Copy of [1] MOD2-FCM-Identification of the Topics, Formulation of Research.pdf

FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 08/28/2024. MOD 2: IDENTIFICATION OF THE TOPIC & FORMULATION...

FAMILY AND COMMUNITY MEDICINE 2 08/28/2024. MOD 2: IDENTIFICATION OF THE TOPIC & FORMULATION OF THE RESEARCH Dr. Jeriel De Silos, MD, MPM-HSD Trans Group/s: 2B, 3B I. DEFINITION 1 Improved Health in Level and Quality According to WHO (2007): “A Health System consists of all organizations, people and actions whose primary 2 Responsiveness to the Needs of the People intent is to promote, restore or maintain health.” 3 Social and Financial Risk Protection (Most Especially to the Poor) A. VITAL COMPONENTS Providing treatment to patients 4 Continuous Improvement to the Efficiency of the Interventions leading to prevention Health System Health promotion Rehabilitation 1. SERVICE DELIVERY B. OBJECTIVES OF A HEALTH SYSTEM Deliver safe, effective and quality health interventions in clinic and public health settings. 1. TO IMPROVE PATIENT EXPERIENCE OF CARE Provide equitable distribution of resources Set benchmarks on the quality of services using health Minimize resource wastage indicators and the overall satisfaction of the general Hold providers accountable for access to services public in accessing health services. offered 2. TO IMPROVE POPULATION HEALTH 2. HEALTH WORKFORCE This is where a strong public health is needed. Achieve a sufficient number of the right mix of staff. Effective health systems rely on public health ○ A system not limited to doctors but also includes interventions to improve important health concerns, like allied healthcare workers such as nurses, midwives sanitation, occupational and school health, road and medical technologists among others safety, and the capacity to respond to country-level Ensure system-wide deployment and distribution of emergencies (natural calamities, pandemics). health workers ○ Important especially in areas or pockets without 3. TO REDUCE THE PER CAPITA COST OF access to health workers or doctors HEALTHCARE Train responsive, competent, ethical, and efficient health workforce High out-of-pocket spending for health is inequitable. Guarantee adequacy and fairness of health workers’ Countries with good health systems usually have very incentives not limited to salaries but those that include little out-of-pocket spendings for health. hazard pay and insurance coverage among others. ○ Most, if not all, of the health services, laboratories, and drugs are free. 3. INFORMATION Aims to provide timely and quality data and release II. WHO BUILDING BLOCKS FRAMEWORK Make information accessible to all stakeholders. System building blocks: ○ In a public health setting, epidemiologic data should be handled as open-data 1 Service Delivery ○ It is important to ensure that data privacy is always practiced 2 Health Workforce Maximize the use of important technology for better services including the following: 3 Information ○ Electronic records 4 Medical Products, Vaccines & Technologies ○ Telemedicine/E-referrals 5 Financing 4. MEDICAL PRODUCTS, VACCINES, AND TECHNOLOGIES 6 Leadership / Governance Ensure equitable access to essential medical products and technologies The success of a health system in achieving its set of Assure high quality, safety, efficacy, and goals depends on good accessibility and wide cost-effectiveness coverage. Strengthen regulatory systems ○ The availability of high quality safe products and Improve supply and distribution system interventions are also important. Promote rational prescribing, especially with An efficient and effective health system can accomplish antimicrobials the following health outcomes: 5. FINANCING A. OVERALL GOALS AND OUTCOMES Raise adequate funds for health Family and Com Medicine - Mod 2 🏠 Identification Of The Topic & Formulation Of The Research 1 of 4 The use of trans, practice questions, and evals ratio must be used discreetly and social media/public exposure of the aforementioned shall be strictly prohibited.  ○ Health services are usually expensive, and in an Not to be confused with the RESEARCH QUESTION efficient healthcare system, the cost is shouldered by the state. RESEARCH QUESTION Share financial risks across population ○ Concerned with insurance coverage issues Questions that the investigator would like answered in Give protection from financial catastrophe or order to understand or explain the problem impoverishment Not interchangeable with research problem ○ Certain conditions, like cancer, have the potential to wipeout the savings of the family or patient D. SOURCES OF RESEARCH PROBLEMS 6. LEADERSHIP/GOVERNANCE SOURCE DEFINITION/EXAMPLE Ensure health authorities take responsibility for steering the entire health sector Experience Negative experience in the past like ○ Health policy makers and leaders must be helplessness or absence of drugs in accountable for anything that happens in the health certain illnesses can provide the system necessary push in conceiving a valid Define national health policies, strategies and plan research problem. Regulate and enforce legal mandates, standards, and guidelines effectively Debate Debates concerning different views on ○ Pertains to managing or addressing health (Policy, policies, limited scientific evidence, or problems or conditions Scientific, or opinions of academics can also be a Promote effective dialogues and engagement with Academic source of research problems. health partners and other sectors ○ Dealing with health issues also require the EXAMPLE: Galileo conducting the assistance and participation of other stakeholders cannonball experiment on top of the outside the realm of medicine leaning tower of Pisa III. DEFINITION OF TERMS Curiosity We are naturally curious about stuff we don't fully understand, this sheer A. DEFINITION OF RESEARCH curiosity sometimes leads to a Research is the systematic search for pertinent full-blown research. information on a specific topic Focusing on the word systematic, a research must be: Serendipity There are some medical breakthroughs 1 Done carefully that are achieved by accident. 2 Organized from start to end EXAMPLE: Accidental discovery of penicillin by Sir Alexander Fleming 3 Well planned prior to its initiation Analysis of Research problems can originate from B. PURPOSE OF RESEARCH needs and thorough analysis of needs, gaps, and practice current health-related practice. 1 To gain NEW KNOWLEDGE about things or phenomena that are currently unknown to us 2 To develop NEW TECHNOLOGY, which is why companies who build equipment spend large sums of money on R&D (research and development) Analysis of Needs and Practice. Doc De Silos’s Video Lecture Part 3 IV. WHAT MAKES A PROBLEM “RESEARCHABLE?” Purpose of Research. Doc De Silos’s Video Lecture Part 3 1 Significance New knowledge generates new skills, while new technology generates new tools Theoretically, the application of new skills and tools will 2 Feasibility lead to the improvement of our health system, and ultimately, better health for all 3 Critical mass C. DEFINITION OF RESEARCH PROBLEM 4 Interest It is the problem or issue that leads to the need for a study A. SIGNIFICANCE Research will not happen if there is no research problem A significant research must have a practical application identified from the start to something. It must fill in gaps in knowledge and Family and Com Medicine - Mod 2 🏠 Identification Of The Topic & Formulation Of The Research 2 of 4 The use of trans, practice questions, and evals ratio must be used discreetly and social media/public exposure of the aforementioned shall be strictly prohibited.  should be capable of bringing improvements in health A. FORMULATION OF OBJECTIVES service delivery How do we formulate a research objective? Questions: ○ It is done by revisiting research questions first. ○ Will the research have practical application? ○ The research question is to be converted to ○ Will it fill an important gap in knowledge? declarative format and append the verb “To ○ Will it improve the practice and delivery of health determine” at the start of the statement. services? B. FEASIBILITY Feasibility of conducting research on a problem relies not only on the technical aspects. Funding, availability of experts and equipment, and even bioethical considerations are important considerations in assessing feasibility of a research problem. Question: ○ Can the research be carried out? C. CRITICAL MASS Minimum amount of effort or value needed to start something. Example on Formulation of Objectives. Doc De Silos’s Video It also applies to research; too broad or too narrow Lecture Part 3 research problems may not be seen as worthy of funding or support. The following are other verbs that can be used in Questions: making a research objective: ○ Is the problem broad or large enough? ○ To compare…. ○ Is the problem too small or too specific? ○ To identify…. ○ To describe…. etc This is an example that compares variables instead of D. INTEREST describing them: To compare the academic performance Research problems with a high level of interest, either in of 2nd year medical students who have and do not have terms of urgency or expected return on investment, is intestinal parasitism, SY 2014-2015 considered as researchable. Below is an example of the evolution of the research Question: objective starting from the research topic. All of the ○ Is there enough interest in the research problem? contents of the statements are roughly the same but the way they are represented are different. V. DEFINITION OF OBJECTIVES Aim or goal of a research Research does not happen randomly as there is always RESEARCH RESEARCH GENERAL a reason and purpose as to why it was conceptualized in TOPIC QUESTION OBJECTIVE the first place The relationship Is there a To determine if The objective basically defines the statement above between playing relationship there is a What the research or researcher wants to achieve video games and between playing relationship ○ In the research process, one starts to identify the aggression among video games and between playing problem. 1 elementary school aggression video games and ○ The objective states what specific answers the children among aggression researcher wishes to see in relation to the research elementary among problem. school children? elementary The outcome the researcher hopes would be produced school children by the study The effectiveness Is Probiotic Yogurt To determine if A. IMPORTANCE OF OBJECTIVES of Probiotic Yogurt more effective Probiotic Yogurt Objectives provide the general direction in the conduct in preventing than traditional is more effective of the research project, like: 2 antibiotic-associate yogurt in than traditional ○ Identifying or setting the variables d diarrhea as preventing yogurt in ○ Appropriate research design compared to antibiotic-associat preventing ○ Proper Data type for the study traditional yogurt ed diarrhea? antibiotic-associa ○ Data analysis method that is applicable both to the ted diarrhea research design and the type of data VI. TYPES OF RESEARCH OBJECTIVES VII. QUALITIES OF A GOOD OBJECTIVE There are two types of research objectives: A good research objective follows the SMART format. ○ S- Specific ○ M- Measurable TYPE DEFINITION/EXAMPLE ○ A- Attainable GENERAL Overall purpose of the research. It also ○ R- Realistic highlights, in a generic statement describing ○ T- Time bound in broad terms, what is to be accomplished Below is an example of how a research question evolves up to the specific objectives: SPECIFIC Aims of the research stated in greater detail all the targets of the study and written in measurable terms Family and Com Medicine - Mod 2 🏠 Identification Of The Topic & Formulation Of The Research 3 of 4 The use of trans, practice questions, and evals ratio must be used discreetly and social media/public exposure of the aforementioned shall be strictly prohibited.  EXAMPLE Research Is there a relationship between playing Question video games and aggression among elementary school children? General To determine if there is a relationship objectives between playing video games and aggression among elementary school children Specific 1. To determine the proportion of Objectives elementary school children who exhibit aggressive behavior 2. To determine the average number of hours spent by elementary school children in playing video games 3. To compare the proportion of elementary school children given to discipline sanctions among those who play and do not play video games 4. To compare the grades in GMRC of elementary school children who play and do not play video games Example on Formulation of Specific Objectives. Doc De Silos’s Video Lecture Part 3 In this illustration, you can see that the word nutrition and health are encircled. These types of words are not specific enough to provide context to a research topic. To make it more specific, define the kind and timing of the nutrition variable and stating health in terms of incidence of illness, physical growth. Family and Com Medicine - Mod 2 🏠 Identification Of The Topic & Formulation Of The Research 4 of 4 The use of trans, practice questions, and evals ratio must be used discreetly and social media/public exposure of the aforementioned shall be strictly prohibited.