Community Health Nursing Health Statistics & Epidemiology PDF

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ☤ MIDTERMS health statistics and epidemiology (LEC 4) TRANSES APPLICATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH Below are the key components and TOOLS IN COMMUNITY HEALTH c...

COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ☤ MIDTERMS health statistics and epidemiology (LEC 4) TRANSES APPLICATION OF PUBLIC HEALTH Below are the key components and TOOLS IN COMMUNITY HEALTH categories of demographic data: NURSING 1. Basic Demographic Indicators Public health nursing tools in Population Size: The total number of Community health nursing individuals living in a defined area (country, region, city, etc.). Demography Vital Statistics Population Density: The number of Epidemiology people per unit area, usually measured per square kilometer or Demographic Data mile. is the statistical study of populations, Sex Ratio: The ratio of males to including the structure, distribution, females in a population, often and trends within a population over expressed as the number of males per time. 100 females. It examines factors such as birth rates,death rates, migration, age Age Structure: The distribution of a distribution, and the socioeconomic population across different age characteristics of populations. groups, typically broken into Demographers use this data to categories such as children (0-14), analyze population dynamics, predict working-age adults (15-64), and future trends, and understand the elderly (65+). implications for areas like public policy, healthcare, economics, and Example: Age pyramids visually environmental planning. represent the age structure of a population. Demographic data refers to statistical Birth Rate: The number of live births information about the characteristics per 1,000 people in a population per of a population. year. This data is crucial for analyzing the structure, trends, and patterns within Death Rate (Mortality Rate): The populations, and it serves as number of deaths per 1,000 people in the foundation for demographic a population per year. research, policy-making, and business decisions. BS Nursing 3 | Tuazon, Crizelle Kate C. (RN) 🍀🩺 Y.R 2022-2026 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ☤ MIDTERMS health statistics and epidemiology (LEC 4) TRANSES Life Expectancy: The average Crude Death Rate (CDR): The total number of years a person can expect number of deaths per 1,000 people to live, usually measured at birth. per year. Maternal Mortality Rate: The number 2. Fertility and Reproductive Data of maternal deaths due to childbirth-related causes per 100,000 Fertility Rate: The average number of live births. children born to a woman during her Life Expectancy at Birth: The lifetime. average number of years a newborn is expected to live under current Crude Birth Rate (CBR): The number mortality conditions. of live births per 1,000 people in a 4. Migration Data population per year. Migration Rate: The difference between the number of people Age-Specific Fertility Rate (ASFR): entering and leaving a region per The number of births per 1,000 1,000 people per year (often broken women in specific age groups, into immigration and emigration). typically in 5-year intervals. Immigration Rate: The number of Total Fertility Rate (TFR): The sum of people moving into a region per 1,000 age-specific fertility rates, people. representing the average number of Emigration Rate: The number of children a woman would have if she people moving out of a region per experienced the age-specific fertility 1,000 people. rates throughout her reproductive years. 5. Educational and Economic Data 3. Mortality and Health Data Literacy Rate: The percentage of the Infant Mortality Rate: The number of population above a certain age (often deaths of infants under one year of 15 years) that can read and write. age per 1,000 live births in a year. School Enrollment: The percentage Under-5 Mortality Rate: The number of eligible children or young adults of deaths of children under five years enrolled in primary, secondary, or of age per 1,000 live births. higher education. BS Nursing 3 | Tuazon, Crizelle Kate C. (RN) 🍀🩺 Y.R 2022-2026 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ☤ MIDTERMS health statistics and epidemiology (LEC 4) TRANSES Employment Rate: The percentage of Religious Affiliation: Data on the the labor force that is employed. population's religious beliefs and practices. Unemployment Rate: The percentage of the labor force that is unemployed 8. Socioeconomic Data and actively seeking work. Income Levels: The distribution of Occupation Distribution: The income among individuals or breakdown of employment by industry households, often measured by or type of occupation (e.g., agriculture, indicators like median income or the manufacturing, services) Gini coefficient (which measures income inequality). 6. Household and Family Data Poverty Rate: The percentage of the Household Size: The average number population living below the poverty of people living in a household. line. Marital Status: The breakdown of the Housing Data: Information about population by marital status (single, housing conditions, such as ownership married, divorced, widowed). status (rented, owned), housing density, and access to utilities like Family Composition: Information water and electricity. about the structure of families, such as the number of nuclear families, Sources of Data on Health single-parent families, or extended families. 1. Vital registration records a. RA 3753 (Civil Registry Law) 7. Ethnic and Cultural Data registration of births, deaths to local registrars ( City Health Officer or Ethnic Composition: The proportion Municipality treasurer) of different ethnic groups within a b. Problems include Under registration population. and de facto registration; unreported birth – unreported death Language Spoken: Information on 2. Weekly reports from fields of health the languages spoken by the personnel based on RA 3573 (Law population. on the reporting of notifiable diseases) BS Nursing 3 | Tuazon, Crizelle Kate C. (RN) 🍀🩺 Y.R 2022-2026 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ☤ MIDTERMS health statistics and epidemiology (LEC 4) TRANSES c. Report to provincial and duty health A. General Fertility Rate (GPR) : is a office demographic measure that estimates d. Midwife reports – under supervision the number of live birth per 1,000 of the nurse women of childbearing age (usually e. Report within 24h – measles or polio defined as ages 15- 49 y.o.) in a given f. Report within a week- tetanus neonatorum, severe and acute population over a specific time period, diarrhea, typically a year. HIV/AIDS FORMULA #1: Application of Demographic Data Policy Making: Governments use demographic data for planning infrastructure, healthcare, education, GENERL FERTILITY RATE and social services. Business and Marketing: Companies Example: Number of live births: use demographic data to understand 10,000, Number of women aged markets, consumer behavior, and 15-49: 200,000 workforce trends. GFR =(10,000/200,000)×1,000=50 Urban Planning: Demographic data births per 1,000 women aged 15-49 helps planners design cities and allocate resources based on This means that for every 1,000 population growth and distribution. women of childbearing age in this population, 50 live births occur. Healthcare: Public health initiatives rely on demographic data to Fertility Rate target interventions for specific b. Birth Rate – is a demographic groups, such as maternal and measure that indicates the number of child health programs. live births per 1,000 individuals in a population over a specified period, COMMON VITAL AND HEALTH usually a year. STATISTICS INDICATOR FORMULA #2: Fertility Rates: data related to the fecundity or capacity to procreate. BS Nursing 3 | Tuazon, Crizelle Kate C. (RN) 🍀🩺 Y.R 2022-2026 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ☤ MIDTERMS health statistics and epidemiology (LEC 4) TRANSES EX. Number of live births: 500 deaths in a given population over a Total population mid-yr.= 50,000 specific period Birth Rate=(500 / 50,000) ×1,000 = (usually a year), expressed per 1,000 10 births per 1,000 people individuals. The result gives you an idea of how many babies are born per 1,000 FORMULA #4 people in the population. c. Crude Birth rate (CBR) – is a demographic measure that represents CRUDE MORTALITY the number of live births occurring in a population per 1,000 people in a given Formula for Crude Mortality Rate (CMR): year. CMR=(Number of Deaths/Total FORMULA #3: Population) ×1,000 Example: Number of deaths: 4,500 Example: Number of live births: 12,000 Total population: 900,000 Total population in mid-year: 600,000 CMR=(4,500/900,000) ×1,000 = 5 deaths per 1,000 people CBR=(12,000/600,000)×1,000=20 bir ths per 1,000 people This means that in a population of 900,000, there are 5 deaths for every This means that in a population of 1,000 people during the given time 600,000, there are 20 live births for period. every 1,000 people in the population. MORTALITY RATE 2. Mortality rates: data related to B. Specific mortality rates (SMR) = analysis of refers to the mortality rate for a death trends. specific demographic group, such as A. Crude mortality rate = represents an age group, gender, or cause of death. the number of BS Nursing 3 | Tuazon, Crizelle Kate C. (RN) 🍀🩺 Y.R 2022-2026 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ☤ MIDTERMS health statistics and epidemiology (LEC 4) TRANSES It is calculated as the number of Mortality Rates deaths in the specific group divided by the total population of that group, c. Crude Death rate (CDR) – a measure multiplied by 1,000 (or another of one’s mortality from all causes convenient unit). which may result in a decrease in the population. FORMULA #5: The Crude Death Rate (CDR) is a basic measure of the number of deaths in a population, typically expressed as the Formula for Specific Mortality Rate number of deaths per 1,000 people (SMR): per year. SMR=(Number of Deaths in Specific It provides a snapshot of mortality Group/Total Population of Specific within a population but does not adjust Group)×1,000 for age or other demographic factors, unlike more specific measures like the SPECIFIC MORTALITY RATE SMR. Example: FORMULA #6: Age-Specific Mortality Rate (for people aged 50-59) Number of deaths (age 50-59): 250 CRUDE DEATH RATE Total population (age 50-59): 50,000 Sample Calculation: SMR 50 59 = (250/50,000) ×1,000 Let's say in a population of 500,000 = 5 −deaths per 1,000 people aged people, there were 4,500 deaths in 50-59 one year. To calculate the CDR: This means that among people aged Deaths (D) = 4,500 50-59, there are 5 deaths per 1,000 Population (P) = 500,000 individuals in this age group. BS Nursing 3 | Tuazon, Crizelle Kate C. (RN) 🍀🩺 Y.R 2022-2026 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ☤ MIDTERMS health statistics and epidemiology (LEC 4) TRANSES CDR =( 4,500/500,000 ) ×1000= E. Age Specific Death Rate Total no. of deaths in a specific age group in a 9 deaths per 1,000 people per year given year So, the crude death rate is 9 per Age –SDR = X 100, 000 1,000 people per year in this population. Estimated mid- year population of same age group D. Specific Death Rate (SDR) – Describes more accurately the risk of Example of Age-Specific Death Rate: exposure of certain classes of groups to diseases. Suppose you are interested in the death rate among people aged 40-49 refers to the mortality rate within a in a city. particular group of the population, such as by age, gender, occupation, or The number of deaths in this age a specific cause of death. It allows for group is 150 over the course of a year, more detailed analysis of mortality and the population of people aged patterns in subgroups. 40-49 is 25,000. SDR= ( 25,000/150 )×1000= 6 deaths per 1,000 people aged 40-49 per year. This indicates that in this population, Example of Cause-Specific Death Rate: there are 6 deaths per 1,000 people aged 40-49 annually. Let’s say you want to calculate the death rate from heart disease in a SEX SPECIFIC DEATH RATE population. There were 300 deaths due to heart disease in a population of 100,000 people over a year. Example: 𝑆𝐷𝑅=(300/100,000)×1000 If you want to calculate the death =3 deaths from heart disease per rate for males in a population: 1,000 people per year BS Nursing 3 | Tuazon, Crizelle Kate C. (RN) 🍀🩺 Y.R 2022-2026 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ☤ MIDTERMS health statistics and epidemiology (LEC 4) TRANSES Number of male deaths in a year = F. Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) – 1,000 measures the number of maternal Total male population = 500,000 deaths per 100,000 live births due to Male Death Rate= complications related to pregnancy or (1,000/500,000)×100,000=200 childbirth within a given year. deaths per 100,000 males. It is a critical indicator of maternal MORTALITY RATES health and healthcare quality. E. Infant Mortality Rate (IMR)- measures the number of deaths of infants under one year of age per 1,000 live births in a given year. Example: > Number of maternal deaths in a year It serves as a critical indicator of the = 30 overall health of a population. > Total number of live births in the same year = 15,000 >MMR=(30/15,000)×100,000 =200 maternal deaths per 100,000 live. Example: In this case, the maternal mortality > Let’s calculate the infant mortality rate is 200, indicating that there were rate for a region: 200 maternal deaths for every >Number of infant deaths (under 1 100,000 live births during that period. year) in a year = 50 >Total number of live births = 10,000 G. Fetal Death Rate (FDR) – measures IMR=(50/10,000)×1,000 = 5 infant the number of fetal deaths (stillbirths) deaths per 1,000 live births per 1,000 total births (live births plus stillbirths) in a specific time period. It In this case, the infant mortality rate is provides insight into pregnancy 5, which means 5 infants died for outcomes and the health of the fetus. every 1,000 live births during that period. BS Nursing 3 | Tuazon, Crizelle Kate C. (RN) 🍀🩺 Y.R 2022-2026 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ☤ MIDTERMS health statistics and epidemiology (LEC 4) TRANSES obstetrical management on the newborn. The formula for calculating the fetal The neonatal death rate (NDR) is the death rate is: number of neonatal deaths (deaths of infants within the first 28 days of life) Fetal Death Rate=(Number of fetal per 1,000 live births in a given time deaths/Total number of births (live period. births + fetal deaths)×1,000 Example: Let’s calculate the fetal death rate for a region: Number of fetal deaths in a year = 20 Neonatal Death Rate Total number of live births in the Sample Calculation of Neonatal same year = 1,000 Death Rate: Total births (live births + fetal Define the Time Period: deaths) = 1,000 + 20 = 1,020 1. Let's say you are looking at a year. Fetal Death Rate=( 20/1,020 )×1,000 2. Identify Live Births: In that year, 19.61 fetal deaths per 1,000 total births there were 5,000 live births. ≈ 3. Identify Neonatal Deaths: During the In this case, the fetal death rate is same year, there were 50 neonatal approximately 19.61, indicating that there were about 19.61 fetal deaths. deaths for every 1,000 total births 4. Calculate the Neonatal Death Rate: during that period. Neonatal Death Rate=(Number of H.Neonatal Death Rate (NDR) – Neonatal Deaths/Number of Live measures the risk of dying the first Births)×1,000 month of life. May serve as an index of the effects of prenatal care and Neonatal BS Nursing 3 | Tuazon, Crizelle Kate C. (RN) 🍀🩺 Y.R 2022-2026 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ☤ MIDTERMS health statistics and epidemiology (LEC 4) TRANSES Death Rate=(50/5,000)×1,000=10 Estimated total population: 50,000 In this example, the neonatal death SI = ( 500/50,000) X 100 = 1 rate is 10 per 1,000 live births, indicating that for every 1,000 live It shows that 1% in every 100 births, there were 10 neonatal deaths individuals in a population died age 50 in that year. year and above I. Swaroop's Index (SI) – measures the J. Proportionate Mortality Rate risk of dying for 50 years old up. (PMR)– shows the numerical relationship between deaths from a Swaroop's index - is a statistical tool cause, age etc. that estimates the risk of dying The proportionate mortality rate based on age and other factors. (PMR) is a measure used in epidemiology to assess the proportion For a 50-year-old, the risk of dying of deaths in a specific population can vary significantly based on attributed to a particular cause, lifestyle, relative to the total number of deaths in that population over a specified health conditions, and other individual time period. factors. Sample Calculation Define the is the percentage of the deaths aged Population and Time Period: 50 years or older. 1. Let’s say we have a population of Total no. of deaths 50 – yrs above in 1,000 individuals and we are looking at a given year deaths over one year. 2. Total Deaths: Assume there were 100 total deaths in that year. Example: 3. Cause-Specific Deaths: Out of those Number of deaths age 50 in a year: 100 deaths, let's say 30 were due to 500 heart disease. BS Nursing 3 | Tuazon, Crizelle Kate C. (RN) 🍀🩺 Y.R 2022-2026 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ☤ MIDTERMS health statistics and epidemiology (LEC 4) TRANSES Incidence Rate Sample Calculation Define the Population and Time Period: Calculate the PMR: 1. Let's say we have a population of PMR= (Cause-Specific Deaths/Total 10,000 individuals and we are tracking Deaths)×100 new cases of a disease over one year. PMR=(30/100)×100=30% 2. New Cases: Assume there were 50 This PMR of 30% means that 30% of new cases of the disease during that all deaths in this population during the year. year were attributed to heart disease. 3. Calculate the Incidence Rate: MORBIDITY RATES Incidence Rate=(Number of New Cases/Population at Risk)×Multiplier Data describing the extend and distribution of illness. Here, the multiplier is often set to 1,000 or 100,000 to express the rate a. Incidence Rate (IR) – measures the per that many individuals. frequency of occurrence of the phenomenon during a given period of For this example, let's use 1,000: time. Deals only with new cases. Incidence Rate=(50/10,000)×1,000=5 The incidence rate is a measure used cases per 1,000 individuals in epidemiology to determine the frequency of new cases of a disease in Interpretation: This incidence rate of 5 a specified population over a defined cases per 1,000 individuals means that period of time. in this population, there are 5 new cases of the disease for every 1,000 people over the course of one year. B. Prevalence Rate (PR) – measures the proportion of the population which exhibits a particular BS Nursing 3 | Tuazon, Crizelle Kate C. (RN) 🍀🩺 Y.R 2022-2026 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ☤ MIDTERMS health statistics and epidemiology (LEC 4) TRANSES disease at a particular time. Deals with This prevalence rate of 4% means old and new cases. that at that point in time, 4% of the population has the disease. Prevalence rate is a measure used in epidemiology to determine the MORBIDITY RATES proportion of a population that has a specific disease or condition at a C. Case Fatality Rate (CFR) – Index of a killing power of disease. It is particular point in time or over a influence by incomplete reporting and specified period. morbidity data. The case fatality rate (CFR) is a measure used in epidemiology to determine the proportion of individuals with a specific disease who PREVALENCE RATE die from that disease within a specified period. Sample Calculation Define the Population: 1. Let’s say you have a population of 5,000 individuals. CASE FATALITY RATE 2. Total Cases: Assume that at a given Sample Calculation Define the point in time, 200 individuals are Population and Time Period: living with the disease ( old and new cases). 1. Let’s say we are examining a disease outbreak within a population of 1,000 3. Calculate the Prevalence Rate: individuals over one year. Prevalence Rate= (Total 2. Total Cases: Assume there were 200 Cases/Population)×100 confirmed cases of the disease. PrevalenceRate=(200/5,000)×100= 3. Deaths: Out of those 200 cases, let’s 4% say 50 individuals died from the disease. Interpretation: BS Nursing 3 | Tuazon, Crizelle Kate C. (RN) 🍀🩺 Y.R 2022-2026 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ☤ MIDTERMS health statistics and epidemiology (LEC 4) TRANSES 4. Calculate the Case Fatality Rate: Attack Rate=(Number of Cases/Population at Risk)×100 CFR=(Number of Deaths/Total Attack Rate=( 50/1,000 )×100=5% Cases)×100 In this example, the attack rate is 5%, meaning that 5% of the population CFR=(50/200)×100= 25% became ill during the outbreak. Interpretation: This CFR of 25% means that 25% of individuals diagnosed with EPIDEMIOLOGY the disease died from it within the Epidemiology specified time period. Etymologically, “Epidemiology” originated from Greek words D. Attack Rate (AR) – a more accurate epi: meaning “upon” measure of the risk of exposure. Useful Demos : “people” in epidemiological investigation. Logos : “Study” Definition: Is the study of factors that The attack rate is a measure used in AFFECT THE HEALTH AND CAUSE epidemiology to determine the DISEASES IN POPULATIONS THAT IS proportion of a population that WHY KNOWN THE “BACKBONE OF develops a disease or condition during DISEASE PREVENTION.” a specified time period. It is often expressed as a percentage. Attack Rate (AR) Sample Calculation of Attack Rate: Define the Population at Risk: Practical Application of Let's say there is an outbreak of a Epidemiology disease in a community of 1,000 1. Assessment of the health status of people. the community or community Identify Cases: During the outbreak, diagnosis. 50 people become ill. 2. Elucidation of the natural history of Calculate the Attack Rate: disease BS Nursing 3 | Tuazon, Crizelle Kate C. (RN) 🍀🩺 Y.R 2022-2026 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ☤ MIDTERMS health statistics and epidemiology (LEC 4) TRANSES 3. Determination of disease causation a. it is the organism that does the 4. Prevention and control of disease infecting such as virus or a parasite. 5. Monitoring and evaluation of health b. it is the intrinsic property of the interventions microorganism to survive and multiply 6. Provision of evidence for policy in the environment to produce disease. formation c. causative agent is the infectious ECOLOGIC TRIAD agent or its toxic to the susceptible The triads talks of the three body. components of the disease process which are the agent, the host and the 3. Environment – is the sum total of all environment. the external conditions (milieu, surroundings) and influences that It is also known as the ECOLOGIC affect the development of an TRIAD or EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRIANGLE. organism. It is the place and correct The epidemiology triad is a model of conditions for the agent and to come how an infectious disease is spread. It together with the host and infect it. consist of an agent, a host and an environment. a. Physical environment : are intimate The Three Components: surroundings or non-living things like 1. Host – is any organism that harbors the climate or weather. and provides nourishment for another b. Biological environment : is person or to a parasite which depends composed of all living things like on it for survival. plants and animals, man fungi, germs and other microorganism. a. It is the organism that is being c. Socio-economic environment : like infected by the agent. the presence or absence of economic b. The human is the host organism and opportunities or enterprises within the others, like the animals, are community, social disruptions, considered only as they relate to problems like prostitution, drug human health. addictions, etc. 2. Agent – the cause, source or vehicle by which infectious organisms are transmitted. BS Nursing 3 | Tuazon, Crizelle Kate C. (RN) 🍀🩺 Y.R 2022-2026 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ☤ MIDTERMS health statistics and epidemiology (LEC 4) TRANSES PATTERN OF OCCURENCE OF person propagated epidemic- DISEASE OR FREQUENCY OR NO. OF transmission of CASES disease from one person to another; with slow 1.SPORADIC (ISOLATED CASE)- onset. Intermittent occurrence or on and off c. Vector propagated epidemic presence of a disease. Diseases that (number of are seen only occasionally, and usually cases is based mainly on the number without geographic concentration. of vectors). Examples of sporadic diseases include tetanus, rabies, and plague. 4.PANDEMIC - worldwide epidemic or global outbreak. 2.ENDEMIC- continuous or constant epidemic of worldwide or continental occurrence of a disease in a certain proportion of the same disease in area. several countries. It is another pattern Cases of the disease are of occurrence from international PERSISTENTLY/CONSTANTLY present perspective in the community. * PANDEMIC is declared by Ex. Common colds, chicken pox, WHO measles, malaria *DOH is the only one that can declare 3.EPIDEMIC the presence of epidemic by the sudden increase in the National Epidemiology Center. number of cases in a short period of is the most interesting and meaningful time in a of the occurrence of disease as it certain area. demands immediate effective action an unexpected increase in the which includes epidemiological number of cases investigation- emergency of a disease in the country. epidemiology as well as control a. Point –source epidemic/ common source there is a common vehicle in Epidemiologic Process the transmission of 1. Determine the nature, extent and disease. scope of the problem b. Propagated epidemic or person-to – BS Nursing 3 | Tuazon, Crizelle Kate C. (RN) 🍀🩺 Y.R 2022-2026 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING ☤ MIDTERMS health statistics and epidemiology (LEC 4) TRANSES A. Establishing the epidemic – sets of 6. Implement the control program data that are needed 7. Evaluate the control program included: 8. Make appropriate report as basis for Present frequency of the disease in diagnostic purposes, preventive or the community (prevalence of the pre-emptive actions to prevent the disease). occurrence of the same disease or Usual frequency of the disease at the condition and research activities. community at the same time of the year (incidence of the disease). HERD IMMUNITY B. Appraisal of facts – involves Refers to the general level of studying the characteristics of immunity of epidemic population against a particular in terms of the distribution pattern disease. involving: This is usually expressed in terms of Person – demographic data (age, sex, % and used in making public health occupational distribution pattern) decisions. Place- by using the spot map of the ‘Herd immunity', also known as community 'population immunity', is the indirect Time – onset of outbreak protection from an infectious disease that happens when a population is 2. Formulate a tentative hypothesis – immune either through vaccination or collect and analyze data to test the immunity developed through previous hypothesis infection. 3. Testing the hypothesis – conducting a diagnostic exam to prove the source of the disease 4. Making conclusion and recommendations – emphasizing the significant results of investigation 5. Plan for control of spread of the disease by suggesting what can be done to stop the epidemic BS Nursing 3 | Tuazon, Crizelle Kate C. (RN) 🍀🩺 Y.R 2022-2026