Introduction to Mineral Deposits PDF

Introduction to Mineral Deposits GEOL 104: Mineral Deposits Mining https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-28/gold-bars-pic/8311868 www.miningglobal.com Goldcorp Inc DarrelCamden-Smith/iStock/GettyImages Introduction to Mineral Deposits ...

Introduction to Mineral Deposits GEOL 104: Mineral Deposits Mining https://www.abc.net.au/news/2017-02-28/gold-bars-pic/8311868 www.miningglobal.com Goldcorp Inc DarrelCamden-Smith/iStock/GettyImages Introduction to Mineral Deposits Mining Earthrights.org http://tribune.net.ph/index.php/2018/08/02/mining-ban-lift-buoys-mark et/ AFP AFP Introduction to Mineral Deposits Mining Introduction to Mineral Deposits Mining Is MINING still important? Introduction to Mineral Deposits  Is MINING still important? Introduction to Mineral Deposits  Scientific study of earth’s sources of mineral raw materials Economic Describes and understands the geology mineral resources’ evolution Mission: provide metals and minerals that society requires Extraction of valuable materials or Mining other geological materials from the earth Introduction to Mineral Deposits Earth’s Resources Hosoi, 2012 Introduction to Mineral Deposits  rock that may be, is hoped to be, will be, is or has Ore been mined; and from which something of value may be (or has been) extracted -Taylor, 1989 any naturally* occurring material from which a mineral or aggregate of value can be extracted at a Saphicon.com profit * not all ores are strictly natural (e.g., tailings or dump from earlier mines are profitable ores in present time) Taylor, 1989, Ore reserves – a general overview. Mining Industry International, vol. 990, pp. 5–12 Introduction to Mineral Deposits  made up of one or more ore bodies Ore Deposits Ore Bodies- masses of rock that contain ore and (Economics definition) from which the commodity of value will be extracted Divided into Resources or Reserves. Introduction to Mineral Deposits Resources vs. Reserves Resources Reserves - ore that is economically - ores that may potentially be feasible to mine and for which extracted at some time in the there are no legal or engineering future impediments to mining Ridley, 2013 Introduction to Mineral Deposits  made up of one or more ore bodies Ore Deposits Ore Bodies- masses of rock that contain ore and (Economics definition) from which the commodity of value will be extracted Divided into Resources or Reserves. are rocks in which the concentration of the metal is Ore Deposits significantly higher than in average crust. (Geological definition) are natural enrichments of the metal in the Earth’s crust, they are geochemical anomalies. Introduction to Mineral Deposits Mineral resource vs. ore reserve Mineral resource Ore reserve - Concentration or occurrence of - Economically mineable part of a material of intrinsic economic mineral resource where modifying interest in or on the Earth’s crust factors have been considered Robb, 2005 Introduction to Mineral Deposits Mineral resource vs. ore reserve Mineral resource Ore reserve - Concentration or occurrence of - Economically mineable part of a material of intrinsic economic mineral resource where modifying interest in or on the Earth’s crust factors have been considered affect the profitability mining, metallurgical, economic, marketing, legal, environmental, social, and governmental factors Robb, 2005 Introduction to Mineral Deposits PMRC Philippine Mineral Reporting Code Introduction to Mineral Deposits  Sets minimum standards for reporting: Exploration results PMRC Mineral resources Philippine Ore reserves Mineral Metallurgical assessment and technical Reporting design Code For transparency of project to provide investors with sufficient, clear, accurate information Introduction to Mineral Deposits  Is MINING still important? Introduction to Mineral Deposits Is MINING still important? Forbes.com thewirecutter.com Introduction to Mineral Deposits Is MINING still important? Rapid population growth and demands for a better life enforce expansion of raw materials production Introduction to Mineral Deposits Is MINING still important? Introduction to Mineral Deposits Where do we get these? Robb, 2005 Introduction to Mineral Deposits Where do we get these? The useful elements in the earth's crust do not normally occur in sufficient concentrations. They must be found in a relatively concentrated state and in a specific chemical form in order to be utilized. That is why they are referred as VALUABLE MINERAL DEPOSIT Robb, 2005 Introduction to Mineral Deposits  “If it can’t be grown, then it has to be MINED.” Introduction to Mineral Deposits  There is a need to shift the discussion from “Do we need mining??” to “How can we mine responsibly??” Introduction to Mineral Deposits Responsible Mining Introduction to Mineral Deposits Mine Life Cycle Economic Geology Leads in the search for new mineral deposits Contribute to the economic and technical evaluations Continuously updates mineable reserves Helps in limiting the impact to the environment Aids in rehabilitation after mine closure Rehabilitation Superfund Research Center, University of Arizona Introduction to Mineral Deposits  made up of one or more ore bodies Ore Deposits Ore Bodies- masses of rock that contain ore and (Economics definition) from which the commodity of value will be extracted Divided into Resources or Reserves. are rocks in which the concentration of the metal is Ore Deposits significantly higher than in average crust. (Geological definition) are natural enrichments of the metal in the Earth’s crust, they are geochemical anomalies. Introduction to Mineral Deposits Ore Deposits (Mixed economic-geological definition) are rock bodies in which there is a naturally enriched concentration of one or more metals and from which it is economic to extract these metals Ridley, 2013 Introduction to Mineral Deposits Prospects vs. Occurrences Prospects Occurences - are known accumulations of ore - are accumulations of ore minerals which have the minerals that are smaller and are potential to be identified as ore too small to be economical to deposits with thorough extract exploration, for instance drilling Ridley, 2013 Introduction to Mineral Deposits Introduction to Mineral Deposits Ore Minerals Geology.com Mineral.net Azurite Chalcopyrite crystalclassics.co.uk/ nms.ac.uk/ Laznicka, 2010 Argentite Wolframite Introduction to Mineral Deposits Mineral Extraction Exploration Ridley, 2013 Introduction to Mineral Deposits Mineral Extraction Ore Gangue Minerals Mindat.org Crystalcoumcil.com Sphalerite Calcite Mindat.org Galena Ridley, 2013 Ore Minerals Introduction to Mineral Deposits Mineral Extraction Hosoi, 2012 Introduction to Mineral Deposits Grade Calculating Ore Grade as proportion of the ore that can be %Mineral Content extracted Relative Atomic Masses: concentration of economic mineral or Cu= 63.5; Fe=56; S=32 metal in an ore deposit 1kg of Copper: Mineral.net Expressed as: Chalcopyrite weight % (Base metals) 63.5 + 56 + (2x32) / 63.5 = 2.9kg CuFeS2 g/ton or oz/ton (Precious metals) Ore has 2% Cu: 2 x 2.9 = 5.8% CuFeS2 Introduction to Mineral Deposits Grade Calculating Ore Grade as %Elemental Metal Content If the process is reversed: Relative Atomic Masses: Cu= 63.5; Fe=56; S=32 The grade of the Cu ore as metal content can be calculated 100% CuFeS2 contains : Mineral.net Chalcopyrite CuFeS2 (63.5/ (63.5 + 56 + (2x32))) x 100 = 34.6% Cu metal Ore of 2% CuFeS2 contains : (34.6 x 2)/100 = 0.692% Cu metal Introduction to Mineral Deposits Grades (Mineral Processing) Hosoi, 2012 Introduction to Mineral Deposits Tonnage total amount of metal that can be extracted from any particular ore deposit calculated by taking into account the volume of the ore deposit and specific gravity of the ore material Introduction to Mineral Deposits Introduction to Mineral Deposits  Presence of certain metals or minerals Orebody morphology Example: vein, bed Ore deposit Local geological environment classification Example: Submarine or terrestrial volcanism Plate tectonic setting Example: island arc, continental margin Other genetic characteristics Example: formation temperatures, fluid chemistry Introduction to Mineral Deposits Ore Deposit Classification Robb, 2005 Introduction to Mineral Deposits Ore Deposit Classification WINAROCK! Introduction to Mineral Deposits Ore Deposit Classification Regolith enrichment as a result of weathering processes (e.g., laterites) Ridley, 2013 Robb, 2005 Introduction to Mineral Deposits  All deposits are not created equally. Introduction to Mineral Deposits References Laznicka, Peter, 2010. Giant Metallic Deposits. Springer Berlin Heidelberg New York Hosoi, Yoshitaka, 2012. Mineral Resources Frontier Philippine Mineral Reporting Code Ridley, John, 2013. Ore Deposit Geology. Cambridge University Press Robb, Laurence, 2005. Introduction to Ore-forming Processes. Blackwell Science Limited Introduction to Mineral Deposits