CLASSICS 2480 Week 3 Tiberius and Caligula PDF

CLASSICS 2480 WEEK 3: TIBERIUS (14-37) AND CALIGULA (37-41) Augustan Succession: Augustus tried to form his legacy through propaganda and future proofing his reputation by creating everlasting monuments to his success and to give the Roman people posterity/cement him as a great emperor:...

CLASSICS 2480 WEEK 3: TIBERIUS (14-37) AND CALIGULA (37-41) Augustan Succession: Augustus tried to form his legacy through propaganda and future proofing his reputation by creating everlasting monuments to his success and to give the Roman people posterity/cement him as a great emperor: ○ Mausoleum of Augustus ○ Res Gestae ○ Ara Pacis ○ Form of Augustus August’s Succession: ○ Roman Government formed in the year 31, beginning the imperial period ○ August’s succession became crucial during this time period ○ Throughout his career as emperor, he was very much concerned with who was going to succeed him He believed he would get to choose, which was not the case before as when Julius Caesar died no one knew who would succeed him First “true emperor” introducing dynastic succession ○ Succession was quite heartbreaking for Augustus (based on the Julio-Claudian tree above) Augusts had no sons He had a daughter named Julia who was disgraced due to her poor behavior and persona non grata with Augustus Augustus first chose Marcellus, his nephew and son of his sister Octavia and Gaius Claudius Marcellus Minor Marcellus passed away Augustus had to look elsewhere, thus looking to Agrippa who was his best-friend  and son in law (married to Julia, Augustus’ daughter) Thus, the descendants of Agrippa would be biological descendants of his Augustus through being his grandchildren Agrippa also passed away Augusts then turned towards his grandchildren, particularly Gaius and Lucius Gaius and Lucius both passed away as well This left his grandson, Agrippa Postumus, who was not an acceptable heir due to his character Augusts then looked to his two steps sons Tiberius and Drusus Drusis died, leaving Tiberius as the only heir Augustus’step grandson Germanicus was also considered to be a possible heir Therefore, Augusts demanded Tiberius adopt Germanicus (Drusus’ Son and Tiberius’ nephew) to strengthen his claim “Meanwhile, to consolidate his power, Augustus raised Claudius Marcellus, his sister's son and a mere stripling, to the pontificate (high priesthood) and curule aedileship (high magistrate): Marcus Agrippa, no aristocrat, but a good soldier and his partner in victory, he honoured with two successive consulates (highest executive office in Rome), and a little later, on the death of Marcellus, selected him as a son-in-law. Each of his step-children, Tiberius Nero and Claudius Drusus, was given the title of Imperator (victorious general), though his family proper was still intact: for he had admitted Agrippa's children, Gaius and Lucius, to the Caesarian hearth, and even during their minority had shown, under a veil of reluctance, a consuming desire to see them consuls designate with the title Princes of the Youth (wanted to advance their political career even when they were young). When Agrippa gave up the ghost, untimely fate, or the treachery of their stepmother Livia, cut off both Lucius and Gaius Caesar, Lucius on his road to the Spanish armies, Gaius — wounded and sick — on his return from Armenia. Drusus had long been dead, and of the stepsons Nero (Tiberius) survived alone. On him all centered. Adopted as a son, as colleague in the empire, as consort of the tribunician power, he was paraded through all the armies, not as before by the secret diplomacy of his mother, but openly at her injunction. For so firmly had she riveted her chains upon the aged Augustus that he banished to the isle of Planasia his one remaining grandson, Agrippa Postumus, who though guiltless of a virtue, and confident brute-like in his physical strength, had been convicted of no open scandal. Yet, curiously enough, he placed Drusus' son Germanicus at the head of eight legions on the Rhine, and ordered Tiberius to adopt him: it was one safeguard the more, even though Tiberius had already an adult son under his roof.” (Tacitus, Ann. 1.3) The other son Tacitus recognizes is another man named Drusus who died before Tiberius but after Germanicus which will raise more problems of succession - Augustus’Will: “Since harsh fortune has robbed me of my sons Gaius and Lucius, Tiberius Caesar shall be heir to two-thirds of my estate.” (Suet. Tib. 23) ○ Wills in antiquity were public documents especially for important people, and were thus read out for the Roman people Multiple Interpretations of August’s will: Slap in the face to Tiberius as he was the third choice and only became emperor due to the death of Augustus’ grandchildren Also could be interpreted based on legality as to why Augustus left his estate to Tiberius  Shows Augusts legacy in the administration of the empire Augustus’ Final Moments Augustus died on the 19th of Augustus in 14 CE in a town called Nola, near the Bay of Naples According to Seut 99, Augustus’ last public words were “Since the play has been so good, clap your hands and all of you dismiss us with applause” ○ Interesting words for Augustus to end his life on, or “for Suetenous to end Augustus’ life on” based on his book the Life of Augustus ○ It seems to highlight the performative aspects of Augustus’ life Taking into account all the things Augustus did in his life, from the Battle of Actium to his rise to power it seems like a performance/propaganda He tried to re-create his own legacy and memory by doing calculated things to improve said legacy His final words could have been him recognizing that he had actually created this artificial construct “that is Augustus” and that would be remembered in the future but may have not necessarily been entirely true Augustus’ last words in private were to his wife Livia ○ “Live mine full of our marriage Livia, and farewell” May imply a concern with Augustus’s own image and legacy Livia will reflect Augustus when he is gone, so he is telling her to behave properly in order to avoid embarrassing Augustus in order to uphold his own legacy Be chaste and virtuous even as a widow May imply that Livia should remain chaste and not remarry in order to avoid civil war Someone may marry Livia and that could potentially give them enough clout to make a claim for the imperial throne Tiberius’ Life Prior To Becoming Emperor: Born on the Palatine Hill in Rome on November 16th, 42BC ○ Palatine Hill is where Augustus’ house was after 42 BCE ○ The Palatine Hill was Rome’s fanciest neighbourhood ○ Served as the area for imperial palaces starting with Augustus, and for future emperors throughout the history of the empire Around 56 years old when he became emperor ○ Good age to take over Was married to a women named Agrippina (eldest of the 3 Agrippina) ○ Daughter of Marcus Agrippa (Augustus’ most trusted general, confidant, assistant, and erstwhile heir) Appearance: ○ Big/Tall Guy (was respected for it) ○ Had large amount of hair (marks him out to be part of the imperial family which generally speaking had great hair) ○ Left Handed  ○ Big eyes Education: ○ Very well educated ○ Spent a lot of time studying Philosophy in Rhodes ○ Preferred Astrology over Religion (Mushrik confirmed) Believed in the mystical and predictive aspects of Astrology over the traditional belief in the Roman gods Demonstrates that Tiberius was not above concern with the future and also occupying subliminal spaces in rome (not necessarily the most traditional and upright of roman practices) Accession: ○ Went quite smoothly as Tiberius was quite qualified for the office as much as someone could be Therefore was a logical choice for Augustus as his successor Further demonstrated through his military and educational accomplishments Military/Administrative Experience ○ Started his service in 25 BCE with Augustus in the Cantabrian Wars (Conquest of Northern Spain) ○ Led an army to Armenia ○ Received the standards that were lost by Cracis from the Partheons ○ Been the governor of Gallia Comata (one of the Gallic provinces) in 16 BCE ○ Fought wars against Punonions, Rihtians, Alyricains, Germans, Dalmatians and was celebrated twice in the best way that one could be as a general ○ Had administrative experience by having shared tribunician power with Augustus 3 times throughout his career Withdrew from public life during tribunician when given control of the east and went to Rhodes for 8 years ○ Studied Greek philosophy while there Earliest indication of peevishness throughout his life (testy, prickly) Would withdraw from society, most famously at the end of his life Indicates potential frustration with his position by being surpassed as Augustus’ heir on multiple occasions Seems to have conducted himself reasonably well while in Rhodes as mentioned by Seutonius and Tacitius Tiberius’ Life as Emperor: When he came to be emperor, he was officially adopted by Augustus Most of his competitors were eliminated, making it difficult for anyone else to take the seat He was with Augutus when he died in Nola, making it easy for him to secure the allegiances of the Imperial Magistrates, Imperial Bodyguards, Imperial Household (slaves and freedman who did a lot of the administrative work for the empire) It seems that it was Livia, Augustus’ wife and mother of Tiberius who made sure that Tiberius was present when Augustus died ○ Some reports say she purposefully delayed announcing Augustus’ death until Tiberius arrived in order for him to take control of the household ○ Demonstrates the manipulability of these situations and the care with which the actors in these historical situations engineered things like succession whether from the choosing  the successor point of view or taking g control point of view One of the first things Tiberius did was take oaths of loyalty from the imperial household, councils, prefects, senate, and ultimately the people of Rome ○ Secured it as quickly as he could in order to avoid arguments of the succession taking place There are two aspects of Tiberius Succession which are important ○ First is the apparent hesitancy with which Tiberius came into the position Waited for other people to insist that he take over Brings into the idea of duplicity of Tiberius’ character Was Tiberius actually reluctant to take the position or did he wait in order to draw out his enemies to contest the succession? This contributes to Tiberius being remembered as secretive and duplicit ○ The other thing is his ruthless acquisition of power by ordering the assassination of Agrippa Postumus (Augustus’ grandchild with bad character) According to Tacitus (who does not like Tiberius), Tiberius’ first action as emperor was to kill Agrippa Postumus Agrippa Postumus was unarmed and unaware when killed Tiberius claimed Augustus ordered it but there isn't proof of this Suetonius states that Tiberius ordered an investigation for Agrippa’s assassination, but never actually held anyone accountable implying he or Livia might have been responsible Quotes About Tiberius From Augustus: “Alas for the wretched Roman people who will be at the mercy of such slow-grinding jaws.” (Suet. 21) ○ Augustus was concerned that Tiberius had this suspicious and recluse character that he was going to use to grind down the Roman people over a long period of time “In his will he wrote: “Since harsh fortune has robbed me of my sons Gaius and Lucius, Tiberius Caesar shall be heir to two-thirds of my estate.” This too increased the suspicion of those debating the matter that he had chosen Tiberius as successor through necessity rather than preference, since he had not refrained from prefacing his will in this way.” (Suet. 23) ○ Augustus seems to have two minds about Tiberius as well He would take power “until I reach the point where you deem it right to give me some rest in my old age” ○ We can see Tiberius’ reluctance to be emperor might have been legitimate Tiberius’ Early Reign: He seems to have said all the right things: “Give power back to the senate, be generous to the people” ○ Still simmering tension despite his statements due to previous reign of Augustus People were not sure if he was returning to Republican Ways or trying to draw out his enemies ○ Turns out he was not very generous with the people Built up 2.7 billion sesterces in the imperial treasury at the time of death, later to be squandered by Caligula Relationship with Germanicus ○ Germanicus was Tiberius’ nephew and adopted son ○ Germanicus is portrayed as the ideal ruler who should've been emperor but he did not live long enough to do so (According to Tacitus) Thus there is tension between Tiberius and Germanicus Tiberius may be portrayed unfairly due to this favoring of Germanicus Germanicus was very popular with the people in a way Tiberius never could be Germanicus was celebrated with triumph in 17 and shared the consulship with Tiberius in 18 Germancius was later sent to the east, and controversially visited Egypt which is something aristocrats were not allowed to do without permission from the emperor (Egypt controlled most of Rome’s grain supply and thus was highly coveted) May have been a stunt to promote rebellion against Tiberius Tiberius might have become suspicious of him Germanicus died on October 10th, 19 CE while in the east Accusations were made saying he was killed by poison or magic Nias Piso Patre (The Father) was convicted of his murder Lucius Aelius Sejanus From very early on, Tiberius delegated many of his responsibilities to Sejanus Praetorian Prefect (14-31 CE) ○ Served as Prefect for most of Tiberius’ reign Tiberius referred to him as “Partner in toil” (Tac. Ann. 4.2.3) ○ This was particularly bad for Tiberius as Sejanus was portrayed as quite the villain ○ This was largely due to the relationship between Germanics and Sejenus According to Tacitus, Sejanus was insecure/concerned about Agrippina (Germanicus’ wife) becoming quite popular Tiberius had entrusted all this authority and influence to Sejanus who clearly hated Germanicus Tacitus believed that Tiberius might have hated Germanicus because of Sejanus and people thus blamed both of them as Tiberius appointed Sejanus who in turn made him hate Germanicus (?) Death of Drusus ○ “While Drusus survived, everything continued because Sejanus whose powerfulness was still only beginning, wanted to be known for good advice, and dreaded an avenger (Drusus), who did not conceal his hatred but complained frequently that despite having a son alive, someone else was being called assistant in command” (Drusus who is Tiberius’ son was still alive) ○ “...When he saw that Drusus’ death went unavenged for his killers and without public sorrow, Sejanus – prolific of crimes as he was, and because the first of them had burgeoned – turned over privately in what way he could overthrow Germanicus’ children, of whose succession there was not doubt.” (Ann. 4.12.2) Sejanus supposedly tried to eliminate all the people who could become emperor in order for him to become emperor himself Tacitus blames Sejanus for the slow elimination of the imperial family and in turn blames Tiberius for putting up with it from Sejanus Germanius was the great hope and so were his children, their slow elimination was quite problematic especially for Tacitus Sejanus was also resented for his socioeconomic background ○ He was not a Senator nor a member of the Imperial Family ○ He was simply an equestrian Tacitus himself was a senator, hence the senators were displeased that someone with such a low socio economic and administrative background was taking power away from them Senators wanted the senate to obviously have more power in the government Tiberius greatly suspected that Sejanus had imperial aspirations of his own by wanting to marry Tiberius’ niece Lavilla Ultimately, Sejanus met a very mysterious decline and execution in 31 CE Tiberius’ problematic relationship with Sejanus made it easier for people to resent him  Villa Jovis on Capri: Tiberius stayed in the city of Rome to secure power and administer the empire until 16 CE In 16 CE, he left Rome and never got any closer to Rome than the city of Antium In 26 CE, he retired to the Bay of Naples, especially the Island of Capris ○ He did this seemingly under the pressure of Sejanus “to take it easy” ○ Another reason may have been that Tiberius had a falling out with this mother (Livia) She showed Tiberius the letters in which Augustus spoke negatively of Tiberius which put him off for public life Tiberius’ Embarrassment: Another reason Tiberius may have retired to the island of Capris was embarrassment There were those who believed that in old age his physical appearance too had been a source of shame (he had a spindly and stooping loftiness, a summit denuded of hair, and an ulcerous face, generally patched with cosmetic medications. (Tac. Ann. 5.57.2) ○ In his old age, Tiberius had an embarrassing physical appearance ○ Physical appearance was extremely important for emperors and the imperial family to be seen as “great leaders of the state” Villa Jovis on Capri: Tiberius occasionally returned to the mainland ○ Arrived at Fidenae when an amphitheater collapsed killing 20,000 people ○ He famously did not show up in Rome when his mother Livia passed away and people  were waiting for him to show up while her corpse was rotting Livia was deified but during emperor Claudius’ reign, not during Tiberius’ or Calligula’s Tiberius during this period until 31 CE left the state in the hands of Sejanus and neglected his duties ○ Did not appoint new judges, magistrates, or military personal/generals ○ Armenia was taken by the Parthians and Tiberius did nothing ○ Mesia was attacked by dalmatians and sarmatians ○ Gallic provinces were attacked by the Germans During these events Tiberius did nothing to stop them from happening He instead took his retirement to indulge in his vices Demonstrates the change in one’s character once the stakes become low (was quite the accomplished general when contended for emperor to now not lifting a finger) Accused Crime of Tiberius on the Island of Capris ○ Abusing male and female children ○ Taking advantage of respectable women and humiliating them in various ways ○ Torturing people at his villas and threw them off cliffs Had 12 villas on the Island of Capris Image: Villa Jovis was most well preserved Tiberius would throw off Philosophers and other people he disagreed with off the cliffs of this villa Augustus vs Tiberius’ homes ○ Tiberius’ home is very far, isolated, and quite lavish Place where he could not be watched or judged as opposed to Augustus Had great opportunity to hide vices ○ Augustus’ home was more public in Rome, and accessible Augustus tried to rectify his vices as oppose to hide them Tiberian Succession:  Tiberius died ignominiously on March 16th, 37 CE ○ Died at the Villa of Lu Calus, one of his companions ○ Allegedly smothered by pillow or poisoned, both of which on the orders of Emperor Caligula ○ He was quite old and in his decline, and thus he was probably going to die soon anyways ○ Tiberius did not have any famous last words, true to his private nature and his reign in general not being the greatest Tiberius’ plans for succession started out with his son Drusus and his adopted son Germanicus ○ Germancius passed away (murdered by Piso through magic or poison) ○ Drusus was poisoned by his wife Lavilla and perhaps Sejanus Tiberius then moved to his grandsons, who were sons of Germanicus ○ Nero and Drusus Nero was exilied to Pontia, and committed suicide Drusus was imprisoned on the Palatine, and was starved to death in prison This left two more contenders for Tiberius’successor ○ Caligula, Germanicus’son ○ Tiberius Gemella, Tiberius’ grandson through Drusus, also Calligula’s cousin Germanicus’ brother Claudius was still alive, but was hiding in plain sight by secluding himself as a scholar and perhaps pretending to be not the sharpest bulb and thus staying out of the public limelight to avoid the imperial succession ○ After Calligula died, Claudius was forced to become emperor anyway Reaction to Tiberius’ Death: Tiberius’ behavior in public was not great, as he had a reputation for being cruel and strict ○ “He committed many other cruel and savage acts beside these, ostensibly motivated by a concern for dignity and a wish to improve morals, but really because his nature was so inclined.” (Suet 59) ○ “Let them hate me so long as they respect me.” (Suet 59) Tiberius was clearly not concerned with his own public image, thus being portrayed as terrible  The people were so delighted at his death that when they first heard the news some ran about shouting ‘into the Tiber with Tiberius!” while others prayed to mother earth and the shades that he should be given no place in the underworld except among the wicked, while others threatened the corpse with the hook and the Gemonian steps (steps coming down from the capitoline hill where convicted criminals after being strangled were thrown). (Suet. Tib. 75) ○ Sejanus was actually thrown down the Gemonian steps after his execution Tacitus on Tiberius: Tiberius’ father was Nero. His origin on both sides was in the Claudian family, although his mother passed into the Livian and Julian families via adoptions. His situation from earliest infancy was unsettled. When his father was proscribed, he followed him into exile. After entering Augustus’ household as stepson he contended with numerous rivals while Marcellus and Agrippa and later Gaius and Lucius Caesar were flourishing; even his brother Drusus had the citizen’s love to greater advantage. But he lived on slippery ground, especially after accepting Julia in marriage, enduring his wife’s shamelessness or turning away. Back from Rhodes he secured the Emperor’s now deserted household gods for twelve years, then control of Rome’s affairs for nearly twenty-three. Of character, too, there were different phases. One phase was excellent in conduct and reputation, as a private citizen or a commander under Augustus. One was secretive and sly at feigning virtues, while Germanicus and Drusus survived. The man was a mixture between good and evil with his mother alive. He was infamous for brutality, - but his debaucheries were concealed – so long as he loved, or feared, Sejanus. Finally, he burst forth into crime and with it disgrace, after shame and fear were removed and he was himself. (Tac. Ann. 6.61) ○ Tacitus reveals Tiberius’ terrible character despite his secretive nature ○ Tiberius left behind as his legacy no great building program in Rome and no extension of its territory, but rather just Calligula (notoriously terrible emperor) and Tiberius Gemellus Caligula (37-41 CE) Recall: Caligula was joint heir to the Roman Empire along with his cousin Tiberius Gemellus ○ Calligula (born August 31st, 12 CE) was about 25 years old when he inherited the empire, whereas Gemellus (born October 10th, 19 CE) was about 18 years old ○ Calligula adopted Gemellus in order to steal power from him, and not too long after had him executed in order to ensure he was the sole authority Beginning of Caligula’s reign was extremely promising due to his popularity ○ He was one of Germanicus Sons, who was quite beloved by the Roman people Made him an acceptable heir ○ His popularity also came from the army where he was raised due to his father Germanicus being a general The name Caligula is actually Latin for “Little Boot” paying homage to when he was child and would parade around the military camp dressed as a soldier which the military found adorable Historical sources are very hostile to Caligula for obvious reasons: ○ He was very tall and extremely pale, with an unshapely body, but very thin neck and legs. His eyes and temples were hollow, his forehead broad and grim, his hair thin and entirely gone on the top of his head, though his body was hairy. Because of  this, to look upon him from a higher place as he passed by, or for any reason whatever to mention a goat, was treated as a capital offence. While his face was naturally forbidding and ugly, he purposely made it even more savage, practicing all kinds of terrible and fearsome expressions before a mirror. ○ He was sound neither of body nor mind. As a boy he was troubled with the falling sickness (probably epilepsy), and while in his youth he had some endurance, yet at times because of sudden faintness he was hardly able to walk, to stand up, to collect his thoughts, or to hold up his head. He himself realized his mental infirmity, and thought at times of going into retirement and clearing his brain. It is thought that his wife Caesonia gave him a drug intended for a love potion, which however had the effect of driving him mad. (Suet. 50) These criticisms demonstrate Caliguals vanity based on the “goat ban” His repulsive physical appearance to the Romans (especially for emperors), demonstrated he was also inwardly not fit to be emperor as well Caligula (37-41 CE) Caligula was clearly used as an inspiration for the character Jeoffry Baratheon on Game of Thrones Caligula’s Early career: ○ Common Theme: Emperors often start out doing quite well, and then become quite corrupt ○ Initially upon taking office, Caligula got rid of his cousin Gemellus ○ Recalled exiles and declared general amnesty for people being tried for treason Treason trials, or Majestays, were trumped up charges of treasons largely again the senatorial and equestrian ranks These trials made Tiberius quite unpopular with the senate, hence Caligula gave general amnesty for them ○ Returned much of the voting authority to the Senate which was taken from them by Tiberius ○ Halved the sales tax being implemented around the empire ○ Gave monetary gifts to the Roman people (twice he gave 300 sesterces) ○ Personally sponsored feeds and games in the city of Rome ○ Continued public buildings projects such as the Temple of Augustus and the Roman Forum, as well as renovated Theatre of Pompeii (Remanent of the Late Republic but had continued on as an important place for the people of Rome) ○ Began construction of aqua claudia (a new aqueduct) in Rome as well as other public building projects throughout the provinces Caligula’s Downfall: ○ It did not take Caligula long to turn bad ○ Sexual Violence: Accused of committing incest with his sisters Pimping out married women in public for money Unacceptable for an emperor  ○ Personal Policies: Replaced the heads of gods on statues with his own head Insisted he be worshiped as a god Wore a crown and dressed like a god, and even sometimes a woman ○ Small things: Cheated at dice (stealing money) Rolled in money Participated in early flirtations with public performers He would go out as a musician and perform in public Considered to be beneath the dignity of an emperor ○ Public Policies: Created new taxes which were easily avoidable, allowing him to fine people even more for not paying the tax Neglectful of the army Had no military success of his own, nor any experience In 40 CE, he threatened to attack Britain in order to take over the whole island but he only got as far as the shores of the English Channel. He then got scared, ordered his men to collect sea shells from the beach, and return back to Rome in triumph Caligula’s Palace: Embodiment of Caligula’s misbehavior by analyzing his home “He (Caligula) extended a part of the palace right into the forum, taking over the temple of Castor and Pollux as his own vestibule... Finally, however, he was won over by [Capitoline Jupiter], he claimed, and persuaded to share his (Jupiter’s) home. He had a bridge built right over the temple of the Deified Augustus, joining the Palatine to the Capital. Soon, in order that he might be still closer, he had foundations laid for a new house in the Capitoline temple precinct.” (Suet. 22) ○ He also wanted to build a bridge to connect the palace, going over the Temple of the Divine Augustus to the Capitoline Hill The Capotline was the seat of religion in Rome, his desire to build a palace on it demonstrates his desire to act and to be treated like a god Nemi: Lake Nemi: ○ Location where two ships that Caligula built in order to cruise around this lake, which demonstrates his irresponsibility The construction of these ships can be attributed to Caligula based on the stamps of the lead pipes in the ships The first ship is 71m by 20m The second ship is 65m by 23.5m When these were raised during the reign of Mussolini, their interiors were  relatively well preserved On the inside they had running water and were lavishly decorated Marble and mosaic walls on the inside Wood inlaid with ivory Terroctra freezes on some of the walls on the inside of the ships Ceilings covered with roof tile and had gilded copper plates on them Four columns of aphrodite marble, one spinal column with a Corinthian capital Expected to be found in expensive homes or public buildings, but Caligula had them on ships just to cruise around a lake Ships themselves seem to have sank because of a natural disaster such as an earthquake or a storm Ships at Nemi (1): Interior Decorations Found in the Ships at Nemi: Bronze hands, now in the Palazzo Massimo in Rome Ingot of lead with Caligula’s name stamped into it Ships at Nemi (3):  Bronze Decorations: Located in the Palazzo Massimo Museum Ships at Nemi (4): Gorgon head on the right Caligula’s Death and Conclusion: Caligula died on January 24th, 41CE Two stories about his death ○ First Story: Throat was slit by Chaerea, a Praetorian guard, who served with Caligula’s father and hated him After, was stabbed by a tribune named Cornelius Sabinus ○ Second Story: The imperial guard just jumped him Caligula suffered 30 wounds in this attack and his body was mutilated Cornelius Sabinus was among these men as well ○ Unsure of which is true, but that Caligula was definitely killed by some conspiracy in the imperial household His wife Chisonia was killed as well, along with their daughter Julia Drusila ○ Chisonia had three other children before marrying Caligula, and he would show her off  completely naked to other people With the death of Caligula, there was no clear heir to the imperial throne ○ So much so, the senate was intending bringing back the republic Quite profound, as this seemed to be impossible during the transfer of power between Augustus and Tiberius The idea was that the senate was going to tear down the temples to the Caesars (Julius and Augustus) and erase their memories (damnatio memoriae) However, things did not go their way…...