Cogs 130 Lecture 12: Long-Term Memory & Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) PDF

Lecture 12. Long-Term Memory (LTM) & the Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) COGS 130: Cognitive Neuroscience October 15, 2024 Copyright © 2019-2024, Kristina Backer  Outline Working Memory Non-Declarat...

Lecture 12. Long-Term Memory (LTM) & the Medial Temporal Lobe (MTL) COGS 130: Cognitive Neuroscience October 15, 2024 Copyright © 2019-2024, Kristina Backer  Outline Working Memory Non-Declarative (aka Implicit) Memory Semantic & Episodic Memory, Patient K.C. Quick Review Questions Neuroimaging Studies of Memory (focusing on the Medial Temporal Lobe) – Paradigms to Study Memory – Recollection vs. Recognition – Binding-of-Items-and-Contexts (BIC) model Review Questions Announcements Overview of Memory Types  Working Memory (WM) Does WM = STM (Short-Term Memory)? – Not exactly. WM tends to imply something more specific than STM. WM implies both Maintenance of information and the online Manipulation of information. – Maintenance = – Manipulation = Contents of WM = Sensory Representations or Information Retrieved from LTM  Working Memory (WM) Baddeley & Hitch Model of WM CENTRAL EXECUTIVE: COORDINATES THE INTERACTIONS BETWEEN THE 2 PROPOSED STM STORES  Working Memory (WM) Baddeley & Hitch Model of WM PHONOLOGICAL LOOP: STM STORE FOR VERBAL INFORMATION. 2 COMPONENTS: 1) ACOUSTIC BUFFER (SOUND STIMULI) 2) ARTICULATORY COMPONENT → SUBVOCAL REHEARSAL  Working Memory (WM) Baddeley & Hitch Model of WM VISUOSPATIAL SKETCH PAD: STM STORE FOR PURELY VISUAL or VISUO-SPATIAL INFORMATION. Lesions to the Left or Right Parieto-Occipital Cortex impair visuo-spatial STM, but it’s worse if the Right Parieto-Occipital Regions are damaged.  Working Memory (WM) Baddeley & Hitch Model of WM VISUOSPATIAL SKETCH PAD: STM STORE FOR PURELY VISUAL or VISUO-SPATIAL INFORMATION.  Working Memory Baddeley & Hitch PET Data: Model of WM Verbal WM: Left Lateralized Activity Spatial WM: Right Lateralized Activity → DICHOTOMY BETWEEN STORING VISUAL-SPATIAL AND VERBAL INFORMATION Overview of Memory Types  Procedural Memory Involved in learning motor skills (e.g., driving a car, riding a bike, swimming, etc.) and cognitive skills (e.g., reading) Individuals with amnesia can demonstrate effects of procedural learning – even though they have no recollection of practicing. Relies on the Basal Ganglia/Cortico-Basal Ganglia Loops  Procedural Memory Serial Reaction-Time Task Participant is unaware of the repeating pattern… Yet respond faster with practice  Priming Can be Perceptual or Semantic/Conceptual: – Perceptual ID: Identify a stimulus that is masked or incomplete. Relies on the Perceptual Representation System (PRS). – Stem Completion: NU___ – Fragment Completion: N_R_E H.M. could do priming tasks, even though he could not form new declarative memories. Perceptual Priming Can you identify this object? (Images from Holz et al., 2014, PloS ONE) Perceptual Priming (Images from Holz et al., 2014, PloS ONE) Perceptual Priming Can you identify this object? (Images from Holz et al., 2014, PloS ONE) Perceptual Priming Can you identify this object? (Images from Holz et al., 2014, PloS ONE) Semantic/Conceptual Priming Can you figure out what this word is? _ead Semantic/Conceptual Priming book Semantic/Conceptual Priming Semantic/Conceptual Priming _ead  Other Forms of Implicit LTM Classical Conditioning: – Pavlov’s Dogs – Relies on Cerebellum Non-Associative Learning: – Mediated by reflex pathways (sensory/sensorimotor) – Habituation – Sensitization Overview of Memory Types  Patient H.M. Intact sensory memory, WM, & implicit memory BUT he couldn’t form new long-term memories. Still, he could learn things involving procedural memory, but did not remember practicing them. Led to the notion that: – Amnesia for declarative memory results from damaged MTL/hippocampus. – All declarative memory is the same… … Or is it?  Declarative (Explicit) Memory Endel Tulving http://www.neuroscience.utoronto.ca/faculty/list/tulving.htm Remembering versus Knowing Distinction between Episodic and Semantic Memory  Explicit Memory: Semantic Memory “Knowing” Memory for general knowledge and facts. – What is the capital of Germany? – Where is the Statue of Liberty? Explicit Memory: Episodic Memory “Remembering” Memory in context, “Mental Time Travel” Includes aspects of Autobiographical Memory – Remembering your 12th birthday party, who was there, what the cake looked like, how you felt…  Patient K.C. In 1981, at age 30, he suffered a head injury from a motorcycle accident. Almost complete bilateral hippocampal loss. Dense amnesia. Lacks “autonoetic consciousness”: – No subjective awareness of the past nor imagining himself in the future.  Patient K.C.: Damage to MTL Also has damage to some regions of visual cortex. Figure from Rosenbaum et al., 2005: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028393204002696?via%3Dihub  Patient K.C. Endel Tulving interviewing Patient K.C. – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tXHk0a3RvLc &list=PL00152A5753A22423 – https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Z0P03rxVIZ4 &list=PL00152A5753A22423&index=5 As you’re watching these videos, pay attention to the types of things K.C. remembers and the types of things he has trouble remembering.  Patient K.C. “ ” Excerpt from Rosenbaum et al., 2005: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028393204002696?via%3Dihub Patient K.C. Figure from Rosenbaum et al., 2005: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0028393204002696?via%3Dihub  Patient K.C. Shows a profound impairment on all explicit episodic tests involving new learning and memory. No episodic memory for autobiographical details at any point of his life. Mostly intact semantic memory/can learn new semantic knowledge. → Evidence for a distinction between the mechanisms of episodic and semantic memory.  Review Question 1 What is the difference between Semantic and Episodic memory?  Review Question 2 Who is K.C. and what did we learn about memory from extensive studies of him?  Review Question 3 What are the 3 general stages of memory processing?  Studies of Memory ENCODING tree STORAGE book peach RETRIEVAL table door Old or New? … peach  How to Study the Brain Activity involved in Memory? ENCODING STORAGE Participants’ response is usually at the end of the trial… RETRIEVAL Use Neuroimaging, EEG/MEG techniques to measure brain activity at each stage. Behavioral Response (e.g., Old/New?) “Why do we remember some things better than others? What do the neural networks look like in each of those situations?” How to use this general setup to study why some things are remembered better than others? ENCODING tree STORAGE plan peach RETRIEVAL dream door Old or New? … peach  Subsequent Memory Paradigm Wagner et al. (1998): ENCODING During Encoding: Is the word Abstract or Concrete? tree plan STORAGE peach dream RETRIEVAL door Contrast brain activity occurring … for Remembered and Forgotten words, during the ENCODING Old or New? phase of the trial! peach (Remembered) tree (Forgotten) Subsequent Memory Paradigm Results from Wagner et al., 1998: Left Inferior PFC & Left MTL Greater BOLD response during Encoding of words that were later Remembered than words that were later Forgotten. But are there different levels of remembering????  Declarative (Explicit) Memory Endel Tulving http://www.neuroscience.utoronto.ca/faculty/list/tulving.htm Remembering versus Knowing Distinction between Episodic and Semantic Memory  Recollection vs. Familiarity Recollection = Remembering (Episodic) – Remembering something in its original context Familiarity = Knowing (Semantic) – Knowing something, without remembering its original context  Role of MTL in Memory Retrieval? From Wagner et al. (1998) we saw that the MTL was involved in Successful Memory Encoding of words… What about the role of the MTL during Memory Retrieval? Are different regions of the MTL involved in Recollection vs. Familiarity?  MTL Neuroanatomy (Normal Brain) Figure from Moore et al., 2014, JoVE Parahippocampal Gyrus (PHG) = Perirhinal Cortex + Entorhinal Cortex + Parahippocampal Cortex Anterior PHG = Perirhinal Cortex + Entorhinal Cortex Posterior PHG = Parahippocampal Cortex (a sub-region of the PHC includes the PPA)  Experiment Design How could you design an experiment to examine if the Hippocampus is involved in Remembering vs. Knowing (Memory Retrieval)? ENCODING tree STORAGE plan peach RETRIEVAL dream Old or New? door peach (Remember) … tree (Know)  Hippocampus and Memory Retrieval Eldridge et al., 2000, Nature Neuroscience – Remember (Recollection) vs. Know (Familiarity) – Subjects memorized lists of words outside the MRI scanner. – 20 minute break. – fMRI scanning during Retrieval: Presented with another list of words. Is the word Old or New? If Old, do you Remember it or Know it?  Hippocampus and Memory Retrieval Eldridge et al., 2000, Nature Neuroscience  So far… Higher MTL activity during Memory Encoding → Generally successful Memory Retrieval (Wagner et al., 1998) Increased Hippocampal activity during Memory Retrieval is specific to Recollection (Tulving’s “Remembering”) (Eldridge et al., 2000). BOLD during Encoding BOLD during Retrieval  Examine MTL activity during Encoding… Subsequent Memory Recollection vs. Familiarity? Ranganath et al., 2004, Neuropsychologia Encoding Task (with fMRI): If word is presented in Green, judge size. If word is presented in Red, judge animacy. Retrieval Task (no fMRI): Old or New word? Confidence (1-6) and which color? Confidence: 1 = Sure it’s New; 6 = Sure it’s Old. Ranganath et al., 2004, Neuropsychologia Ranganath et al., 2004, Neuropsychologia Recollection = Correct “Old” Response + Correct Source (Color)  Ranganath et al., 2004, Neuropsychologia BOLD activity during Memory Encoding: Hippocampus, Parahippocampal cortex, and Frontal activity was stronger for later correctly Recollected words.  Ranganath et al., 2004, Neuropsychologia BOLD activity during Memory Encoding: Left Perirhinal cortex activity observed for words later labeled as Familiar. Note: NO Hippocampal activity!  Ranganath et al., 2004, Neuropsychologia MTL Activation during Memory Encoding Predicts Type of Memory Recognition: 1) Perirhinal Cortex: Supports Familiarity 2) Hippocampus and Parahippocampal Cortex: Supports recollection Figure from Moore et al., 2014, JoVE Explicit Memory: Episodic Memory “Remembering” Memory in context, “Mental Time Travel” Includes aspects of Autobiographical Memory – Remembering your 12th birthday party, who was there, what the cake looked like, how you felt… Episodic Memory & the Hippocampus Encoding an Episodic Memory: – Must bind an Event with its Context – What? Where? Who? When? etc. – Distinguish between memories for similar events? – Binding Problem  Binding of Items & Contexts Model “who” “when” From Diana, Yonelinas & Ranganath, 2008, Trends in Cognitive Sciences. Binding of Items & Contexts Model Perirhinal Cortex: – Represents info about specific items → Sufficient for Familiarity Parahippocampal Cortex: – Represents info about the context Hippocampus: “who” “when” – Binds Items with their context From Diana, Yonelinas & Ranganath, 2008, → Required for Recollection Trends in Cognitive Sciences. * This model was formulated with Memory Encoding in mind.  Announcements Homework 5 due Friday 10/18 – ZAPS: False Memory + Homework 5 Worksheet Thursday’s Class: Memory + Review Exam 2 next Tuesday, 10/22 – Study Guide will be posted on CatCourses – 50 Multiple Choice Questions Upcoming Office Hours – Achint: Mondays 10-11 am, Wed 3-4 pm (SSM 271-19A) – Alex: Tues 10:30-11:30 am & 1:30-2:30 pm (SSM 271-19A) – Dr. Backer: Thursday 3-5 PM, Zoom  Review Questions Describe the following terms/types of memory and how they differ from and relate to one another: – Explicit Memory, Implicit Memory – Non-Declarative Memory, Declarative Memory – Sensory Memory, Short-Term Memory, Working Memory, Long-Term Memory – Priming – Classical Conditioning, Non-Associative Learning – Episodic Memory, Semantic Memory – Echoic Memory, Iconic Memory – Procedural Memory  Review Questions How is episodic memory different from semantic memory? – Provide an example of each. Who was Patient K.C.? – What happened to him? – What sort of memory tasks could he do? – What sort of memory tasks could he NOT do? – What did his situation teach us about memory?  Review Questions Describe the Subsequent Memory Paradigm. What is the difference between Recollection and Familiarity? How does this difference relate to Tulving’s Episodic/Semantic Memory distinction? Describe the neuroanatomy of the Medial Temporal Lobe. Which MTL region(s) are involved in Familiarity? In Recollection? How does activation compare during Encoding and Retrieval?  Review Questions What is Binding? Describe the Binding of Items and Contexts (BIC) Model.