fertility rate is 2.0, meaning replacement-level fertility. Life Expectancy, Literacy, and Birth Rates  Life Expectancy: o The average lifespan of a person in a country.   Literacy Rate: o The percentage of people (7 years and older) who can read and write.  Birth Rate: o The number of births per 1,000 persons in a year. Population Pyramid  Represents the age structure of the male and female population. Stages of Population Growth 1. Stage I: o High birth rate and high death rate; population growth is stagnant. o Seen in less developed countries. 2. Stage II: o High birth rate but declining death rate; population grows rapidly. o Observed in developing nations. 3. Stage III: o Low birth rate and low death rate; population growth stabilizes. o Common in developed nations.  Natural Population Growth Rate: o Formula: Birth Rate - Death Rate. Sex/Gender Ratio & Malthus Theory  Sex/Gender Ratio: o Number of females per 1,000 males.  Child Sex Ratio: o Number of girl children per 1,000 boy children (up to 6 years of age).  Malthus Theory (Thomas Robert Malthus): o Book: An Essay on the Principle of Population. o Population grows geometrically (2-4-8-16-32), while food production increases arithmetically. o High population growth leads to food crises. India's Population Growth (Timeline) 1. Before 1921: Stable population growth. 2. 1921-1951: Population increase. 3. 1951-1981: Population explosion. 4. 1981 onwards: Population increase at a declining rate.  Census History: o First Census (1872): Conducted by Viceroy Lord Mayo. o First Regular Census (1881): Conducted by Viceroy Lord Rippen. o Sixth Census (1921): Marked a negative population growth rate (-0.31%). Census Milestones  1931: Seventh Census, conducted in a night on a defacto basis, last caste-based census.   1971: Eleventh Census, saw the highest population growth rate (24.8%).  2011: Fifteenth Census.  2021: Sixteenth Census, postponed to 2025-26, will be the first digital census.  Census General Rule: Conducted every 10 years. Population Policy and Governance in India  Responsibility for Census: o Lies with the Registrar General & Census Commissioner of India, under the Ministry of Home Affairs.  National Population Commission: o Formed in 2000. o Chairman: Prime Minister of India. o Deputy Chairman: NITI Aayog Deputy Chairman. o Functions under the Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. o Tasked with implementing the National Population Policy. National Population Policy 2000  Key Objectives: o Achieve a fertility rate of 2.1 by 2010. o Stabilize India's population by 2045. o Ensure compulsory and free education up to 14 years of age. o Reduce infant mortality rate to below 30 per 1,000 live births.  o Reduce maternal mortality rate to below 100 per 1 lakh live births. o Achieve 100% registration of pregnancies, births, deaths, and marriages. o Ensure universal immunization of all children. o Achieve 80% institutional deliveries. Note – Under CRS, deaths and births must be reported under 21 days.  15th Census - 2011 Category Details Census C. Chandramouli Commissioner Theme Our Census, Our Future 121 Crores (1.21 Billion), 17.5% of world Total Population population Male Population 51.5% Female Population 48.5% Urban Population 31.3% Rural Population 68.7% Scheduled Castes 16.6% (SC) Scheduled Tribes (ST) 8.6% Hindu Population 79.8% Muslim Population 14.2% Average Age 29 Years Population Ranking of States : UP > MP > BH > WB > MP  Population Data by Region Most Populated Least Populated State: Uttar Pradesh (UP) Sikkim Urban State: Maharashtra Sikkim Rural State: Uttar Pradesh Sikkim Population District: Thane, Dibang Valley, Arunachal Maharashtra Pradesh City: Mumbai, Maharashtra Kapurthala, Punjab Key Demographics Indicator India High Low Population Bihar (1,106 per sq Arunachal Pradesh 382 per sq km Density km) (17 per sq km) Literacy Rate 74.04% Kerala (94%) Bihar (61.8%) Literacy Rate Serchip, Mizoram Alirajpur, Madhya (District) (98.7%) Pradesh (37.2%) Population 181 million Meghalaya (+28%) Nagaland (-0.6%) Growth Rate (17.64%) Population Kurung Kumey, Longleng, Growth Arunachal Pradesh Nagaland (-58%) (District) (+111%) 943 females Haryana (879 Kerala (1,084 females Gender Ratio per 1,000 females per 1,000 per 1,000 males) males males) 919 girls per Mizoram (971 girls per Haryana (830 girls Child Sex Ratio 1,000 boys 1,000 boys) per 1,000 boys)