CROP3764-3744-Barley_Oats_Rye_240910_202255.pdf

CROP 3764/3744 WINTER GRAIN, INDUSTRIAL AND DIVERSE CROPS PROF TESFAY A WELDESLASSIE BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE) The cultivated species (Hordeum vulgare L.) has a solid rachis The uncultivated wild species has a brittle rachis Hordeum agriocrithon and...

CROP 3764/3744 WINTER GRAIN, INDUSTRIAL AND DIVERSE CROPS PROF TESFAY A WELDESLASSIE BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE) The cultivated species (Hordeum vulgare L.) has a solid rachis The uncultivated wild species has a brittle rachis Hordeum agriocrithon and Hordeum spontaneum wild barley has slightly narrower leaves, longer stems, longer awns, a brittle rachis, a longer, more slender seed spike and smaller grains Hordeum vulgare Hordeum spontaneum Hordeum agriocrithon BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE) The cultivated barley (Hordeum vulgare) is subdivided into three subspecies, namely: i. Six-row barley, subspecies vulgare ii. two-row barley, subspecies distichum and iii. irregular barley, subspecies irregulare Six-row barley Two-row barley A head of six-row barley contains six rows of A head of two-row barley contains two kernels along its length, in two groups of three rows of kernels along its length. kernels each. BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE) THE PRODUCTION OF BARLEY AND PRODUCTION REGIONS Malting barley is still imported in South Africa. Barley is produced on a much smaller scale than wheat. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BARLEY PLANT barley growth stages is the same to wheat. Growing point stages for barley have also been developed. Figure 2.1 gives the growing point stages. DEVELOPMENT OF THE BARLEY PLANT The Zadoks system 1. Germination: GS 00–09 2. Seedling growth: GS 10–19 Table 1: Condensed summary of the Zadoks two-digit code system 3. Tillering: GS 20–29 for growth staging in barley with corresponding Feekes scale 4. Stem elongation: GS 30–39 Zadoks code: Zadoks code: Description Principal stage Secondary stage 5. Booting: GS 40–49 0 Germination 6. Ear emergence: GS50–59 0 Dry kernel 7. Flowering: GS60–69 1 Start of imbibition (water absorption) 8. Milk development: GS70–79 5 Radicle emerged 9. Dough development: GS80–89 7 Coleoptile emerged 10. Ripening: GS90–GS99 9 Leaf just at coleoptile tip 1 Seeding development DEVELOPMENT OF THE BARLEY PLANT Figure 3: Germinating barley kernels with radicle emergence (Zadoks stage 05) at left, and coleoptile emergence (Zadoks Figure 7: The upper third of a stage 07) at right. plant at flagleaf emergence (Zadoks stage 38). ZADOKS DECIMAL GROWTH SCALE BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE) – Climate requirements Widely grown in temperate regions tolerate high temperatures provided the humidity is low A combination of high humidity and high temperatures is detrimental as these promote diseases resistant to low temperatures and is seldom damaged by frost at a young stage. Cold can damage barley during the flower and subsequent stages. Sensitive for moisture stress during piping and flowering  BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE) Highest grain yield  moderate temperatures and well-distributed rain over the growing season. Malting barley production requires suitable temperatures and moist conditions that favour the prolongation of the grain-filling period. Dry warm weather during grain-filling results in a lower percentage of plump kernels with relatively high N content. – This type of barley is more suited for fodder purposes. Dry maturing period is essential for the best quality grain. The ideal protein content for malting barley resides between 10 and 12% – too high or low protein content negatively affects malting quality and, therefore, brewing capacity Rain and moist conditions shortly before harvesting damage the colour of barley, which is important for brewing beer.  BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE) Soil requirements – Same as wheat and other crops deep, well-drained, loamy soils with a good supply of moisture. – More sensitive to too wet soil than wheat and oats  A poor-quality grain is obtained where barley is cultivated on soils with high clay content under wet conditions. Light soils are good for the cultivation of quality malting barley – shortages of moisture can damage the grain yield. – N is very important for fodder barley, but a high N level can harm the quality of malting barley. – more sensitive to soil acidity than the other small grains  Prefers soil with a relatively high pH  6.5 and 7.5 -H2O – More tolerant towards saline conditions than the other small grains BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE) CULTIVATION PRACTICES production of barley can be divided into two regions: a) winter rainfall regions b) summer rainfall regions Cultivation practices are different in both regions. a) Cultivation of barley in the winter rainfall region Preparation of the soil Generally, practiced - on a stubble field. Highest percentage of plump kernels and acceptable N levels in the seed are achieved under stubble-field conditions. should not be planted after legumes or Lucerne to avoid a severely detrimental effect on the quality. on a fallow land, too high N applications can drastically affect the quality BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE) Cultivars Planting in Southern Cape is from last week of May – the end of June » SSG564, SabbiErica & SabbiNemesia The general sowing density is between 60 and 100 kg seed ha-1. Weed control Similar to wheat, weeds are mainly controlled chemically. Phenoxy herbicides must be applied between - GPS 8-14 to prevent damage. contact herbicides are not linked to a specific growing stage. Disease control upper two leaves should not be damaged because these two leaves are mainly responsible for feeding the ear. BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE) b) Cultivation of barley in the summer rainfall region has not been cultivated on a significant scale in this region. The main reasons are: a) Price of barley is poor compared with wheat. b) The quality did not meet the requirements for malting barley. c) The seed yield of barley for the purposes of fodder is less than maize yield. d) Barley is cultivated on a small scale as a pasture crop. In changeable climatic conditions – yield on dry land in the Free State is not consistent as compared to wheat.  Barley has a weaker root system than wheat  very sensitive to drought, especially during the formation of pipe and ear. sensitive to low temperatures and damage by frost at flower and subsequent stages High tiller numbers when planted during autumn for pasture. Low number of tillers with planting time from July for grain. BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE) Cultivation practices Planting time: July to August. Late planting times require higher seed densities. Row spacing: Rows preferably not wider than 300 to 500 mm. Fertilization: P fertilization is the same as wheat. N lower than wheat N enhances vegetative growth and grain yield – increases the protein content of the grain, which is desirable for fodder barley, but not so for malting barley. – High application of N can also cause barley to lodge. Cultivar: no official recommendation for the dry land summer rainfall region Barley planted as green fodder consists mostly of a mixture of different types BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE) Cultivation under irrigation Climatic conditions in the summer rainfall regions are not favourable for the dry land production of high-quality malting barley. Cultivation of malting barley under irrigation where the grain can be harvested without the detrimental effect of summer rains is promising. Puma and SSG585 - cultivars registered for commercial production of malting barley under irrigation. – ideal planting date is during the last week of May. – planting density can vary from 90 kg ha-1 to 120 kg ha-1. P = 20 mg kg-1 (Bray 1) K = >70 mg kg-1 N fertilisation can be applied on different growth stages. – Top dressing-N not later than 65 days after emergence – Total N = 120 kg ha-1 is sufficient for optimum yield. BARLEY (HORDEUM VULGARE) USES OF BARLEY 1) Malting barley forms by far the largest part of the production of barley in South Africa. Quality of barley depends on: – discoloration of the seed, – uneven kernel size, – thin kernels, – broken kernels, – foreign substances, – uneven germination and – high protein content. N content of the grain and solubility of the protein are the two most important characteristics – Determines suitability for malting purposes or fodder. – Malting barley must have N content between 1.4% -1.9%. – N content affects the amount and uses of malt extract obtained from this barley. 2) Barley for fodder In South Africa, barley is used on a limited scale for the purposes of feed because maize is cheaper. The nutritional value of barley compares well with that of maize OATS (AVENA BYZANTINA) OATS (AVENA BYZANTINA) Two cultivated species = Avena sativa and Avena byzantina Oat millers, hoarse breeders and manufacturers of stock feed at prices fixed by them the average production in South Africa: for wheat is about 2.1 million tons, for barley about 0.21 million tons and for oats about 0.043 million tons per year.  OATS (AVENA BYZANTINA) Climate requirements – More bound to regions as far as climate than wheat – Oats require a cooler climate with higher rainfall. – Luxurious water user – Requires more moisture per unit of dry material than other crops. – Higher moisture requirements for oats  higher rainfall regions. – climate must also be cooler than for other winter grains. – To supply a good quality grain, a dry climate during the maturing period is required.  one of the most important reasons why oats are not planted for the purposes of grain in the summer rainfall region. OATS (AVENA BYZANTINA) Soil requirements Suitable soils used for cash crops in Free State Grazing thus lower potential soils – In a mixed farm, oats are planted on the shallower and higher clay percentage soils (lower potential) exclusively for green pasture. pH (H2O) = 5.5-7.5 with a tolerable pH (H2O) of as low as 5.0 and as high as 8.0 Planting techniques – Cultivars react differently under different circumstances. – Planting time also varies between different types plant at the correct date. OATS (AVENA BYZANTINA) Uses a) Grain Oats are harvested as grain for human and animal consumption. Not more than 13% moisture Free of chemical substances, poisonous seeds or parts of plants, free from smut infestation and insects b) Silage and hay Silage done to a limited degree in summer rainfall regions Hay is green plants with a moisture content of 12-18%. Hay is used for a long period as fodder without losing nutritional value. Hay quality- amounts of leaves, colour and absence of foreign material Exposure to sunlight restricted to minimum to avoid loss of vitamin A Wet conditions during cutting  40% decrease in nutritional value When plants are left for too long  lose nutritional value and digestibility Good hay must have ± 8% proteins which are 60% digestible. On the other hand, hay should not be made too early. – At 25% moisture, it goes through a sweat process that means the loss of many proteins, vitamins and nutrients. OATS (AVENA BYZANTINA) c) Grazing – Highest % of oats planting goes to grazing in the summer rainfall region – Oats is very tasty and contains a higher concentration of nutrients than wheat. – Oats are not used as host plants by the Russian wheat-aphid. Good soil preparation, fertilization and practices for conserving moisture are an absolute necessity. RYE (SECALE CEREALE) RYE (SECALE CEREALE) Production of rye has been cultivated for a shorter time than wheat. Initially considered a weed in wheat and barley lands. In South Africa, rye is mainly produced for grazing The average production of rye from 1998 to 2002 was 2000 tons. Cultivation requirements highest yield is obtained on fertile, well-drained, loamy soils. Rye produces better on infertile, sandy or acid soils than other grains. Grain yield - lower than that of wheat under favourable conditions. Grain yield - lower because the growing season of rye is shorter has a higher straw mass but lower fertility of spikelet than wheat. Rye is usually planted on the lower potential soils for grazing. RYE (SECALE CEREALE) USES OF RYE The uses of Rye include: – making whiskey and other alcoholic drinks – baking bread, – Stock feed and – green pasture. Average protein content of rye is generally lower than that of wheat. Rye flour does not develop true gluten, but has protein, which has the ability to bake a nutritious risen bread. – Rye bread is slightly heavier and darker than wheat bread – Rye is usually mixed with 25 to 50% wheat to bake bread. The nutritional value of rye grain is about 85 to 90% of that of wheat. Rye grain is not very tasty and is tough when chewed.  rye grain is usually mixed with other grains and ground for animal rations. RYE (SECALE CEREALE) The table below gives the recommendation for plant population, planting time and grazing period for rye. TRITICALE (TRITICALE SP.)  TRITICALE (TRITICALE SP.) Triticale is the first man-made grain crop that is of economic value. Crossing between wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale). Name of the crop: wheat (Triticum) and rye (Secale). Origin Triticale All broad crosses, the resultant hybrid was sterile. 1. Colchicine derived from the bulb of the crocus plant has the ability to double the chromosome number in developing plant tissue. 2. Embryo of the germinating hybrid was removed and transferred to an artificial medium for colchicine treatment. TRITICALE (TRITICALE SP.) In the past: bread wheat (hexaploid wheats) were mainly used for establishing new triticales but not for wider production.  the high degree of infertility and shrunken appearance of the kernels At present: mainly durum wheat (tetraploid wheat) is used.  The resultant offspring, called hexaploid-triticales, have the same chromosome number as bread grain  This makes the cross between wheat and triticale possible.  Good characteristics of these crops can be developed. TRITICALE (TRITICALE SP.) CHARACTERISTICS OF TRITICALE First triticales:  poor agricultural performance mainly due to the establishment of octoploid triticales  bread wheat and rye were hybridised. Present triticales: – are mostly hexaploid-triticales – durum wheat and rye are hybridized – increased fertility, a less shrunken kernel, shorter strong straw – well adapted to acid soils and high levels of aluminum.  makes triticale very sought after as soils in South Africa are often acid  wheat cannot be cultivated without applying lime. Under similar conditions, triticale produces better yields than commercial wheat cultivars. Disadvantage: – Lower hectoliter mass than wheat.  lower hectoliter mass, produces a lower flour extraction. – has also poor baking characteristics due to an imbalance of certain proteins that causes sticky dough. TRITICALE (TRITICALE SP.) USES OF TRITICALE Best used in the animal industry as green or concentrated feed. Has higher nutritional value than wheat – Has higher protein (especially amino acids containing sulfur) and lysine contents than wheat. There are also conflicting results where triticale is planted as a pasture crop.  In general, it would seem that a lower dry material intake is responsible for the poorer performance of the animals.  The lower dry material intake can greatly be ascribed to a problem with taste.