Vital Signs Presentation PDF

VITAL SIGNS  HOMEOSTASIS A state of balance within the human body. It is regulated by a person’s cardinal vital signs, which include: Temperature Pulse Respiration Bl...

VITAL SIGNS  HOMEOSTASIS A state of balance within the human body. It is regulated by a person’s cardinal vital signs, which include: Temperature Pulse Respiration Blood Pressure  TEMPERATURE The measurement of body heat. Temperature is regulated by a balance of heat produced and heat lost. HEAT PRODUCED: HEAT LOST: muscles perspiration glands respiration oxidation of food excretion HOW IS IT CONTROLLED? Body temperature is regulated by a part of the brain called the hypothalamus. It receives input from thermoreceptors so that the body can make appropriate adjustments to maintain proper body temperature. WHAT IS A NORMAL TEMP? Normal body temperature is a range from: 97.0 ° F to 99.0 ° F Febrile: an elevated temperature Pyrexia: an above-normal temperature (fever) Hyperthermia: an uncontrolled high temperature. Hypothermia: a below-normal temperature  WHAT DOES A FEVER MEAN? Having a fever is an important part of the body’s defense against infection. Most bacteria and viruses thrive best at 98.6°F. A fever raises the temperature beyond the temperature certain microbes need to reproduce. It also activates the immune system to make more white blood cells and antibodies.  PULSE An indication of how well the blood is circulating through the body. The pulse is created by the pressure of blood pushing against the wall of an artery as the heart contracts and relaxes. CHARACTERISTICS OF A PULSE Rate: Number of pulse beats per minute. NORMAL PULSE RATES AGE RATE (BPM) BEFORE BIRTH 140-150 AT BIRTH 90-160 FIRST YEAR OF LIFE 115-130 CHILDHOOD YEARS 80-115 ADULT 60-80 tachycardia: pulse rate over 100 bpm (in adults) bradycardia: pulse rate under 60 bpm (in adults) CHARACTERISTICS OF A PULSE Rhythm: regularity of the heart. arrhythmia: an irregular pulse rate- usually due to uneven intervals in between beats. CHARACTERISTICS OF A PULSE Volume: the strength or pressure felt with each beat. bounding: strong or forceful pulse PULSE VOLUME SCALE 0 ABSENT, NOT PALPABLE 1 DIMINISHED, THREADY, WEAK threading: weak, 2 EXPECTED, EASY TO PALPATE barely-felt pulse 3 FULL, INCREASED 4 BOUNDING, STRONG  PULSE SITES carotid temporal apical There are locations in the body brachial where an artery is superficial radial enough to feel a pulse. To the right are the femoral locations most commonly used to find a pulse. posterior tibial dorsalis pedis  COUNTING A PULSE 0:01 0:02 0:03 0:04 0:05 0:06 0:07 0:08 0:09 0:10 0:11 0:12 0:13 0:14 0:15 0:16 0:17 0:18 0:19 0:20 0:21 0:22 0:23 0:24 0:25 0:26 0:27 0:28 0:29 0:30 0:31 0:32 0:33 0:34 0:35 0:36 0:37 0:38 0:39 0:40 0:41 0:42 0:43 0:44 0:45 0:46 0:47 0:48 0:49 0:50 0:51 0:52 0:53 0:54 0:55 0:56 0:57 0:58 0:59 1:00 End 1 MINUTE = PULSE IN BEATS PER MINUTE End 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 30 SECONDS = MULTIPLY BY 2 TO GET BEATS PER MINUTE End 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 10 SECONDS = MULTIPLY BY 6 TO GET BEATS PER MINUTE  RESPIRATION The process of taking oxygen into the body and expelling carbon dioxide. One inspiration (breathing in) and one expiration (breathing out) are considered as one respiration.  COUNTING RESPIRATIONS Counting respirations should be done without the patient knowing. If the patient realizes you are counting respirations, they may not breathe normally. Best done after counting pulse. CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPIRATION Rate: the number of respirations per minute. Rhythm: the regularity or irregularity of breathing. Quality: The amount of air exchanged and the effort it takes to breathe NORMAL RESPIRATION RATES The normal rate for an adult is 12 20 *the breathing rate for an infant can be as much as 40 breaths per minute.  RESPIRATION TERMS dyspnea: shortness of breath tachypnea: abnormally fast respirations apnea: absence of breathing Cheyne-Stokes: labored breathing followed by apnea Rales: bubbling or rattling sounds in the lungs  T P R When documenting temperature, pulse and respiration, write the results in this order. 100.6 °F (oral) Ivan Hurtan 13 beats in 10 seconds 100.6/78/16 16 breaths over a minute  BLOOD PRESSURE The force of blood pushing against the walls of the blood vessels. The greatest force exerted on the walls of the arteries by the heart SYSTOLIC The least force exerted on DIASTOLIC the walls of the arteries by the heart BLONNeeded to identify where the ridge characteristics were BLOOD PRESSURE CATEGORIES located not just list themeeded to identify BP CATEGORY NORMAL SYSTOLIC(mmHg) Less than 120 and DIASTOLIC(mmHg) Less than 80 where the ridge characteristics ELEVATED 120-129 and Less than 80 HPB STAGE 1 130-139 or 80-89 HPB STAGE 2 140 or higher or 90 or higher were located not just list themOD HYPERTENSIVE CRISIS Higher than 180 and/or Higher than 120 hypotension: low blood pressure PRESSURE NORMS hypertension: high blood pressure BLOOD PRESSURE EQUIPMENT: SPHYGMOMANOMETER cuff Collapses and releases the artery under the cuff in ge a controlled manner and measured with a mercury au or aneroid manometer to indicate the arterial g pressure How to pronounce: bulb sfig-mow-muh-naa-muh-tr SYPHYG: refers to pulse dial MANO: refers to pressure METER: refers to measure BLOOD PRESSURE EQUIPMENT: STETHOSCOPE Allows for auscultation (listening to internal sounds) bell ear Systolic blood pressure: measured at tips the first beating sound heard after artery has been occluded. diaphragm Diastolic blood pressure: measured at the point where the beating sound has ceased