NCM 113 Community Health Nursing II Preliminary Exam Learning Materials PDF

NCM 113 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING II JOSEPHINE B. TULABING, RN MAN© TOPIC 1: COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING CONCEPTS DEFINITION PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES FEATURES OF CHN THEORETICAL MODELS/ APPROACHES DIFFERENT FIELDS OF CHN TOPIC 2: CONCEPT...

NCM 113 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING II JOSEPHINE B. TULABING, RN MAN© TOPIC 1: COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING CONCEPTS DEFINITION PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES FEATURES OF CHN THEORETICAL MODELS/ APPROACHES DIFFERENT FIELDS OF CHN TOPIC 2: CONCEPT OF THE COMMUNITY TYPES OF COMMUNITIES CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTHY COMMUNITY COMPONENTS OF A COMMUNITY FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH OF THE COMMUNITY ROLES AND ACTIVITIES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE TOPIC 3: HEALTH STATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY TOOLS PHILIPPINE HEALTH SITUATION EPIDEMIOLOGY AND THE NURSE  Learning Outcomes: At the end of this term, the students will be able to: ❖Define the concepts of health and community. ❖Identify the underlying philosophy and principles that govern community health nursing. ❖Clearly articulate the distinctions between community health nursing and public health nursing. ❖Provide a thorough description of various theories and their practical application in the realm of community/ public health nursing. ❖Conduct a comparative analysis of different fields within the practice of community health nursing. HOW WOULD YOU DEFINE COMMUNITY? Definition of COMMUNITY Community is seen as a group or collection of locality-based individuals, interacting in social units, and sharing common interests, characteristics, values, and/ or goals. Definition of COMMUNITY A community is “a collection of people who interact with one another and whose common interests or characteristics form the basis for a sense of unity or belonging” (Allender et al., 2009, p.6) A group of people who share something in common and interact with one another, who may exhibit a commitment with one another and may share geographic boundary. (Lundy and Janes) Definition of COMMUNITY A group of people who share common interests, who interact with each other, and who function collectively within a defined social structure to address common concerns. (Clark) A locality-based entity, composed of systems of formal organizations reflecting society’s institutions, informal groups, and aggregates. (Shuster and Geoppinger) WHAT IS HEALTH FOR YOU? HEALTH WHO- “a state of complete physical, mental, social and spiritual well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.” HEALTH A state of well being in which the person is able to use purposeful, adaptive responses and processes physically, mentally, emotionally, spiritually, and socially. (Murray) Pender- “actualization of inherent and acquired human potential through goal- directed behavior, competent self-care, and satisfying relationship with others.” Definition and Focus of Community Health or Public Health According to Dr. C.E Winslow, Public Health is a science and art of 3P’s. Prevention of disease Prolonging life Promotion of health and efficiency through organized community effort for: Sanitation of the environment Control communicable infections Education of the individual in personal hygiene Organization of medical and nursing services for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease Definition and Focus of Community Health or Public Health Jacobson- achievement of OLOF (Optimum Level of Functioning) through health teaching Public Health key phrase definition: “through organized community effort” Connotes organized, legislated, and tax-supported efforts that serve all people through health departments or related governmental agencies.  9 Essential Public Health Functions (WHO) Health situation monitoring and analysis Epidemiological surveillance/ disease prevention and control Development of policies and planning in public health Strategic management of health systems and services for population health gain Regulation and enforcement to protect public health  9 Essential Public Health Functions (WHO) Human resources development and planning in public health Health promotion, social participation and empowerment Ensuring the quality of personal and population-based health service Research development, and implementation of innovative public health solution NURSING Assisting sick individuals to become healthy and healthy individuals achieve optimum wellness COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING It is a synthesis of nursing practice and public health applied to promoting and preserving the health of populations (ANA,1980) COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING Encompasses subspecialties that include public health nursing, school nursing, occupational health nursing, and other developing fields of practice, such as home health, hospice care, and independent nurse practice. Based on the definition that you have read, what do you think is the primary focus of community health nursing? COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING FOCUS - health promotion and disease prevention Ultimate GOAL of CHN “To raise the level of health of the citizenry” To enhance the capacity of individuals, families and communities to cope with their health needs. Mission of Public Health Is social justice that entitles all people to basic necessities, such as adequate income and health protection, and accepts collective burdens to make possible. Public Health Nursing (Freeman) The field of professional practice in which technical nursing, interpersonal, analytical, and organizational skills are applied to problems of health as they affect the community. Public Health Nursing (Freeman) These skills are applied in concert with those of other persons engaged in health care, through comprehensive nursing care of families and other groups and through measures for evaluation or control of threats to health, for health education of the public and for the mobilization of the public for health action.  Community Health Nursing (Maglaya et al) The utilization of the nursing process in the different levels of clientele, individual, family, community, and population groups concerned with the Promotion of health Prevention of diseases Disability and Rehabilitation Philosophy and Principles of CHN Philosophy is defined as “a system of beliefs that provides a basis for and guide action.” It provides direction and describes the whats, whys, and hows of activities within a profession. CHN philosophy: Humanistic values of the Interdependence among health nursing profession upheld team members practiced Unique and distinct Scientific and up-to-date components of healthcare Tasks of CH nurses vary with Multiple factors of health time and place considered Independence or self-reliance Active participation of clients of the people is the end goal encouraged Connectedness of health and Nurse considers the development regard availability of resources PRINCIPLES OF CHN The community is the patient in CHN; the family is the unit of care and there are four levels of clientele: Individual Family Population group (those who share common characteristics, developmental stage and common exposure to health problems- ex: children, elderly) Community PRINCIPLES OF CHN The client is considered an ACTIVE PARTNER, not a PASSIVE recipient of care. CHN practice is affected by developments in health technology, in particular and changes in society, in general The goal of CHN is achieved through multisectoral efforts. FEATURES OF CHN Population- or Greatest Good for Aggregate-Focused- the Greatest Number is the emphasis, the the hallmark of nurse must look at the Community Health health needs and Nursing. The whole problems of the community is the community rather patient/client. than focusing on the needs of individuals and families. FEATURES OF CHN Utilization of Nursing Promotive-Preventive Process- CHN involves by Nature- The priority of CHN is health- the assessment of promoting and disease- health needs, planning, preventing strategies implementation, and over curative evaluation of the impact interventions. of health services on a population group using the nursing process. FEATURES OF CHN Uses a variety of Requires management instruments- CHN makes skills- CHN applies the use of tools for measuring principle of management, and analyzing community especially in the health problems like using organization of health health statistics or vital services or programs statistics. Other tools like community maps, surveys, interviews, schedules, and questionnaires. THANK YOU!  NCM 113 COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING II JOSEPHINE B. TULABING, RN MAN© TOPIC 1: COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING CONCEPTS DEFINITION PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES FEATURES OF CHN THEORETICAL MODELS/ APPROACHES DIFFERENT FIELDS OF CHN TOPIC 2: CONCEPT OF THE COMMUNITY TYPES OF COMMUNITIES CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTHY COMMUNITY COMPONENTS OF A COMMUNITY FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH OF THE COMMUNITY ROLES AND ACTIVITIES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE TOPIC 3: HEALTH STATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY TOOLS PHILIPPINE HEALTH SITUATION EPIDEMIOLOGY AND THE NURSE  Learning Outcomes: At the end of this term, the students will be able to: ❖Define the concepts of health and community. ❖Identify the underlying philosophy and principles that govern community health nursing. ❖Clearly articulate the distinctions between community health nursing and public health nursing. ❖Provide a thorough description of various theories and their practical application in the realm of community/ public health nursing. ❖Conduct a comparative analysis of different fields within the practice of community health nursing. Theoretical Model applied in Community Health Nursing Health Belief Model This model helps (HBM) understand factors By Rosenstoch, influencing patient’s perceptions, beliefs Becker and Maiman. and behavior to plan Addresses the care that will most relationship between effectively help patient maintain or restore a person’s belief and health and prevent behavior illness https://sbccimplementationkits.org/quality-malaria-medicines/health-belief-model/ Milio’s Framework for Prevention Nancy Milio, a nurse and leader in public health policy and public health education developed a framework for prevention that includes concepts of community- oriented, population-focused care Nola Pender’s Health Promotion Known for its model as This can be used to an organizational design and provide framework for theory nursing interventions to development and promote health for research in health in individuals, families and promoting behavior. communities Illustrate the “multidimensional nature of persons interacting with their environment as they pursue health”. https://pmhealthnp.com/nola-pender-health-promotion-model/  PRECEDE Lawrence Green’s PRECEDE-PROCEED Predisposing, reinforcing, and MODEL enabling constructs in educational diagnosis and Health promotion evaluation. strategies are based on a Used for community diagnosis systematic approach to achieve health goals. PROCEED The model is best used if Policy, regulatory, and organizational constructs in the change agent begins educational and environmental with the final development consequences (quality of Used for implementing and life) and then works back evaluating health programs deductively to the original causes. https://www.publichealthnotes.com/behavioral-change-approach-precedeproceed-model/ Different Fields of CHN SCHOOL HEALTH NURSING The application of nursing theories and principles in the care of the school population Focus: promotion of health and wellness of students and teachers Primary Role: to ensure that educational potential is not hampered by unmet health needs Functions of the School Nurse: School Health and Nutrition Survey Establishment of a Functional School Clinic Comprehensive Health Assessment Implementation of Standard Vision Testing for School Children Thorough Ear Examination Accurate Height and Weight Measurement for Nutritional Status Determination Efficient Medical Referrals Functions of the School Nurse: Prompt Attendance to Emergency Cases Student Health Counseling Services Engaging in Health and Nutrition Education Activities Formation of School-Community Health and Nutrition Councils Effective Control of Communicable Diseases Creation of a Comprehensive Data Bank on School Health and Nutrition Different Fields of CHN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSING The application of nursing principles and procedures in conserving the health workers in all occupations Mission: to assure that every man and woman in the country is safe and in healthful working conditions R.A. 1054 is also known as the Occupational Health Act Different Fields of CHN OCCUPATIONAL HEALTH NURSING Based on R.A 1054, an occupational nurse must be employed when there are 30-100 employees and the workplace is more than 1km away from the nearest health center Occupational hazards: Physical, chemical, biological, mechanical, psychosocial Functions of Occupational Health Nurse (DOLE,1996) Organizing and administering health service program Providing nursing care to injured or ill workers. Participating in health maintenance examination. Participating in the maintenance of occupational health and safety. Maintaining a reporting and records system. Different Fields of CHN COMMUNITY MENTAL HEALTH NURSING Concerned with the promotion of mental, prevention of mental health disorders, and nursing care of patients during mental illness and rehabilitation. GOALS: Promotion of mental health Decrease health-related effects of a stressful lifestyle Reduction of prevalence of mental ill health and disorders  Functions of Community Mental Health Nurse Treatment Planning Medication Management Assessment Counselling Family support Education Facilitate services with visiting psychiatrists Different Fields of CHN Home Health Care Helps in providing nursing care to individuals and families in their own place of residence mainly to minimize the effects of illness and disability Different Fields of CHN Hospice Home Care Renders to terminally ill, intended to provide comfort to improve quality of life and provide support to the patient and family Palliative care is particularly important Different Fields of CHN Entreprenurse A project initiated by the DOLE in collaboration with the Board of Nursing of the Philippines, DOH, PNA, and other stakeholders to promote nurse entrepreneurship by introducing a home healthcare industry in the Philippines. AIMS OF ENTREPRENURSE Reduce the cost of health care for the country’s indigent population by bringing primary health care services to poor rural communities Maximize employment opportunities for the country’s unemployed nurses Utilize the country’s unemployed human resources for health for the delivery of public health services TYPES OF COMMUNITY (Maurer & Smith, 2009) Phenomenological Geopolitical (Territorial) (Functioning) Most traditionally recognized Refers to relational, interactive or imagined when considering groups in which the place or the term community. setting is more abstract and Are defined or formed by both people share a group natural and man-made perspective or identity-based boundaries and include on culture, values, history, barangays, municipalities, interests, and goals. cities, provinces, regions, and nations.  CHARACTERISTICS OF A HEALTHY COMMUNITY (Hunt, 1997; Duhl, 2022) ⚫ A shared sense of being a ⚫ The ability to cope with community based on history change, solve problems, and and values. manage conflicts within the ⚫ A general feeling of community through acceptable empowerment and control over means. matters that affect the ⚫ Open channels of community as a whole. communication and ⚫ Existing structures that allow cooperation among the subgroups within the members of the community. community to participate in ⚫ Equitable and efficient use of decision making in community community resources, with the matters. view towards sustaining natural resources. Aims of a Healthy Community ⚫ Achieve a good quality of life ⚫ Create a health-supportive environment ⚫ Provide basic sanitation and hygiene needs ⚫ Supply access to healthcare  COMPONENTS OF A COMMUNITY Environment Culture People Health Economy Quality of life FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH OF THE COMMUNITY 1. Characteristic of the populations 2. Location of the community 3. Social system within the community ROLES AND ACTIVITIES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE Health Provider Health Educator Program Implementer Community Organizer Manager/ Leader Researcher/ Epidemiologist Client Advocate Assessment Task: THANK YOU!  H E A LT H STATISTICS A N D E P I D EM I O LO GY Josephine B. Tulabing, M A N R N TOPIC 1: COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSING CONCEPTS DEFINITION PHILOSOPHY AND PRINCIPLES FEATURES OF CHN THEORETICAL MODELS/ APPROACHES DIFFERENT FIELDS OF CHN TOPIC 2: CONCEPT OF THE COMMUNITY TYPES OF COMMUNITIES CHARACTERISTICS OF HEALTHY COMMUNITY COMPONENTS OF A COMMUNITY FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH OF THE COMMUNITY ROLES AND ACTIVITIES OF COMMUNITY HEALTH NURSE TOPIC 3: HEALTH STATISTICS AND EPIDEMIOLOGY TOOLS PHILIPPINE HEALTH SITUATION EPIDEMIOLOGY AND THE NURSE  Learning Outcomes: At the end of this term, the students will be able to: ❖Define the concepts of health and community. ❖Identify the underlying philosophy and principles that govern community health nursing. ❖Clearly articulate the distinctions between community health nursing and public health nursing. ❖Provide a thorough description of various theories and their practical application in the realm of community/ public health nursing. ❖Conduct a comparative analysis of different fields within the practice of community health nursing.  TO O L S 1.Demography 2.Health Indicator  DEMOGRAPHY Study of population size, composition & spatial distribution as affected by births, deaths & migration.  A. Sources of Demographic Data Primary Data – refers to the original data collected for a specific purpose by a researcher. Secondary Data – are data that are collected by other individuals and/or institution for some specific purposes. Examples De jure- enumeration of Primary individuals as of where Census they usually reside - Define as an official and regardless of where they periodic enumeration of are on census day the population De facto- enumeration - Demographic, economic, of individuals as of and social data are where they are found in collected from the the census, regardless of specified population where they normally group resides  Primary Sample survey- instead of a census, demographic information collected from a sample of a given population.  Examples Secondary Continuing Population Registers are those that collected by the civil registrar’s office deal with recording vital events in the community Vital events refer to births, deaths, marriages, divorce and the like. Secondary Other registration systems can also be used to describe specific characteristics of the population.  B. Population Size Refers to the number of people in a given place or area at a given time. C. Composition When the population is characterized in relation to certain variables such as age, sex, occupation, or educational level. D. Distribution It shows how people are distributed in a specific geographic location a. Urban- Rural Distribution Shows the proportion of people living in urban compared to the rural areas b. Crowding Index Indicates the ease by which a communicable disease can be transmitted from one host to another susceptible host c. Population Density Determines congestion of the places. VITAL STATISTICS Is the study of the characteristics of human populations. It comprises a number of important events in human life including birth, death, fetal death, marriage, divorce, annulment, judicial separation, adoption, legitimation, and recognition (United Nations, 1973) HEALTH INDICATORS A list of information that would determine the health of a particular community like population crude birth rate, crude death rate, infant and maternal death rates, neonatal death rates, and tuberculosis death rate.  Crude Birth Rate Measures how fast people are added to the population through birth. Where: CBR – Crude Birth Rate B – Total Number of live births P – Total population at the midpoint of the time period K – is a constant, usually taken as 1000  Crude Death Rate Represents the total or overall death rate in a given population. The number of death per 1000 person. Where: CDR – Crude Birth Rate D – Total Number of deaths P – Total population at the midpoint of the time period K – is a constant, usually taken as 1000  Infant Mortality Rate Is the number of deaths per 1,000 live birth of children under one year of age. Where: IMR – Infant Mortality Rate d