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Chapter 9 Dysphagia INTRO 3E Copyright © 2020 by Plural Publishing, Inc. Michael P. Robb All rights reserved.  Terms & Definitions  Dysphagia: swallowing difficulty  Deglutition: act of normal swallowing  Mastica...

Chapter 9 Dysphagia INTRO 3E Copyright © 2020 by Plural Publishing, Inc. Michael P. Robb All rights reserved.  Terms & Definitions  Dysphagia: swallowing difficulty  Deglutition: act of normal swallowing  Mastication: technical term for chewing  Bolus: soft mass of food  Aspiration: entry of food/liquid into the breathing airway  Dysphagia Documentary  Dysphagia  Health Consequences If untreated, dysphagia can lead to pulmonary complications, poor rehabilitation potential, airway obstruction and even death. Fifth leading cause of infectious death in persons age 65 and over. Third leading cause of infectious death for persons over age 85. (LaCroix, 1989)  Phases of Swallowing While swallowing is a series of continuous events— It may be described in 3 phases Oral Phase Pharyngeal Phase Esophageal Phase Voluntary initiation of the swallow by tongue Triggering of the pharyngeal swallow Arrival of the bolus at the vallecula Tongue base retraction to pharyngeal wall Bolus in cervical esophagus Aspiration  Stages of Swallowing Stage 1 Oral (transfer) Stage Stage 2 Pharyngeal (transport) Stage Stage 3 Esophageal (entrance) Stage 3 Stages of Swallowing Swallowing Anatomy  Major Contributors to Dysphagia Jerilyn Logeman Andre Jean Types of Dysphagia Oropharyngeal Dsyphagia Esophageal Dysphagia Functional Dysphagia Aspiration Pneumonia Dysphagia Causes Dysphagia Warning Signs Assessment of Dysphagia Video-fluoroscopic Swallowing Study FEES Ultrasound EMG Video-fluoroscopic Exam Ultrasound FEES EMG  meals Exercises Swallowing Therapy Lifestyle Changes Drugs Surgery Surgery: Parenteral Tube Surgery: NG & PEG Tubes Cultural Considerations Language Barriers Physical Space Ageism Food & Nutrition Current Research Metronome Training Lingual Strengthening Stem Cells