Upper GI System Disorders - Esophagus PDF

Upper GI system disorders Esophageal disorders Dysphagia  Objectives & Readings  Logic required:  Anatomic location/location of disorder, and function of that organ  Description of the disorder ( patho)  Main manifestations  Potential...

Upper GI system disorders Esophageal disorders Dysphagia  Objectives & Readings  Logic required:  Anatomic location/location of disorder, and function of that organ  Description of the disorder ( patho)  Main manifestations  Potential complications  Readings:  Hubert, R., VanMeter, k. (2018). Digestive System Disorders. In Gould’s Pathophysiology for the Health Professions (pp. 446- 448). Elsevier.  Functions  Processes ingested food and fluids  Breaks them down into their units  Controlled by enzymes  Absorbs necessary components  Membrane transport mechanisms  Mostly in small intestine Copyright © 2019 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 3 Anatomy of the Digestive System 4  Videos  Alila Medical Media. (2017, May 22). Physiology Basics: the Digestive System, Animation. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch? v=zSXgoYdHotw  Ted ED. (2017, Dec. 4). How your digestive system works? Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Og5xAdC 8EUI 5  Oral Cavity  Oral cavity  Initial phase of mechanical breakdown of food Mastication by teeth  Initial chemical digestion Salivary amylase—starts chemical breakdown of carbohydrates  Formation of bolus  Pharynx  Swallowing (deglutition) Copyright © 2019 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 6  Esophagus  Closed except during swallowing, skeletal muscle at superior end—followed by smooth muscle  Swallowing  The soft palate is pulled upward.  The vocal cords are approximated.  The epiglottis covers the larynx.  Respiration ceases.  The bolus is seized by the constricted pharynx.  Bolus of food moves into the esophagus. Copyright © 2019 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 7  Stomach  Expansible muscular sac—acts as reservoir for food and fluid  Three smooth muscle layers  Constant mixing and churning of food  Initial digestion of proteins  By pepsin (Formed by combination of pepsinogen and HCl)  High acidity ( production of HCL by the parietal cells of the stomach)  Production of intrinsic factor  Essential for absorption of vitamin B12 in the ileum  Formation of chyme  Absorption of small and lipid-soluble molecules Copyright © 2019 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 8  Dysphagia  Difficulty swallowing  Disorder of esophagus  Neurologic deficit  Muscular disorder  Mechanical obstruction  Results and presentation  Pain with swallowing  Inability to swallow larger pieces of solid material  Difficulty swallowing liquids  Resulting in aspiration Copyright © 2019 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 9  Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. 10 10  Dysphagia- neurologic deficit  Infection  Stroke  Brain damage  Achalasia  Failure of the lower esophageal sphincter to relax because of lack of innervation Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. 11 11  Dysphagia (Cont.)  Muscular disorder  Impairment from muscular dystrophy  Mechanical obstruction  Congenital atresia Developmental anomaly Upper and lower esophageal segments are separated. Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. 12 12 Dysphagia- mechanical obstruction  Stenosis, Narrowing of the esophagus  May be developmental or acquired  May be secondary to fibrosis, chronic inflammation, ulceration, radiation therapy  May require treatment with repeated mechanical dilation Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. 13 13 Dysphagia- mechanical obstruction (Cont.)  Tumors : May be internal or external Copyright © 2019 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. 14  Dysphagia-symotombs  Difficulty swallowing  Pain with swallowing  Inability to swallow larger pieces of solid material  Difficulty swallowing liquids  Resulting in aspiration  Complication:  Aspiration pneumonia Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. 15 15 Copyright © 2019 by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.  Video  Alila Medical Media. ( 2016, Oct. 4). Dysphagia, Animation. Retrieved from: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VoSMA2Anq 3U Copyright © 2014, 2011, 2006 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier, Inc. 16 16