COTTON CROPORATION OF INDIA E-BOOK (1).pdf

Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin Copyright Disclaimer Copyright © 2023 All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of...

Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin Copyright Disclaimer Copyright © 2023 All rights reserved. This book or any portion thereof may not be reproduced or used in any manner whatsoever without the express written permission of the publisher except for the use of brief quotation in a book review. Published by: Agriculture & GK Publishing House Lucknow – 226101 www.agriculturegk.in E-mail: [email protected] Mobile Number – 9473826765 Disclaimer: Despite having taken all possible precautions during editing/proofing to make this book free from error/s, but it may possible that some may be left. Reader’s discretion is required. Agriculture & GK Page 1 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin INDEX S.No Title Name Page No 1. General Agriculture & Agronomy 3 – 30 2. Agronomy 31 – 150 3. Cotton Procurement, Cotton Area, Production, Yield & Cotton 151 – 163 Scenaria Both Domestic & International Cotton 4. Organic Farming 164 – 178 5. Agricultural Marketing, Prices & Trade 179 – 199 6. Dimension of Agricultural Farming 200 – 210 7. Farm Power & Machinery 211 – 256 8. Agricultural Microbiology & Soil Microbiology 257 – 298 9. Agricultural Entomology & Pest Management 299 – 418 10. Topic Wise Important Question 419 – 447 Agriculture & GK Page 2 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin GENERAL AGRICULTURE & AGRONOMY Agriculture: Agriculture derived from two Latin words i.e., Ager = soil, Culture = cultivation. “An activity of human to cover primary aims like food, fibre, fuel etc by optimum use of terrestrial resources is called as Agriculture eg. Crop production, horticulture, agronomy, pomology, animal husbandry, apiculture, sericulture, vermiculture etc”. Agronomy: Agronomy consists of two Greek words i.e., Agros = field, Nomos = to manage “Agronomy is the branch of agricultural science which deals with the principles and practices of crop production for obtaining maximum economic returns from a unit of area in a definite period without deteriorating the fertility status of the soil”. “Agronomy treats the principles and practices of Crop, Soil and Water management”. HISTORY OF AGRICULTURE Ancient History Agriculture was developed at least 10,000 years ago, and it has undergone significant developments since the time of the earliest cultivation. 70 million earlies primates, prosimians developed in tree. 40 million ago, evolution of monkey and apes. 1.5 million ago, first time true man (Homo erects) emerged in Indonesia and Africa. 10000 B.C.:- Domestication of dog for hunting in Iran and Israel. 9500 B.C.:- Earliest evidence for domesticated wheat. 8700 B.C.:- Domestication of sheep. 8000 B.C.:- Evidence for cattle herding. 7700 B.C.:- Domestication of Goat. 7000 B.C.:- Cultivation of barely; animals are domesticated. 6500 B.C.:- Cattle domestication in Turkey. 6000 B.C.:- Indus Valley grows from wheat to cotton and sugar. 5500 B.C.:- Sumerians start organized agriculture. 5400 B.C.:- Archaeological proof for domestication of chicken. 5400 B.C.:- Linearb and keramik Culture in Europe. 5000 B.C.:- Africa grows rice, sorghum. 4000 B.C.:- Ploughs make an appearance in Mesopotamia. 3000 B.C.:- Maize is domesticated in Americas. 3000 B.C.:- Turmeric is harvested at Indus Valley. 2900 B.C.:- Desi Plough discovered. 2737 B.C.:- Tea is discovered. 2000 B.C.:- 1st windmill in Babylon. 1000 B.C.:- Sugar processing in India. 500 B.C.:- Row cultivation in China. III Century: Multi-tube seed drill invented in China. 8 Century:- Arab Agriculture Revolution. 11 Century:- Coffee originates in Arabia. 1599:- 1st Practical Green House is created. 1700:- British Agricultural Revolution. 1700:- Charles Townshend popularizes. Agriculture & GK Page 3 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin Modern History 1800:- Chemical fertilizer began to be used. 1837:- John Deere invents steel plough. 1860:- Hay cultivation changes. 1866:- Gregor Mendel describes Mendelian inheritance. 1866:- Botanical garden, Agri-Horticulture society 1871:- Department of Revenue, Agriculture, and Commerce (DRAC) established 1874:- Severe famine in Bihar 1875:- Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) Pune (MH) established 1876-78:- Great famine in India 1878:- Higher education started in agriculture at Coimbatore (TN) 1879:- Milking machine replaces hand milking. 1880:- Famine Commission 1890:- Higher education started in agriculture at Pune 1891:- Dr JA Voelcker report on improvement of Indian Agriculture 1892:- First practical gasoline-powered tractor. 1900:- Birth of industrial agriculture. 1900:- Famine (Chhappania Akal or Chhappania Kal) 1900:- Forest Research Institute (FRI) established at Dehradun 1901 – 1905:- First Irrigation commission (2nd in 1972) 1903:- Model Village concept in Sunderban (Bengal) given by Sir Daniel Hamilton 1904:- Co-operative movement by F. Nicholson 1905:- Indian Agriculture Research Institute (IARI) (shifted to New Delhi, 1936) 1920:- Gurgaon Project by F.L. Brayne 1921:- Sir Niketan Project by Rabindra Nath Tagore 1921:- Marthandam Project by Dr. Spencer Hatch. 1926:- Royal Commission on Agriculture (RCA) headed by Lord Linlithgow. 1927:- Sewagram by M. K. Gandhi at Wardha (M.H). 1928:- Report of RCA submitted. 1929, July 16:- ICAR established at Delhi (I – Imperial). 1930:- First aerial photos for agriculture. 1935:- Reserve Bank of India (RBI) established. 1939:- DDT becomes a rage. 1940:- Indian Farming (Popular) Journal started. 1942, October 13:- Department of Food created. 1942 – 43:- Grow more food campaign (Failed and again started in 1947). 1943:- Great Bengal famine (due to Helminthosporium oryzae). 1944:- Green Revolution begins in Mexico. 1946:- Directorate of Plant Protection, Quarantine & Storage 1946:- Central Rice Research Institute (CRRI) established at Cuttack 1947:- Food Policy Committee, Fertilizer, and Chemicals, Travancore 1947:- Firka Development Scheme by T. Prakasham for promoting khadi and village industry at Madras 1947:- ISO (International Organisation for Standardization) 1948:- Nilokheri Project (Mazdoor manzil) by S. K. Dey 1948:- Indian Village Service (IVS) by W. H. Wisher/Mosher 1948:- Etawah Pilot Project by Albert Mayer 1948:- Sarvodaya (from Bombay) by Acharya Vinoba Bhave 1950:- Planning Commission Agriculture & GK Page 4 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin 1951:- Five-year plan started 1951:- Bhoodan movement by Vinoba Bhave 1952:- Key Village Scheme (KVS) by Government of India 1952:- Grow-more-food inquiry committee report 1952:- Family Planning Programme 1952 October 2nd:- Community Development Programme (CDP) 1953 October 2nd:- National Extension Service (NES) 1954:- Community Development Block (CDB) 1956:- PIRCOM (Project for Intensification of Regional Research on Cotton, Oil seed, and Millets) 1957:- CWC (Central Warehousing Centre) 1957:- First AICRP on Maize was started 1958:- Nalagarh Committee Report 1958 (October):- NAFED (National Agricultural Cooperative Marketing Federation) of India Ltd. 1959 October 2nd:- Three-tier Panchayati Raj system (Democratic Decentralization) at Nagaur, Rajasthan 1959 Ford Foundation team 1960:- IADP (Intensive Agriculture District Programme) of Package Programme 1960:- Multiple Cropping Schemes 1963:- National Seed Corporation 1963-64:- ICDP (Intensive Cattle Development Programme) 1964:- IAAP (Intensive Agriculture Area Programme) 1965:- Food Corporation of India (Faridabad) 1965:- National Demonstration Project (NDP) 1966:- HYVP (High Yielding Variety Programme) 1966:- Administrative Reform Commission 1966:- National Seed Act passed 1966-67:- Green Revolution 1967:- Agricultural Administration Team Report 1968:- Insecticide Act 1968:- Seed Rules 1969 July 19th:- Nationalization of Banks 1970:- Norman E. Borlaug awarded Nobel Prize of Peace 1970:- Operation flood (Phase I – 1970 to 1980 Phase II – 1981 to 1985, Phase III – 1985 – 1996) (related to increase in milk production in India) 1970:- 71:- SFDA (Small Farmer Development Agencies) 1970:- MFALDA (Marginal Farmer and Agriculture Labor Development Agency) 1971:- MKP (Minikit Programme) 1972:- Organic movement starts taking roots. 1972:- ICRISAT (International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics) at Hyderabad. 1972, 1976:- National Commission on Agriculture. 1972 – 73:- Pilot Project for Tribal Development (PPTD). 1973:- DARE (Department of Agricultural Research and Education). 1973:- Project Tiger. 1973:- Agricultural Research Services (ARS)/ ASRB (Agricultural Scientist Recruitment Board), Gajendra Gadkar committee. 1973-74:- DPAP (Drought Prone Area Programme) by Central Government. 1974:- Training & Visit System by Daniel Benor with the help of World bank in Rajasthan. Agriculture & GK Page 5 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin 1974:- CADP (Command Area Development Programme). 1974:- First KVK at Pondicherry. 1974-75 Watershed Development Project in Shifting Cultivation Areas (WDPSC). 1975:- 20 Point Programme. 1975-76:- National Seed Programme. 1976:- Regional Rural Bank (RRB) 1976:- Antyodaya Progamme. 1976:- NAARM (National Academy of Agricultural Research and Management) 1977:- Food for Work Programme. 1977-78:- DDP (Desert Development Programme) 1978-79:- IRDP (Integrated Rural Development Programme). 1979:- NARP (National Agricultural Research Project) by World Bank 1979:- TRYSEM (Training of Rural Youth for Self Employment). 1979 June 1st:- Lab to Land Programme by ICAR. 1980:- NREP (National Rural Employment Programme). 1982 July 12th:- NABARD (National Bank for Agriculture and Rural Development). 1982:- DWACRA (Development of Women and Children in Rural Area). 1983:- NAEP (National Agricultural Extension Project). 1983-84:- RLEGP (Rural Landless Employment Guarantee Programme). 1985:- APEDA (Agriculture and Processed Product Development Authority). 1985:- CRIDA (Central Research Institute for Dryland Agriculture) at Hyderabad. 1985:- Ban on DDT for agricultural purpose. 1985:- NWDB (National Wasteland Development Board) under the Ministry of Forests and Environment. 1985:- CIS (Crop Insurance Scheme). 1985-86:- RAS (Reclamation & Development of Alkali Soils). 1986:- TMO (Technology Mission on Oilseeds). 1986 June:- Ganga Project Directorate (GDP). 1986 September:- CAPART (Council for Advancement of People’s Action & Rural Technology), New Delhi. 1987:- National Water Policy (2nd – 2002 and 3rd – 2012). 1987 September 16th:- Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. 1988-89:- IWDP (Integrated Wastelands Development Programme) by Ministry of Environment & Forests. 1989:- WDF (Watershed Development Fund) 1989:- JRY (Jawahar Rozgar Yojana) 1990-91:- NWDPRA (National Watershed Development Project for Rainfed Areas) 1992:- Soil Conservation in the Catchment of River Valley Projects (RVP). 1993:- PMRY (Prime Minister Rojgar Yojana) by Government of India. 1993 October 2nd:- Mahila Samridhi Yojana. 1994:- Small Farmers’ Agribusiness Consortium (SFAC). 1995:- IVLP (Institute Village Linkage Programme). 1995 August 15th:- Mid Day Meal Scheme by Government of India. 1996 November 18th:- National Gene Bank, New Delhi. 1997 December 1st:- SJSRY (Swarna Jayanti Shahari Rozgar Yojana). 1998:- NATP (National Agricultural Technology Project) by World, Bank. 1998-99:- KCC (Kisan Credit Card) Scheme by Government of India, RBI, and NABARD. 1999 April 1st:- SGSY (Swarna Jayanti Gram Swarozgar Yojana) by Government of India (IRDP, TRYSEM, DWACRA merged into SGSY) 1999 April 1st:- DRDA (District Rural Development Agencies) Agriculture & GK Page 6 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin 1999 April 1st:- JGSY (Jawahar Gram Samridhi Yojana) by Government of India. 1999:- ATIC (Agricultural Technology Information Centre) under NATP. 1999-2000 (Rabi):- NAIS (National Agricultural Insurance Scheme) by Government of India. 2000 February:- TMC (Technology Mission on Cotton). 2000 December 25th:- PMGSY (Pradhan Mantri Gram Sadak Yojana) by Ministry of Rural Development. 2000:- Watershed Development Fund (WDF). 2000-01:- Macro Management of Agriculture Scheme (MMA). 2001:- National Programme for Organic Production (NPOP). 2001 September 25th:- SGRY (Sampoorna Grameen Rozgar Yojana). 2002:- Commercial cultivation of Bt cotton in India. 2002:- Biodiversity Act. 2002 April 9th:- Agriclinic and Agribusiness Centre by NABARD. 2002 December:- Swajaldhara by Government of India. 2002-03:- National Afforestation Programme (NAP) 2002-03:- National Social Assistance Programme and Annapurna. 2003:- Hariyali Projects. 2003:- PPV & FR (The Protection of Plant Varieties & Farmers Right rules). 2004:- National Project on Organic Farming (NPOF). 2004 January 21st:- Kisan Call Centre 2004 April 1st:- ISOPOM (Integrated Scheme of Oil Seeds, Pulses, Oil Palm, and Maize). 2004 November 3rd:- National Agricultural Science Museum Complex, New Delhi. 2004 November 14th:- National Food for Work Programme (NFFWP). 2004 November 18th:- National Commission on Farmers under the chairmanship of Professor M. S. Swaminathan. 2005 February 16th:- Kyoto Protocol. 2005:- ATMA (Agricultural Technology Management Agency). 2005:- Bharat Nirman by Government of India. 2005 February:- Assam Agricultural Competitiveness Project. 2005-06:- National Horticulture Mission (NHM) 2006 February 2nd:- NREGA (National Rural Employment Guarantee Act). 2006:- NAIP (National Agricultural Innovation Project) by World Bank. 2006 August:- Forecasting Agricultural output using Space, Agro-meteorology and Land based observations (FASAL) by GOI. 2006 November 3rd:- National Rainfed Area Authority (NRAA), New Delhi. 2006-07:- National Bamboo Mission. 2006-07:- Interest Subvention Scheme (ISS). 2007:- Extended Range Forecast System (ERFS) Project. 2007:- National Policy for Farmers by Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture. 2007 (August):- Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY). 2007 (October):- National Food Security Mission (NFSM). 2008 April 1st:- IWMP (Integrated Watershed Management Programme). 2008:- National Rural Health Mission (NRHM). 2008-09:- National Project on Management of Soil Health & Fertility (NPMSH&F). 2009 February 21st:- National Institute for Abiotic Stress Management (NIASM), Malegaon, MH. 2011-12:- Rainfed Area Development Programme (RADP). 2011-12:- Accelerated Fodder Development Programme (AFDP). Agriculture & GK Page 7 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin 2011 February:- NICRA (National Initiative on Climate Resilient Agriculture) by ICAR. 2012 April:- National Mission on Seeds. 2012 April 20th:- Mission Milk launched from Anand. 2012:- National Dairy Plan. 2013:- National Crop Insurance Programme (NCIP) by merging Modified National Agricultural Insurance Scheme (MNAIS), Weather Based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS) and Coconut Palm Insurance Scheme (CPIS). 2013 April:- Rajasthan Agricultural Competitiveness Project. 2013 November 13th:- Integrated Scheme for Agricultural Marketing (ISAM). 2014 February:- National Mission on Agricultural Extension and Technology (NIMAET). 2014 February:- National Programme for Bovine Breeding and Dairy Development. 2014 August:- Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology (IIAB) at Ranchi (Jharkhand). 2014-15:- National Livestock Mission (NLM). 2014-15:- Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana. 2014-15:- National Mission for Sustainable Agriculture (NMSA). 2014-15:- Sub-Mission on Agricultural Mechanisation. 2015-16:- Mission Organic Value Chain Development for Norther Eastern Region. 2015-16:- Weather-based Crop Insurance Scheme (WBCIS). 2018 November:- Yuvasahakar scheme. Important Agriculture Research Institute S. Research Institute Foundation No. Year 1. CIARI/CARI Central Island Agricultural Research Institute / 1978 Central Agricultural Research Institute, Port Blair, Andaman and Nicobar 2. CAZRI Central Arid Zone Research Institute, Jodhpur 1959 3. CARI Central Avian Research Institute, Izatnagar 1979 4. CIFRI Central Inland Fisheries Research Institute, 1947 Barrackpore, WB 5. CIBA Central Institute Brackiswater Aquaculture, Chennai, 1987 TN 6. CIRB Central Institute for Research on Buffaloes, Hissar, 1985 Haryana 7. CIRG Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, 1979 UP 8. CIAE Central Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Bhopal, 1975 MP 9. CIAH Central Institute for Arid Horticulture, Bikaner, Raj 1976 10. CICR Central Institute of Cotton Research, Nagpur, MH 1976 11. CIFT Central Institute of Fisheries Technology, Cochin, 1957 Kerala 12. CIFA Central Institute of Freshwater Aquaculture, 1987 Bhubaneshwar, Odisha 13. CIRCT Central Institute of Research on Cotton Technology, 1987 Mumbi, MH 14. CISH Central Institute of Sub Tropical Horticulture, 1984 Lucknow, UP 15. CITH Central Institute of Temperate Horticulture, Srinagar, 1994 J&K 16. CIPHET Central Institute on Post Harvest Engineering and 1989 Technology, Ludhiana, Punjab 17. CFTRI Central Food Technology Research Institute, 1950 Agriculture & GK Page 8 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin Mysore, Karnataka 18. CIFE Central Institute of Fisheries Education, Mumbai, 1961 MH 19. CIMAP Central Institute of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, 1959 Lucknow, UP 20. CMFRI Central Marine Fisheries Research Institute, Kochi, 1947 Kerala 21. CPCRI Central Plantation Crops Research Institute, 1970 Kasargod, Kerala 22. CPRI Central Potato Research Institute, Shimla, HP 1949 23. CRIJA Central Research Institute for Jute and Allied Fibres, 1953 Barrackpore, WB 24. CRIDA Central Research Institute of Dryland Agriculture, 1985 Hyderabad 25. CRRI Central Rice Research Institute, Cuttack, Odisha 1946 26. CSWARI Central Sheep and Wool Research Institute, 1962 Avikanagar, Rajasthan 27. IIS WC Indian Institute of Soil and Water Conservation, - Dehradun, Uttarakhand 28. CSSRI Central Soil Salinity Research Institute, Karnal, 1969 Haryana 29. CTRI Central Tobacco Research Institute, Rajahmundry, 1947 AP 30. CTCRI Central Tuber Crops Research Institute, Trivandrum, 1963 Kerala 31 ICAR Research Complex for Eastern Region, Patna 32. ICAR Research Complex for NEH Region, Barapani, 1975 Meghalaya 33. ICAR-Central Coastal Agricultural Research 1982 Institute, Ela, Old Goa, Goa 34. IASRI Indian Agricultural Statistics Research Institute, New 1959 Delhi 35. IGFRI Indian Grassland and Fodder Institute, Jhansi, UP 1962 36. IIAB Indian Institute of Agricultural Biotechnology, 2013 Ranchi, Jharkhand 37. IIHR Indian Institute of Horticultural Research, Bengaluru, 1976 Karnataka 38. IINRG Indian Institute of Natural Resins and Gums, Ranchi, 1988 Jharkhand 39. IIPR Indian Institute of Pulses Research, Kanpur, UP 1984 40. IISS Indian Institute of Soil Sciences, Bhopal, MP 1988 41. IISR Indian Institute of Spices Research, Calicut, Kerala 1975 42. IISR Indian Institute of Sugarcane Research, Lucknow 1952 43. IIVR Indian Institute of Vegetable Research, Varanasi, 1999 UP 44. IAHVB Institute of Animal Husbandry and Veterinary 1944 Biologicals, Bangalore, Karnataka 45. IARI Indian Agriculture Research Institute, Pusa, New 1905 Delhi 46. IFGTB Institute of Forest Genetic and Plant Breeding, 1988 Silang, Coimbatore, TN 47. IGSI Indian Grain Storge Institute, Hapur, Uttar Pradesh 48. IIFM Indian Institute of Forest Management, Bhopal, MP 1982 49. ILRI Indian Lac Research Institute, Ranchi, Jharkhand 1925 50. ISARD Institute for Studies on Agriculture and Rural 1981 Development, Dharwad, Karnataka Agriculture & GK Page 9 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin 51. IWST Institute of Wood Science and Technology, 1938 Bangalore 52. JTRL Jute Technology Research Laboratory, Kolkata, WB 1939 53 SBI Sugarcane Breeding Institute, Coimbatore, TN 1912 54. IVRI Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, UP 1984 55. NAARM National Academy of Agricultural Research & 1976 Management, Hyderabad 56. NASM National Agriculture Science Museum, New Delhi 2014 57. NIAEM National Institute of Agriculture Extension 1987 Management, Hyderabad 58. NIBSM National Institute of Biotic Stresses Management, 2012 Raipur, Chhattisgarh 59. NISAM National Institute of Abiotic Stress Management, 2009 Malegaon, Maharashtra 60. NIANP National Institute of Animal Nutrition and Physiology, 1995 Bengaluru 61. NIRJAFT National Institute of Research on Jute & Allied Fibre 1939 Technology, Kolkata 62. NIVEDI National, Institute, of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Hebbal, Bengaluru 63. VPKAS Vivekananda Parvatiya Krishi Anusandhan 1985 Sansthan, Almora 64. CIRC Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, 2000 Uttar Pradesh 65. NIHSAD National Institute of High Security Animal Diseases, 2014 Bhopal 66. IIMR Indian Institute of Maize Research, New Delhi 67. CARI Central Agroforestry Research Institute, Jhansi 1988 68. NIAEPR National Institute of Agricultural Economics and Policy Research, New Delhi 69. IIWBR Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal 70. IIFSR Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research, Modipuram 71. IIMR Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad 72. IIOR Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad 73. IIOPR Indian Institute of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, West Godawari 74. IIWM Indian Institute of Water Management, Bhubaneshwar 75. IIRR Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad 76. CIWA Central Institute for Women in Agriculture, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha 77. CCRI Central Citrus Research Institute, Nagpur, MH 78. IISR Indian Institute of Seed Research, Mau, UP 79. NOFRI National Organic Farming Research Institute, Gangtok, Sikkim NATIONAL RESEARCH CENTRE 80. NRCAF National Research Centre for Agro-Forestry, Jhansi, 1988 UP 81. NRCB National Research Centre for Banana, 1993 Thiruchirapalli, Kerala 82. NRCC National Research Centre for Cashew, Puttur, 1985 Karnataka 83. NRCC National Research Centre for Citrus, Nagpur, MH 1985 84. INRCG National Research Centre for Grapes, Pune, MH 1997 Agriculture & GK Page 10 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin 85. NRCG National Research Centre for Groundnut, Junagadh, 1979 Gujarat 86. NRCIPM National Research Centre for Integrated Pest 1988 Management, New Delhi 87. NRCL National Research Centre for Litchi, Muzaffarpur, 2001 Bihar 88. NRCM National Research Centre for Makhana, Patna, 2006 Bihar 89. NRCMAP National Research Centre for Medicinal and 1992 Aromatic Plants, Anand, Gujarat 90. NRCMRT National Research Centre for Mushroom Research 1983 & Training, Solan, HP 91. NRCOP National Research Centre for Oil Palm, Peddavagi, 1995 AP 92. NRCOG National Research Centre for Onion and Garlic, 1998 Pune, MH 93. NRCO National Research Centre for Orchids, Pakyang, 1996 Sikkim 94. NRCPB National Research Centre on Plant Bio-technology, 1985 New Delhi. 95. NRCRM National Research Centre for Rapeseed and 1993 Mustard, Bharatpur, Rajasthan 96. NRCSS National Research Centre for Seed Spices, Ajmer, 2000 Raj. 97. NRCS National Research Centre for Sorghum, Hyderabad 1987 98. NRCS National Research Centre on Soybean, Indore 1987 99. NRCWTER National Research Centre of Water Technology for 1988 Easter Region, Bhubaneswar. 100. NRCWS National Research Centre for Weed Science, 1989 Jabalpur 101. NRCDFP National Research Centre on DNA Finger printing, New Delhi. 102. NRCC National Research Centre on Camel, Bikaner 1984 103. NRCE National Research Centre for Equines, Hisar 1986 104. NRCMMP National Research Centre on Meat and Meat 2009 Products, Hyderabad 105. NRCM National Research Centre on Mithun, Jharnapani, 1988 Nagaland 106. INRCP National Research Centre for Pigs, Guwahati, 2009 Assam 107. NRCY National Research Centre on Yak, Dirang, 1989 Arunachal Pradesh 108. NRCCF National Research Centre for Coldwater Fisheries, 1987 Nainital, Uttarakhand 109. HSADL High Security Animal Disease Laboratory, Bhopal 1998 110. NRCWA National Research Centre for Women in Agriculture, 1996 Bhubaneswar. 111 NRCAH National Research Centre for Arid Horticultural, Bikaner 112. NCVE National Centre for Values and Ethics, New Delhi Directorates/Project Directorates Indian Institute of Maize Research, New Delhi. Indian Institute of Rice Research, Hyderabad. Agriculture & GK Page 11 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin Indian Institute of Wheat and Barley Research, Karnal, HR. Indian Institute of Oilseeds Research, Hyderabad. Directorate of Seed Research, Mau, UP. Indian Institute of Millets Research, Hyderabad. Directorate of Groundnut Research, Junagarh, Gujarat. Directorate of Soybean Research, Indore, MP. Directorate of Rapeseed & Mustard Research, Bharatpur, Raj. Directorate of Mushroom Research, Solan, HP. Directorate of Onion and Garlic Research, Pune, MH. Directorate of Cashew Research, Puttur, Karnataka. Directorate of Oil Palm Research, Pedavegi, West Godawari, AP. Directorate of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research, Anand, Gujarat. Directorate of Floriculture Research, Pusa, New Delhi. Indian Institute of Farming Systems Research (IIFSR), Modipuram, UP. Directorate of Water Management Research, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha. Directorate of Weed Science Research, Jabalpur, MP. Central Institute for Research on Cattle, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh. Project Directorate on Foot & Mouth Disease, Mukteshwar, Uttarakhand. Directorate of Poultry Research, Hyderabad. National Institute of Veterinary Epidemiology and Disease Informatics, Hebbal, Bangalore, Karnataka. Directorate of Knowledge Management in Agriculture (DKMA), New Delhi. Directorate of Cold-Water Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, Nainital, Uttarakhand. Central Institute for Women in Agriculture, Bhubaneshwar, Odisha. Important AICRP Project and Network Project AICRP on Maize, New Delhi, 1957. AICRP on Wheat & Barley Improvement Project, Karnal, 1961. AICRP on Pearl Millets Jodhpur, 1965. AICRP on Rice, Hyderabad, 1965. AICRP on Pulses, 1966. AICRP on Arid Legumes, Jodhpur (now at Kanpur), 1993. AICRP on Chickpea, Kanpur, 1993. AICRP on MULLARP, Kanpur, 1993. AICRP on Pigeon Pea, Kanpur, 1993. AICRP on Oilseeds, Hyderabad, 1967. AICRP on Soybean, Indore, 1967. AICRP on Linseed, Kanpur, 1967. AICRP on Castor, Hyderabad, 1967. AICRP on Sunflower, Safflower, Hyderabad, 1972. AICRP on Rapeseed & Mustard, Bharatpur, 1981. AICRP on Sesame and Niger, Jabalpur, 1981. AICRP on Groundnut, Junagarh, 1992. AICRP on Cotton, Coimbatore, 1967. AICRP Sorghum, Hyderabad, 1969. AICRP on Sugarcane, Lucknow, 1970. AICRP on Forage Crops, Jhansi, 1970. AICRP – National Seed Project (Crops), Mau, 1979. AICRP on Small Millets, Bangalore, 1986. Agriculture & GK Page 12 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin All India Network Project on Jute and Allied Fibres, Barrackpore, 1967. All India Network Project on Potential Crops, New Delhi, 1982. National Bureau National Bureau of Plant Genetics Resources, New Delhi, 1976. National Bureau of Agriculturally Important Micro-organisms, Mau, Uttar Pradesh, 2004. National Bureau of Agriculturally Insect Resources, Bengaluru, 2015. National Bureau of Soil Survey and Land Use Planning, Nagpur, 1976. National Bureau of Animal Genetic Resources, Karnal, 1985. National Bureau of Fish Genetic Resources, Lucknow, 1999. International Agriculture Research Institute CGIAR – Consultative Group on International Agricultural Research, Different Headquarters, 1971. CIAT – Centro Interncional de Agricultural Tropical, Palmira, Colombia, 1969. CIFOR – Center for International Forestry Research, Bogor, Indonesia, 1993. CIMMYT – Centro International de Mejoramiento de Maize y Trigo / International Maize and Wheat Improvement Center, Mexico, 1943. CIP – Centro International de la Papa / International Center for Potato, Lima, Peru, 1971. ICARDA – International Center for Agricultural Research in the Dry Areas, Aleppo, Syria, 1977. ICRISAT – International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics, Hyderabad, India, 1972. IFPRI – International Food Policy Research Institute, Washington, D.C., USA, 1975. IITA – International Institute of Tropical Agriculture, Ibadan, Nigeria, 1967. ILRI – International Livestock Research Institute, Kenya, 1994. IRRI – International Rice Research Institute, Los Banos, Laguna, Philippines, 1960. IWMI – International Water Management Institute, Colombo, Sri Lanka, 1985. FAO – Food and Agricultural Organization, Rome, Italy, 1945. City & their Nick Name Name of City/State Nick Name Anand Milk City of India Bangalore Garden City of India, Science City of India, Silicon Valley of India Bhagalpur Silk City of India Gandhinagar Green City Hyderabad City of Pearls Jaisalmer Golden City of India Kollam Cashew Capital of India Malda Mango City Mysore Sandal Wood City Nagpur Orange City Tirunelveli City of Paddy field Nasik Wine Capital of India, Grapes City of India Guntur City of Chillies Namakkal Egg City of India Agriculture & GK Page 13 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin Related Person Segment Related Person Father of Plant Physiology Stephen Heles Father of Microbiology Louis Pasture Father of Modern Tillage Jethro Tull Father of Modern Agronomy Pietro of Crescenzi Father of Zero Tillage Jim McCutcheon Father of Organic Farming Sir Albert Howard Father of Minimum Tillage E.H. Faulkner Father of Botany Theophrastus Father of Zoology Aristotle Father of Biology Aristotle Father of Modern Botany C. Linnaeus Father of Genetics G.J. Mendel Father of Modern Genetics T.H. Morgan Father of Biodiversity E.O. Wilson Father of Cytology Robert Hooke Father of Mycology A.M. Micheli Father of Indian Forestry Sir Dietrich Brandis Father of Indian Ecology R. Mishra Father of Mutation Hugo De Vries Father of Radiation Genetics H.J. Muller Father of Taxonomy Carolus Linnaeus Father of Plant Pathology Anton de Bary Father of Green Revolution Norman Borlaug Father of Ecology Ernst Haeckel Father of Statistic R. A. Fisher Father of Ornamental Gardening M. S. Randhawa Father of Forest Pathology Robert Hartig Father of Nematology N. A. Cobb Father of Pure Culture Technique Oscar Brefeld Father of Tissue Culture Gottlieb Haberland Father of Agriculture Chemistry Justus von Liebig Father of Indian Rust K. C. Mehta Father of Indian Plant Pathology E. J. Butler Father of Modern Plant Pathology Anton de Bary Father of Green Revolution in India M. S. Swaminathan Father of Bt Cotton in India C. D. Mayer Father of Horticulture Liberty Hyde Bailey Father of Indian Horticulture Dr. M. H. Marigowda Father of Modern Horticulture Dr. K. L. Chadha Golden Rice Ingo Potrichus Super Rice G.S. Khush Hybrid Rice Yuvan Long Ping Super Wheat S. Nagrajan Bt-cotton in india C. D. Mayee Proteto (Protein rich potato) Ashish Dutta Green House effect J. B. Fourler Drip Irrigation Symcha Blass Father of Systematic Pomology DeCandoli Father of Pedology Dokuchaev Father of Agro-climatology Koppen Father of Safeners O. L. Hoffman Father of Mutation Hugo De Vries Agriculture & GK Page 14 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin Father of Biodynamic Farming Rudolf Steiner Father of Natural Farming Masanobu Fukuoka Father of Indian Agro-metrology L A Ramdas Father of Remote Sensing in India P. R. Pisharoty Father of Geographical Information System Roger F. Tomlinson (GIS) Important Days Date Day 1 Jan WTO Foundation Day 12 Jan National Youth Day 25 Jan World Tourism Day 2 Feb World Wetland Day 10 Feb World Pulses Day 21 Feb International Mother Languages Day 28 Feb National Science Day 3 Mar World Wild Life Day 8 Mar International Women’s Day 15 Mar World Consumers Day 21 Mar World Forest Day 22 Mar World Water Day 23 Mar World Meteorological Day 7 April World Health Day 18 April World Heritage Day 22 April Earth Day 24 April Panchayat Raj Day 26 April World Intellectual Day / International Seeds Day Last Saturday of April World Veterinary Days 1 May International Labour Day 3 May International Energy Day 11 May National Technology Day 15 May International Family Day 22 May International Biodiversity Day 31 May International Anti-Tobacco Day 1 June World Milk Day 5 June World Environment Day 8 June World Ocean Day 17 June World Day to Combat Desertification 21 June International Yoga Day 29 June Statistics Day 1 July National Agriculture Day / International Fruits Day 10 July National Fish Husbandry Day 11 July World Population Day 12 July NABARD Foundation Day 16 July ICAR Day 20 August World Honey Day 2 September World Coconut Day 16 September World Ozone Day 1 – 7 October World Wildlife Week 1 October World Coffee Day / World Habitat Day / Vegetarian Day 2nd Friday of October World Egg Day 3 October World Habitat Day 4 October World Animal Day Agriculture & GK Page 15 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin 6 October World Wildlife Day and World Food Security Day 15 October National Women Farmer Day 16 October World Food Day 21 November World Fish Day 26 November National Milk Day 3 December National Agriculture Education Day 4 December Agriculture Women Day 5 December World Soil Day 9 December International Anti-Corruption Day 10 December International Human Rights Day 14 December National Energy Conservation Day 15 December International Tea Day 23 December Farmers Day 23 December Kisan Divas (Farmers Day) 23 to 29 December Jai Kisan Jai Vigyan Week Superlatives of Plants Characteristic Plant Lightest wood Ochroma pyramidale Minimum Chromosome Number Haplopappus gracilis Smallest Flower Wolffia Smallest Seed Orchids Smallest Angiosperm Wolffia microscopica Smallest Gymnoperm Zamia pygmaea Smallest Pteridophyta Azolla (a water fern) Smallest Mycoplasma Mycoplasma gallisepticum Smallest Bacteria Dialister pneumosintes Largest Fruit Lodoicea maldivica Largest Flower Rafflesia arnoldii Largest Inflorescence Puya Raimondi Largest Leaf Victoria regia (Angiosperm) Largest Seed Lodoicea seychellarum (Double coconut) Largest Ovule Cycas circinalis Largest grass Bambusa Largest Herb Musa paradesiaca Tallest Angioserm Eucalyptus (Austrlian eucalyptus) Tallest Tree Sequoia gigantean (a gymnosperm found in America) Largest Fern Alsophila excels Largest Unicellular Organism Acetabularia (A marine green algae) Largest Marine Alga Macrocystis macrocarpa Toxic Substance in Crops Toxic Substance Crops Hydrocyanic Acid (HCN) / Prussic Acid Sorghum, Trifolium repens, Phyllanthus quastroemmii, Pteridium aqulinum, Lotus spp. Saponins Alfalfa, Strawberry Clover, Ladino clover. Castrogens White Clover, Red Clover, Subterranean Clover Coumarins Sweet clover Oxalic Acid Pearl, Millet, Napier Grass Agriculture & GK Page 16 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin Mimosine Leucaena leucocephala Lathyrogen or neurotoxin Khesari or Lathyrus Polyphenolics Safflower Cyanogenic Glucoside Sudan Grass, White Clover, Sorghum Erusic Acid Rapeseed and Mustard Trypsin inhibitors Pigeon Pea, Cowpea Haemagglutinin trypsin & amylose inhibitors French Bean Some Instruments used in Agriculture Contour: Line joining equal elevation. Isobar: Imaginary line connecting point of equal atmospheric pressures. Isophyets: Line of connecting point of equal amount of rainfall. Isobaths: Imaginary lines connecting points equal water table elevations. Isophels: Line connecting points of equal sunshine hours. Isophene: Line connecting point of similar seasonal phenomenon. Isotherm: Line connecting points of equal temperature. Isopluvial: Line joining equal depth of rainfall. Isotech: Line connecting points of equal wind velocities. Isostere: Line connecting points of constant moisture contents. Instrument Use Altimeter Height Almometer Measure evaporation rate Aneroid barometer Atmospheric Pressure Anemometer Wind Speed Auxanometer Measure growth of plant Aerometer Measure weight and density of air and gases Barograph Used of atmospheric pressure Barometer Measure atmospheric pressure Brix hydrometer Measure sugar in juice and pulp Butyrometer Measure fat content in milk Crescograph Growth of Plant Dynamometer Convert mechanical energy to electrical Darosometer Dew Cambel Stokes Duration of Sunshine Wind wane Wind direction Tensiometers Soil moisture tension Galvanometer Electric Currents Porometer Stomal Behaviour Hydrometer/Psychrometer Relative Humidity Lactometer Density of milk, milk purity Lysimeter Evapo-transpiration/leaching Manometer Root pressure Pyrheliometer Amount of direct solar radiation Pyranometer Total incoming solar radiation Pycnometer Specific gravity of soil Peizometer Depth of water table Potometer Transpiration Psychrometer or Hygrometer Humidity Quantum Sensor Photosynthetically / Active Radiation Thermograph Temperature Agriculture & GK Page 17 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin Raingauge Rain Cure Card Sun light Agriculture Related Years Year Calibration 2004 International Year of Rice (Theme-Rice is Life) 2005 Neem Patented Year (Patent from USA to India), Year of Parthenium 2006 International Year of Desert and Desertification 2007 Water Year Theme-More Crop per Drop), Year of Neem 2008 International Potato Year and Sanitation, Food Safety and Quality 2009 International Astronomy Year 2010 International Year of Bio-diversity, Year of Tigers 2011 International Forest Year 2012 Horticulture Year 2013 Indian Water Conservation Year (Theme – To Create Awareness about Water Conservation), International Pulse Year, UN International Year of Water Co- operation. 2014 International Year of Family Farming (Theme-Feeding the world, Caring for the Earth) 2015 International Year of Soil 2016 International Year of Pulses 2017 International Year of Sustainable Tourism for Development 2018 International Year of Underutilized Crops 2023 International Year of Millets Famous Name of Crops Famous Name Crops King of cereals Wheat Queen of cereals Maize King of coarse cereals Sorghum (Camel crop) King of pulses Chickpea Queen of pulses Pea King of oilseeds Groundnut Queen of oilseeds Sesame (Til) King of weeds Congress grass (Parthenium hysterophorus) Coarsest of course millets Kodo (Paspulum scrobiculatum) King of fruits Mango Queen of fruits Pineapple / Mangosteen King of temperate fruits Apple King of spices Black Pepper Queen of spices Cardamom King of vegetables Potato Queen of vegetables Okra Poor man’s meat Soybean Wonder crop Soybean Famine reserves Millets Queen of fodder crops Lucerne Vegetables meat Cowpea Poor man’s fruit Jackfruit, Ber Poor man’s substitute for ghee Sesame Poor man’s friend Potato Poor man’s food Pearl millet Agriculture & GK Page 18 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin King of Arid and semi-arid fruits Ber National fruits of India Mango Glory of East Chrysanthemum Autumn queen Chrysanthemum Wonder tree Neem Queen of night Cestrum noctrunum Egg plant Brinjal Bio energy plant Jatropha King of flower crops Rose Queen of flower crops Gladiolus Brown gold Dead pupae of Silkworm Apple of paradise Banana Poor man’s orange (India) and Love of apple Tomato (England) Drosophila of crop plants Maize Adams fig Banana Butter fruit Avocado Queen of beverage crops Tea China’s miracle fruits Kiwi fruit Food of God Cocoa Small holder’s irrigated crops Oil palm Oldest cultivated tropical fruits Banana Tree of heaven Coconut King of nut crops Walnut Queen of nut crops Peanut Bio drainage plant Eucalyptus spp Golden fibre Jute White gold of America Cotton Yellow jewel of America Soybean Backbone of America Maize Thorny oilseed crop Safflower Terms and Associated Crops Terms Associated Crops Curing Tobacco, Tea Stripping Jute Nipping Gram Wrapping and Tying Sugarcane Propping Banana, Sugarcane Trashing Sugarcane Dapog seedling Rice seedling De-suckering Tobacco De-tasseling Maize Pegging Groundnut Retting Jute Ginning Cotton Topping Cotton Stalking Tomato Arrowing Sugarcane Ratooning Sugarcane Tipping Tea Parboiling Rice Rabbing Tobacco Agriculture & GK Page 19 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin Earthing-up Potato, Sugarcane Standing Sunflower Lopping Lucerne Concepts and Related Persons Concepts Related Persons Super rice G. H. Khush Hybrid rice Yuan long Ping Golden rice (evolved by Japonica rice) Ingo Potrykus (1999) Super wheat S. Nagarajan Proteto (protein rich tomato) Ashish Dutta Crop ideotype Donald Green revolution N. E. Borlaug Green revolution in India M. S. Swaminathan White revolution Verghese Kurien Evergreen revolution in India M. S. Swaminathan Rainbow revolution Nitish Kumar Golden revolution K. L. Chadha Bt. Cotton in India C. D. Mayee Green revolution term given by William Guad Noblization of sugarcane T. S. Venkatraman Hybrid cotton C. T. Patel PURA (Providing Urban Amenities in Rural A. P. J Abdul Kalam areas) Single cross maize, hybrid E. M. East and G. H. Shull (1910) Double cross maize hybrid D. F. Johns (1920) Nutrient mobility Bray ‘A’ value Fried and Dean Functional nutrients Nicholas (1961) Law of minimum J. V. Liebig Law of Inverse yield nitrogen Wilcox (1929) Law of optimum and limiting factor Blackman (1905) Law of diminishing return Mitscherlich Leaf area index (LAI) Watson (1945) Permanent wilting point Briggs and Santz Q/ I relationship Beckett Law of flow of moisture in saturated soil Darcy and Poiseuille Allelopathy Hans Molish (1937) Essentiality of nutrients Arnon & Stout (1939) Mass flow Munch Vernalization Lysenko Origin of plants Vavilov Thermoperiodism Went Toxins Produced in Plants Toxins Plants Gossypol Cotton Neurotoxin (BOAA) Lathyrus Erucic acid Rapeseed and mustard Goitrogen Soybean Saponin and pant estrogens Alfalfa / Lucerne Coumarin Sweet clover Agriculture & GK Page 20 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin HCN glucosides / Prussic acid / Dhurin Sorghum Steroidal alkaloids Potato Alkaloids Yam Resins Mango Antivitamin E Factor Fields pea Polyphenolics Safflower Tripsin inhibitors Pigeon pea, French bean & Soybean Haemaggutinins French bean Lathyrogens Lathyrus sativus (Khesari) Glucosides White clover Eicosenoic acid Rapessed and mustard Polyphenolics Sunflower Cucurbitacins Cucurbits C N glucosides Cassava Oxalic acid Pearl millet, Napier grass Nutrients and Their Sources Nutrients Sources Nitrogen (N) Organic matter Phosphorus (P) Apetite and Al & Fe phosphate Potash (K) Micas, Feldspar, Biotite Calcium (Ca) Dolomite, Calcite Magnesium (Mg) Dolomite, Muscovite Sulphur (S) Gypsum, Pyrite, Organic matter Iron (Fe) Pyrite, Magnetite Molybdenum (Mo) Olivine Boron (B) Tourmaline Manganese (Mn) Magnetite Zinc (Zn) Sphalerite Chlorine (Cl) Apetite SCIENTIST AND THEIR CONTRIBUTIONS Scientific Contribution Associated Scientist AGRONOMY Hybrid rice Yuan Longping, 1974 Golden rice Ingo Potrykus, 1999 Super rice G. S. Khus Introduction of rice variety TN-1 G. V. Chalam, 1965 1st Indian rice variety ‘Jaya’ Shastry, 1968 ‘V’ shape cultivation of rice Matsushima, 1967 Hybrid rice in India Siddique Row planting concept Jethro Tull Role of BGA in paddy 1st time reported by P. K. Dev, 1939 Super wheat Nagarjuna, 2005 Phalaris minor resistance to isoproturon R. K. Malik, 1993 CRI stage in wheat Bhardwaj Norin-10 gene of dwarf wheat brought from Salmon, 1948 USA Ear cockle disease of wheat Needham, 1743 Karnal bunt disease of wheat Mitra, 1931 Agriculture & GK Page 21 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin Transplanting in pearl millet Gautuam (pearl millet breeder) Mustard triangle Morinaga, 1934 ‘Bio – 902’ or Pusa Jai Kisan’ variety of V. L. Chopra mustard Nobel cane T. S. Venkataraman (cane wizard) Crop logging in cane H. F. Clement Top: bottom ratio in cane B. Vishwanath Hybrid maize (single cross) East and Shull, 1910 Hybrid maize (double cross) Jones, 1920 QPM maize (Quality Protein Maize) S. K. Vassal, 1971 Hybrid cotton C. T. Patel, 1970 Bt cotton C. D. Mayee TPS potato (True Potato Seed) Ramanujan Potato seed plot technique Pushkarnath, 1967 All three dormancy in Avena fatua Thurston, 1959 Net Assimilation Rate (NAR) Gregory, 1917 Relative Growth Rate (RGR) Blackman, 1919 Crop Growth Rate (CGR) Watson, 1958 Unit Leaf Rate (ULR) Briggs et al. 1920 Leaf Area Index (LAI) Watson, 1947 Land Equivalent Ratio (LER) Willey, R. W. 1979 Relative Yield Total (RYT) De wit and Van den Bergh, 1965 Staple Land Equivalent Ratio (SLER) Reddy and Chetty, 1984 Effective Land Equivalent Ratio (ELER) Mead and Willey, 1980 Competition Index (CI) CM Donald, 1963 Harvest Index (HI) CM Danald, 1968 Diversity Index (DI) Strout, Wang and Yu, 1975 Competition Ratio (CR) Willey and Rao, 1980 Aggrisivety Michel Gilchrist, 1965 Agrobiology Wilcox Land Equivalent Coefficient (LEC) Adetiloye and Ezeinma, 1983 Cultivated Land Utilization Index (CLUI) Chaung, 1973 Relative Crowding Coefficient (RCC) De Wit, 1960 Parallel Multiple Cropping (PMC) Saxena, 1972 Multiple Cropping Index (MCI) Dalrymple, 1971 Area Harvest Equivalency Ratio (AHER) Bal Subramanian and Sekayange, 1990 Area Time Equivalency Ratio (ATER) Hiebsch and McCollum, 1987 Crop Equivalent Yield (CEY) Verma and Modgel, 1983 Natural Farming Fukuoka Organic Farming Sr. Abert Howard Mixed Farming La-flize, 1928 Intercropping Aiyer, 1949 Relay cropping S. S. Bain Response Farming Stewart, 1988 L. A. Ramdas (1960) Ramdas gauge or Ramdas apparatus for measuring effective rainfall under field conditions. N. G. Dastane (1967 at IARI) Drum culture technique for assessment of ET, percolation losses and ineffective rainfall in rice culture R. G. Sharma and N. G. Dastane (1968) Sunken screen open pan evaporimeter for direct measurement of PET: ET ratio by an irrigated crop S. S. Parihar and B. S. Sandhu (1968) PAU moisture gauge for rapid determination of soil moisture content without oven drying Agriculture & GK Page 22 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin methods Parihar et al (1974) IW/CPE ratio for irrigation scheduling R. Pal and S. R. Poonia (1979) Gypsum bed technique for neutralizing sodic tube well water AGROMETEOROLOGY Father of meteorology Luke Howard Father of Indian remote sensing Dr. P. R. Pisharoty Father of Indian agro-meteorology Prof. L. A. Ramdas Mercury barometer Torricelli, 1643 Discovery of ozone layer Charles Fabry and Henri Buyson, 1913 Bio climatic law Hopkins Time of space theory De Candole 1st time classification of climate De Candole, 1990 AD 1st time classified climate based on weather Koppen, 1936 element Classification of climate suitable for Troll, 1965 agricultural purpose Concept of PET Thornthwaite, 1948 Aridity index Thornthwaite Climatic water budgeting approach Thornthwaite and Mather, 1955 Moisture deficit index (MDI) Thornthwaite and Mather, 1955 Water balance concept Thornthwaite, 1948 Discovery of cloud seeding Schaefer, 1946 Discovery of super cooled cloud water Bernard Vonnegut, 1946 seeding Department of Environment formed in November, 1970 AGRICULTURAL STATISTICS Father of vital statistics John Grant Father of statistics R. A. Fisher ANOVA ((Analysis of variance) R. A. Fisher Variance R. A. Fisher Randomization R. A. Fisher Null hypothesis R. A. Fisher Z-test R. A. Fisher F-test R. A. Fisher Alternate hypothesis Neyman and Egon Pearson Theory of testing of hypothesis Karl Pearson, 1933 Coefficient of variance (CV) Karl Pearson Kurtosis Karl Pearson 1906 Standard Deviation (SD) Karl Pearson, 1823 X2-test Karl Pearson, 1900 Poisson distribution S. D. Poisson, 1837 Binomial distribution James Bernoulli Regression Sir Francis Galton Student t-test Gusse, 1908 Term ‘ex post facto’ coined by Chapin and Greenwood Rank correlation C Spearman Book ‘Sampling Techniques’ written by W. G. Cochran SOIL SCIENCE Classification of soil water Briggs, 1894 Moisture holding capacity Hilgard, 1896 Capillary potential Buckinghum, 1907 Moisture equivalent Briggs and McLane, 1910 Permanent wilting point (PWP) Briggs and Shantz, 1912 Hygroscopic coefficient Always, 1913 Agriculture & GK Page 23 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin Field capacity (FC) Israelsen and West, 1922 Ultimate wilting point Taylor et al., 1934 pF, Ratio law Schofield, 1935 Tensiometer or irrometer Richards and Gardner, 1936 Gypsum block / Electrical resistance Bouyoucos and Mick, 1940 Permanent membrane apparatus (PMA) Richards, 1941 Parshall flume Parshall, 1941 Pressure plate apparatus (PPA) Richards and Fireman, 1941 Total soil moisture stress (TSMS) Wadleigh and Aiyer, 1945 Available water Henry Darcy, 1856 Potential Evapotranspiration (PET) Thornthwaite, 1948 Term ‘Effective rainfall’ N. G. Dastane, 1974 Modified Penman method Doorenbos and Prutt, 1977 Term ‘water harvesting’ Myers 1975 Water expense efficiency Parihar et al., 1976 ‘Combination approach’ or irrigation Doorenbos and Kassam, 1979 scheduling Surge irrigation system Stringham and Keller, 1979 Drip irrigation system Simcha Blass, 1964 RSC (Residual Sodium Carbonate) Eaton, 1950 Leaching requirement Richards, 1954 Soil – plant – atmosphere continuum (SPAC) Huber, 1924 concept Water balance concept Thornthwaite, 1940 Evapotranspiration (ET) first time used for Thornthwaite calculation by Author of book ‘Irrigation Agronomy’ N. G. Dastane Author of book ‘Irrigation Engineering’ A. M. Michael Term ‘functional nutrient’ Nicholas, 1961 Term ‘ultra-micronutrient’ Nicholas, 1963 Metabolic nutrient Nicholas DRIS concept (Dignosis & Recommendation Beaufil of Integrated System) Index system of fertilizer recommendation Cope, 1973 Slow release N fertilizer Rajendra Prasad Coefficient of effectiveness Nichiporovic L-value (P) Larsen A brief key of deficiency symptoms Finck Q/I concept (Quantity/Intensity) Backett Salt index Puri Nutrient index/fertility index Parker, 1951 DTPA – extractable micronutrients Lindsay and Norvell, 1978 KMnO4 method for N-estimation Subbhya and Asija, 1956 Nutrient supplement index Wahua, 1983 Universal soil loss equation Wischmeier and Smith Mycorrhiza Frank, 1885 Nutrient mobility concept Bray Ideotype Donald Experiment portioning to plant nutrition Jan Baptisa Van Helmont systemically conclude ‘principle of vegetation is water’ Pot culture technique Mitscherlich Theory of humus Liebig, 1809 Book – Element of Agriculture Chemistry Sir Humphy Davy Truly scientific approach of farming Liebig Agriculture & GK Page 24 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin International micronutrient scientist J. S. Kanwar ‘A’ value concept Fried and Dean Rhizosphere Hiltner, 1904 Connect of zonality (Soil as natural body) V. V. Dokuchaev Critical soil test approach (CSTA) Cate and Nelson Index of clay identification Martin and Rasson Soil classification in different horizons based Jaffee, 1949 on depth, minerals, morphology, chemical composition Critical limit concept Cale and Nelson, 1971 Reversibility and equivalent of exchange Weilger reaction Mobile nutrient flow Liebig’s law Immobile nutrient flow Mitscherlich law Soil forming process Dokuchaev, 1889 Benchmark soils of India R. S. Murthy, 1982 pE concept Silen Father of soil testing Trough Integrated soil test approach Colwell Radio carbon dating Willard Libby Biogas Desai and Biswas Lignin theory Waksman, 1932 Water transpiration Woodward Cation exchange capacity (CEC) Thompson and Way, 1850 Inductive approach is explained by Ramamurthy and Veleyudhan, 1967 Soil test-based fertilizer recommendation for Bray yield maximization Soil test crop response (STCR) approach Ramamurthy Target yield concept Troug, 1960 E value Russel Percent yield concept Baule Percent sufficiency concept Mitscherlich Active and passive factors of soil formation Jenny, 1941 Soil catena Geoffrey Milne, 1935 Law of minimum / restitution Liebig, 1962 Law of optimum & limiting factor Blackman, 1905 Law of maximum William & Loomis Law of diminishing return Mitscherlich, 1909 Law of tolerance Schofield, 1913 EC meter (Electricity conductivity) Charles Wheatstone, 1843 Lime requirement method Shoemaker, 1961 Gypsum requirement Schoonover, 1952 CEC is next to photosynthesis Marshall pH is physical phenomena Marshall pH (Puissance de Hydrogen) Sorenson Saline and alkaline soil classification De Sigmoid Irrigation water classification based on Na% Wilcox OTHER SCIENTISTS Term ‘sustainable agriculture’ Leas Jackson, 1980s Biodynamic agriculture Rudolf Steiner, 1924 Greenhouse effect J. B. Fourier, 1827 Term ‘permaculture’ Bill Mollison Term ‘biodiversity’ Walter G. Rosen, 1985 Term ‘ecology’ Earnst Haeckel, 1885 Term ‘ecosystem’ Charles Elton, 1927 Agriculture & GK Page 25 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin Quantitative measurement of sustainability Lynam and Herdt Ideotype of chickpea Pandey and Saxena, 1973 Social forestry Westby, 1968 Term ‘green revolution’ William Gaud, 1968 Biological control Smith, 1919 Microbial control Steinhause, 1949 Integrated pest control Bartlett, 1956 DDT synthesized Paul Muller, 1875 Competition exclusion principle Gause Word ‘learning by doing’ John Dewey, 1966 Father of method demonstration Dr. Seeman IPM (Integrated Pest Management) Gier and Clark, 1961 Term ‘foliar fertilization’ Rajat De Father of plant physiology Stephan Hales Father of Indian plant physiology JC Bose Osmotic water absorption theory Atkins (1916) and Priestley (1921) Non-osmotic water absorption theory Thimann (1951) and Kramer (1959) Relay pump theory Godlewski, 1884 Pulsation theory JC Bose, 1923 Root pressure theory Stephan Hales, 1727 Root exchange concept Jenny and Overstreet Capillary theory Boehm, 1809 Imbibitions force theory Unger, 1868 Cohesion-tension or transpiration pull theory Dixon and Jolly, 1894 “Transpiration is a necessary evil” Curtis “Transpiration is an avoidable evil” Steward Guttation Bergstein Carrier concept theory Hobert, 1973 Red drop Emersion and Levis Z-scheme model to explain ETS Hill and Benda, 1960 Term active and passive absorption Renner Mass flow Munch Diffusion Mulder, 1851 Carrier concept Honert, 1937 Carrier hypothesis Epstein, 1953 Term ‘osmosis’ Abbe Nollel Term ‘DPD’ (diffusion pressure deficit) Meyer, 1938 Term ‘imbibition’ Sachs, 1865 Term ‘photorespiration’ Decker, 1959 Tz value Lekon Agriculture Revolution Revolution Related to Green revolution Food grain production White revolution Milk production Yellow revolution Oilseeds production Gray revolution Manures and Fertilizers Blue revolution Fish production Red revolution Meat / Tomato production Round revolution Potato production Silver revolution Egg productions / Poultry Pink revolution Prawn production Golden revolution Fruit production (apple) Agriculture & GK Page 26 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin Brown revolution Non-conventional energy source Black revolution Bio fuel (Jatropha) production Rainbow revolution Agriculture Food chain revolution Food grain production Evergreen revolution Reduction in wastage of food grains, fruits and vegetables grains, fruits and vegetables Second Green Revolution Protein, Rice, Pulses PM Modi’s Tricolour Revolution White revolution Cattle Welfare Blue revolution For Fishermen’s Welfare and Clean Water Saffron revolution Solar Energy Green Revolution The term "green revolution" describes the dramatic rise in food grain output, particularly for wheat and rice, that began in the middle of the 20th century and was largely attributed to the introduction of new, high-yielding variety (HYV) seeds into developing nations. Large-scale alterations were made to conventional farming methods starting in the 1960s. Dr. M. S. Swaminathan, the advisor to India's minister of agriculture, extended an invitation to Norman Borlaug to visit. In India, M.S Swaminathan is regarded as the father of the Indian Green Revolution. The Green Revolution in India began in 1968, led by Prime Minister Indira Gandhi, and resulted in an increase in food grain output, particularly in Punjab, Haryana, and Uttar Pradesh. The development of new synthetic insecticides, herbicides, and chemical fertilizers occurred during this time. It solved India's issue of food insecurity. Evergreen Revolution The term "Evergreen Revolution" was coined by Dr. M. S. Swaminathan to describe a strategy for improving output and productivity without compromising short- and long- term food production goals. The objective is to produce more using fewer resources—less water, less pesticide, and less land—and to achieve sustainable agriculture, there must be an evergreen revolution. The productivity of farms can be increased by introducing modern information and communication technology (ICT) to Indian farmers. Through networking on weather alerts, the planting season, and produce prices, ICT projects can address important issues in the agricultural value chain. One of the pillars of the Digital India initiative, e-Kranti, focuses on technology for farmers and offers real-time pricing updates, online input ordering, and mobile banking for payment. Yellow Revolution The Yellow Revolution, which aimed to boost the production of edible oil, mainly from mustard and sesame seeds, was started in the years 1986-1987. In India, Sam Pitroda is considered the father of the Yellow Revolution. Groundnut, mustard, soybean, safflower, sesame, sunflower, niger, linseed, and castor are the nine oilseeds the Yellow Revolution targets. The introduction of hybrid mustard and sesame seeds during the Yellow Revolution greatly enhanced the output of edible oil. Additionally, it was due to the adoption of more advanced technologies in the nation's oil output. Agriculture & GK Page 27 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin In the state of Punjab, the Revolution ushered in a new age marked by blooming sunflowers. Blue Revolution The government has launched a program called The Blue Revolution (Nili Kranti) to promote the aquaculture sector's expansion. The Fish Farmers Development Agency (FFDA), sponsored by the Central Government of India, spearheaded the Blue Revolution in India during the 7th Five Year Plan (1985-1990). The Intensive Marine Fisheries Program was then introduced during the 8th Five Year Plan (1992–1977), and over time, the fishing harbors in Vishakhapatnam, Kochi, Tuticorin, Porbandar, and Port Blair were also established. The Department of Animal Husbandry, Dairy, and Fisheries, along with the Ministry of Agriculture and Farmers Welfare, intended to restructure this program and the other ones already in place by merging them under the name "Blue Revolution." Golden Fiber Revolution Jute is a natural fiber that is smooth, long, silky, and golden in color with a golden sheen. From the plant's stem skin, it is the least expensive fiber that can be obtained. Due to its bright colours and great market value, jute is referred to as a "golden fiber." As a result, jute manufacturing is connected to India's Golden Fibre Revolution. Prior to our independence, India was the sole significant contributor to the manufacture of jute. The industry suffered damage after independence for a number of causes and those factors collectively led to the beginning of the Golden Fibre Revolution. Golden Revolution The years 1991 to 2003 were known as the "Golden Revolution Period" because of how productive the planned investments in the horticulture segment were during this time. India rose to become the global leader in the production of numerous fruits, including cashew nuts, coconuts, and mangoes. The industry took off as a viable means of subsistence and grew to be the second- largest producer of fruits and vegetables. The economic circumstances of many farmers who engaged in horticulture improved, enhancing the standard of living for numerous underprivileged classes. The establishment of greenhouses, which allow farmers to shield themselves from natural disasters, is another aspect of the Golden Revolution that aims to improve alternative techniques of production in rural areas of India. Grey Revolution The beginning of the "grey revolution" occurred after the 1960s. The start of the grey revolution was triggered by the setbacks of the green revolution. It sought to be a better version of the green revolution and address its failings. Sustainable food system solutions are being developed by the agritech startup Grey Revolution. In order to feed the world, it is creating a platform that enables smallholder farmers to boost yield and profitability. With the help of this solution, farmers will be able to focus on what they do best: growing food. By providing tools to support farmers, we can create a food system that is less dependent on expensive inputs and more sustainable for farmers. Agriculture & GK Page 28 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin India focused on using fertilizer to stimulate growth after years of successfully raising the productivity of its seeds. Pink Revolution The term "pink revolution" refers to a revolution in the technology employed in the nation's poultry and meat processing industry. Durgesh Patel is known as the Father of the Pink Revolution. The poultry and meat industry, onion production, and pharmaceuticals were the three main areas of emphasis during the Pink Revolution. India, a country with a large population of poultry and cattle, has a great deal of potential for growth in this industry. The Pink Revolution in India is the modernization of the meat and poultry processing industry. To meet and sustain international standards, Indian companies must industrialize and adopt new technologies. There is a tonne of room for the domestic market to grow because a sizable portion of Indians still likes buying meat from a local store conventionally packaged meat. Silver Revolution The Silver Revolution is related to the enormous increase in egg production in India as a result of the use of cutting-edge techniques and technology to promote effective growth in the poultry industry. It took place between 1969 and 1978 while Indira Gandhi was Prime Minister. The late Dr BV Rao, the founder of Venkys (famous Indian Poultry Company), was the inspiration behind this revolution in the poultry industry. The Silver Revolution, which lasted from 1969 to 1978, was greatly influenced by medical advancements and science. It lasted for nine years and helped India become the world's third-largest producer of eggs after China and the United States. The policies of the Indian government, private businesses like Venkys, scientists, and veterinarians all played a significant part in increasing egg production in India. Red Revolution An agricultural revolution known as the "red revolution" increased the output of meat and tomatoes in India. Vishal Tewari, the father of India's red revolution, served as its leader. The production of tomatoes and other main livestock products, such as meat, increased by an average of 3.1% every year as a result of this revolution. The change was made possible by the expansion of resources and advancements in technology, which accounted for about 66% of the growth. The superior kind of seeds that were given to the farmers contributed to the good quality yield that was seen. The wholesale market was also introduced, which contributed to the farmers' increased profits. White Revolution The Indian government launched Operation Flood, often known as the White Revolution, in response to the Green Revolution's enormous success in boosting the output of rice and wheat. The goal of India's "white revolution" was to increase milk production and turn it into one of the largest milk-producing nations in the world. By removing the intermediaries, it established a national milk grid that connected farmers all across India to consumers in more than 700 towns and cities. Agriculture & GK Page 29 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin This also decreased the seasonal and regional price disparities while ensuring that farmers receive a significant portion of the profits. The dairy cooperative Amul's Anand Pattern Experiment was the key to the program's success. Dr. Verghese Kurien, the chairman of the National Dairy Development Board, was in charge when Operation Flood began. He is credited with being the "Father of the White Revolution" in India. Silver Fiber Revolution Cotton manufacturing is associated with the Silver Fibre Revolution. The Technology Mission on Cotton, Mini Mission-I, was launched in February 2000, along with three other Mini Missions, with the goal of improving cotton production and productivity while maintaining internationally competitive fibre quality. The Technology Mission on Cotton, Mini Mission-I, was funded by the Department of Agriculture and Cooperation, Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India, and was carried out by the Indian Council of Agricultural Research through the National Agricultural Research System. Nine of India's most important cotton-growing states are implementing the program. They are Madhya Pradesh, Tamil Nadu, Punjab, Andhra Pradesh, Maharashtra, Haryana, Karnataka, Gujarat and Rajasthan. Protein Revolution The government refers to the protein revolution as the second technology-driven green revolution aimed at increasing productivity. Prime Minister Narendra Modi along with Union Minister Arun Jaitley launched the protein revolution in the period 2014-2020. Farmers were inspired to use scientific agricultural techniques to boost the productivity of their land and the output of foodgrains. Allowing the cultivation of lentils or pulses (as they are rich in proteins) on one-fifth of their land will also lower the number of lentils imported. The center is also eager to make additional expenditures on the cultivation of pulses. Agriculture & GK Page 30 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin AGRONOMY AGRONOMY The term Agronomy derived from of two Greek words: Agros - Field Nomos - To manage Definition Can be defined as a branch of agricultural sciences that deal with methods which provide favorable environment to the crop for higher productivity. Indian agriculture is predominantly of the subsistence type. Peter Decresenzi (1230 – 1307 AD) He collected many literatures related to agronomy in his book “Opus Ruralium Kamo Daram” for the first time. He Known as ‘Father of Agronomy’ Van Helmont (1577 – 1644 A.D.) Concluded that the main principle of vegetation is water. Jethrotull (1674 – 1741 A.D.) He published a book ‘Horse Hoeing Husbandry’ and the words ‘Weeds’ and ‘Zero tillage’ firstly given by him. He known as ‘Father of weed science’. Aurthor Young (1741 – 1820 A.D.) Conducted pot culture experiments to increase the yield of crops by applying several materials like poultry dung, litter, gunpowder etc. published his work in 46 volumes as ‘Annals of Agriculture’. CLASSIFICATION OF CROPS A) Classification Based on Season: Kharif Crops The Kharif/monsoon crop is sown with the beginning of the first rains in June to July, during the south-west monsoon season and harvest in the month of October. The term Kharif means “autumn” in Arabic e.g., Paddy, Maize. Soybean, Sorghum, Groundnut, Cotton, Urd etc. Rabi Crops The Rabi/winter crop or spring harvest crop is sown in the month of November during the north-east monsoon season a harvest in the month of February. The term Rabi means “spring” in Arabic. e.g., Wheat, Chickpea, Pea, Sunflower, Safflower, Mustard etc. Zaid Crops The Zaid/summer crop is mainly sown in the month of March and harvested in May. Requires warm day weather for major growth period and longer day length for flowering. e.g., Paddy, Groundnut, Moong, Sunflower, Maize, Watermelon, Pumpkins, Gaurds. B) Classification Based on Botany: Crop Botanical name Family Cereals Rice Oryza sativa; Oryza glaberrima Poaceae Wheat Triticum aestivum Poaceae Spelt wheat Triticum spelta Poaceae Durum wheat Triticum durum Poaceae Triticale Hybrid of Triticum aestivum and Secale cereale Poaceae Barely Hordeum vulgare Poaceae Agriculture & GK Page 31 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin Bajra (Pearl millet) Pennisetum americanum Poaceae Sorghum, guinea Sorghum bicolor Poaceae corn Corn (maize) Zea mays Poaceae Corn for salad Valerianellalo custa Valerianaceae Finger millet Eleusine coracana Poaceae Foxtail millet Staria italica Poaceae Japanese millet Echinochloa esculenta Poaceae Proso millet Panicum miliaceum Poaceae Rye Secale cereale Poaceae Buckwheat Fagopyrum esculentum Polygonaceae Pulses Chickpea (gram Cicer arietinum Leguminosae pea) Lentil Lens culinaris Leguminosae Pea, edible dry Pisum sativum Leguminosae Horse bean Vicia faba Leguminosae Pigeon pea Cajanus cajan Leguminosae Beans, dry, edible Phaseolus vulgaris Leguminosae Cowpea Vigna unguiculata Leguminosae Earth pea Vigna subterranean Leguminosae Oilseeds Soybean Glycine max Leguminosae Groundnut Arachis hypogaea Leguminosae (peanut) Mustard Brassica sp. Brassicaceae White mustard Sinapis alba Brassicaceae Rapeseed (colza) Brassica napus Brassicaceae Turnip Brassica rapa Brassicaceae Sunflower Helianthus annuus Asteraceae Safflower Carthamus tinctorius Asteraceae Sesame Sesamum indicum Pedaliaceae Castor Ricinus communis Euphorbiaceae Fibers Cotton Gossypium spp. Malvaceae Flax Linum usitatissimum Linaceae Hempseed Cannabis sativa (marijuana) Cannabaceae Jute Corchorus spp. Malvaceae Kenaf Hibiscus cannabinus Malvaceae Sunhemp Crotalaria juncea Leguminosae Fodder Alfalfa Medicago sativa Leguminosae Sudan grass Sorghum bicolor var sudanense Poaceae Oats Avena spp. Poaceae Sugar Sugarbeet Beta vulgaris Amaranthaceae Sugarcane Saccharum officinarum Poaceae Coffee Coffee spp. Rubiaceae Tea Camellia sinensis Theaceae Chicory Cichorium intybus Asteraceae Others Potato Solanum tuberosum Solanaceae Tobacco Nicotiana tabacum Solanaceae Indigo Indigofera tinctoria Leguminosae Agriculture & GK Page 32 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin Mint Mentha spp. Lamiaceae C) Classification Based on Special Purpose: Arable Crops: Which require preparatory tillage e.g., potato, tobacco, rice, sugarcane, maize etc. Alley Crops: Such arable crops which are grown in alleys/passages formed by trees or shrubs, established mainly to hasten soil fertility restoration, enhance soil productivity and reduce soil erosion. Slight shade tolerance and non-trailing habit are the pre- requisties of Alley crops e.g. Arable crops like sweet potato, urd, turmeric & ginger are grown in the passages formed by the rows of Eucalyptus, subabool and cassia. Augmenting Crops: Such crops are sown to supplement the yield of the main crops e.g., Japanese mustard with Berseem, Chinese Cabbage with mustard. Here Japanese mustard and Chinese cabbage help in getting higher yield in the first cutting. Avenue Crops: Such crops are grown along farm road and fences e.g., Arhar, Glyicidia, Sisal etc. Border Crops/Barrier/Guard Crops: Such crops help to protect another crop from trespassing of animals or restrict the speed of wind and are mainly grown as border e.g. safflower (thorny oilseed crops) is planted around the field of chickpea. Brake Crops: To break the continuity of agro-ecological situation of the field under multiple cropping systems. To reduce the inoculum of soil-borne harmful biotic agents such as weeds, pest and improves soil condition for crop growth e.g., Legume in rice-wheat system. Are also used to designate guard crops – particularly those which help to break (retard) the wind speed and protect crops from wind hazards. Cash Crops: Such crops are grown for sale to earn hard cash e.g. Jute, Cotton, Tobacco, Sugarcane. Catch/ Contingent/ Emergency Crops: Such crops are cultivated to catch the forthcoming season when main crop is failed. They are of very short duration growing, fast bulking, harvestable or usable at any time e.g., greengram, urd, cowpea, onion radish etc. Cleaning Crop: Whose agronomical practices makes the field clean e.g. potato, maize etc. Cole Crops: Cole’ is derived from colewart. Colewart is the ancestor of wild cabbage. Therefore, cole crops are essentially cold weather crops belonging to the cruciferae capable for withstanding considerable frost e.g. cabbage, cauliflower and Brussels sprouts. Contour Crops: Grown on or along the contour lines to protect the land from erosion e.g. marvel grass etc. Commercial Crops: Such crops are grown to earn money e.g. Jute, Cotton, Tobacco, Sugarcane, Sugarcane etc. Cash crops are certainly commercial crops. Cover Crops: Able to protect the soil surface from erosion through their ground covering foliage and / or root mats e.g. lobia, groundnut, urd, paragrass, sweet potato. Complementary Crops: Each other crop is benefited in inter cropping e.g. Jowar + Lobia. Jowar receives nitrogen from lobia and lobia requires support from jowar. Competitive Crops: Such crops compete to each other and are not suitable for intercropping e.g. two cereals. Supplementary Crops: Such crops are neither competitive nor complementary e.g. maize + cucurbits. Exhaustive Crops: Such crops leave the field exhaustive after growing e.g. cereals. Agriculture & GK Page 33 Mob: 9473826765 www.agriculturegk.inin Energy Crops: To obtain liquid energy such as ethanol and alcohol e.g. sugarcane, potato, maize, tapioca. Fouling Crops: Whose cultural practices allow the infestation of weeds intensively e.g. direct seeded upland rice. Ley Crops: Any crop or combination of crops is grown for grazing or harvesting for immediate or future feeding to livestock e.g. Berseem + mustard. Such cropping is called lay cropping. Mulch Crops: To conserve soil moisture, such crops are grown e.g. cowpea. Nurse Crops: Such crops help in the nourishment of other crops by providing shade and acting as climbing sticks e.g. rai in peas, jowar in cowpea. Paira/Utera Crops: Growing of such crops sown a few days or weeks before harvesting