Questions and Answers
What is the subspecies of barley that has six rows of kernels along its length?
Hordeum spontaneum is a cultivated species of barley.
False
What are the two wild species of barley mentioned?
Hordeum spontaneum and Hordeum agriocrithon
The growth stage of barley beginning with germination is designated as GS ______.
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Match the following growth stages with their Zadoks codes:
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Which type of barley is generally produced on a smaller scale than wheat?
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What distinguishes wild barley from cultivated barley?
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The booting stage in barley is coded as GS 40–49.
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What is the ideal planting date for malting barley under irrigation?
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What two nitrogen content percentages are required for malting barley?
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What is the ideal protein content for malting barley?
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High application of nitrogen (N) can enhance barley lodging.
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Which statement is true regarding barley growing conditions?
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The recommended total nitrogen application for barley cultivation is _____ kg ha-1.
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Which of the following are common characteristics that affect barley quality? (Select all that apply)
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Match the barley development stages with their corresponding Zadoks stages:
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What are the two primary uses of barley mentioned?
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Barley plants are very sensitive to high humidity combined with high temperatures.
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What factors contribute to achieving the highest grain yield in barley?
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What type of soil is most suitable for the cultivation of quality malting barley?
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Barley planted as green fodder consists mostly of a mixture of different _____ types.
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Barley is _____ sensitive to moisture stress during its piping and flowering stages.
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Rain shortly before harvesting is beneficial for the quality of barley grain.
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Match the following barley cultivars with their suitability:
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What is the average protein content of rye compared to wheat?
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Oats are not used as host plants by the Russian wheat-aphid.
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What happens to hay nutritional value if it is cut in wet conditions?
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Rye flour does not develop true ______, but has protein that can still bake a nutritious risen bread.
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Match the following grasses with their characteristics:
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Which soil condition is best for rye production?
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Hay should ideally be made when moisture content is at 25%.
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List one use of rye.
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What is triticale a hybrid of?
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Triticale is primarily used in human food production.
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What plant's bulb is used to double the chromosome number in developing plant tissue?
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Triticale has better adaptation to ______ soils compared to wheat.
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What is one disadvantage of triticale?
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Match the following terms related to triticale:
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The primary characteristic of early triticales was their high fertility.
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What is one key nutritional advantage of triticale over wheat?
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Study Notes
Barley (Hordeum vulgare)
- Cultivated barley features a solid rachis, while wild species (Hordeum spontaneum and Hordeum agriocrithon) have a brittle rachis.
- Wild barley characteristics include narrower leaves, longer stems, longer awns, brittle rachis, slender seed spikes, and smaller grains.
- Three subspecies of cultivated barley:
- Six-row barley (subspecies vulgare): contains six rows of kernels.
- Two-row barley (subspecies distichum): contains two rows of kernels in groups of three.
- Irregular barley (subspecies irregulare).
Production of Barley
- Barley production is significantly less than wheat, with South Africa relying on imports for malting barley.
- Zadoks growth stages for barley:
- GS 00–09: Germination
- GS 10–19: Seedling growth
- GS 20–29: Tillering
- GS 30–39: Stem elongation
- GS 40–49: Booting
- GS 50–59: Ear emergence
- GS 60–69: Flowering
- GS 70–79: Milk development
- GS 80–89: Dough development
- GS 90–99: Ripening
Climate and Soil Requirements
- Barley is mainly grown in temperate regions, tolerating high temperatures with low humidity.
- A combination of high humidity and heat is harmful, promoting diseases.
- Cold weather can damage barley during flowering stages, while young barley is frost-resistant.
- Ideal soil for barley is deep, well-drained, and loamy; high clay content in wet conditions yields poor quality.
- Requires row spacing of 300–500 mm and moderate nitrogen levels for optimal growth.
Cultivation Under Irrigation
- Malting barley cultivation is best under irrigation, avoiding summer rain impacts on grain quality.
- Registered cultivars for irrigation include Puma and SSG585; optimal planting occurs in late May.
- Recommended total nitrogen fertilization is 120 kg ha-1, applied in different growth stages with top dressing no later than 65 days post-emergence.
Uses of Barley
- Malting Barley: Comprises the majority of barley production; quality hinges on seed discoloration, kernel size uniformity, and protein content. Optimal nitrogen content for malting is 1.4% - 1.9%.
- Fodder Barley: Limited use in South Africa due to cheaper maize; crucial factors for hay quality include leaf quantity and absence of foreign matter. Nutritional value can diminish due to improper harvesting conditions.
Oats (Avena byzantina)
- Oats are primarily grown for grazing in summer rainfall regions, known for better nutritional content than wheat.
- Requires good soil preparation, fertilization, and moisture conservation for optimal yield.
Rye (Secale cereale)
- Cultivated for a shorter time compared to wheat, originally viewed as a weed; now primarily produced for grazing.
- Thrives on fertile, well-drained sandy or acid soils; yields lower than wheat due to shorter growing season.
- Main uses include whiskey production, baking, animal feed, and pasture.
Triticale (Triticale sp.)
- A man-made grain, a hybrid of wheat and rye, beneficial in low-producing soils due to its resilience to acidity.
- Enhanced agricultural performance over past iterations, particularly hexaploid triticales which yield more than commercial wheat.
- Utilized mainly as animal feed due to its higher protein and nutritional content than wheat, but can have lower dry material intake when used as pasture.
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Description
Explore the characteristics of winter grain crops, particularly focusing on barley (Hordeum vulgare). This quiz covers the morphological differences between cultivated and wild species of barley, including attributes like rachis structure, leaf shape, and seed characteristics.
