Chapter 8 Securing The Republic Past Paper PDF

Chapter 8 - Securing the Republic 1791 - 1815 First four presidents 8.1 - Politics in an Age of Passion Everyone in electoral college gives ½ votes to Washington (same in reelection) P: Washington VP: John Adams Secretary: Thomas Jefferson Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Su...

Chapter 8 - Securing the Republic 1791 - 1815 First four presidents 8.1 - Politics in an Age of Passion Everyone in electoral college gives ½ votes to Washington (same in reelection) P: Washington VP: John Adams Secretary: Thomas Jefferson Treasury: Alexander Hamilton Supreme Court: John Jay Washington didn’t do much as the president - Didn’t view president as strong role Hamilton has large impact during presidency Hamilton’s Program In charge of making money Wants to make America strong in global trade Hamilton wants to pass five laws - Establish credit by selling bonds (proves to others that America has strong economy) - Bond: borrows money from people and pays them back with interest - Pay off all states debt and create new national debt - Create the Bank of the United States - Print, hold and loans money to government - Run by private corporation (only focuses on money) - Tax on all imports (reasonable) - Tax on whiskey (only American made good that is taxed, unfair) - Whiskey is made from corn (corn farmers from Pennsylvania) - Only taxes one group to avoid losing too much support 1st Bank of US - Bank of Pennsylvania The Emergence of Opposition Ben Franklin and Thomas Jefferson Doens’t want America to be strong in global trade Wants America to focus on within Support the farmers The Jefferson-Hamilton Bargain Jefferson and Hamilton have dinner - Congress(Madison) passed all of Hamilton’s plans - Congress agrees to make capital between Maryland and Virginia (D.C) Needs Hamilton’s approval to fund the building of capital Washington D.C benefits Congress because it’s in the South (power in slavery) Political Parties Create the first political parties Not organized (more like factions) Federalists vs. Republicans Congress causes slight division and split up (start voting alike) The Whiskey Rebellion Farmers in rural Pennsylvania refuse to pay tax for whiskey Washington leads army into Pennsylvania to force farmers to pay (13,000) - Farmers ended up paying the tax 8.2 - The Adams Presidency The Election of 1796 Washington only served two terms before leaving office First real election (everyone voted for washington before) Federalists - John Adams and Thomas Pincknuy Republicans - Thomas Jefferson and Aaron Burr John Adams - 71 Thomas Jefferson - 68 Adams is federalist president and Jefferson is republican is vice (opposite ideas) Vice President (President of the Senate) - makes the deciding vote when there’s a tie - Anything president decides to delegate to vice - Ex. Kamala in charge of border - Ex. Pence is in charge of Covid response John Adams doesn’t want jefferson’s help - Hatred even though they’ve worked together before - Adams is stubborn and hard to get along with The “Reign of Witches” Adams passes the Sedition Act (1st) - Illegal to print things that criticizes the government - Federalists use it to attack the opposing republicans - 10 reporters are convicted for spreading false, malicious, scandalous info about gov. - Violates 1st amendment but reporters don’t use this in court Sedition - trying to undermine the government States pass resolutions that say the government is unconstitutional - States don’t know how to declare something unconstitutional - Resolutions have no legal power The Virginia and Kentucky Resolutions Virginia resolution written by Madison Kentucky resolution written by Jefferson - Vice president The “Revolution of 1800” Every Republican electoral representative (73) will vote for Jefferson 72 will vote for Aaron Burr (Pres. Jefferson and Vice. Burr) 73rd can’t remember and votes for Aaron Burr - If no one wins, Congress gets to decide - Congress (federalist) gets to decide (35 votes and no one is chosen) Hamilton comes in and makes the final decision (Jefferson) - Later: duel between Hamilton and Burr (most times people don’t die; miss or agreement) - Burr kills Hamilton (accident?) → Congress passes 12th amendment (2 separate votes, 1 for pres, 1 for vice) Gabriel’s Rebellion 1800s Virginia Slave rebellion is discovered before action - Plan is to kidnap governor in Richmont and hold hostage until slavery ends - Probably wasn’t a real plan (plan is outlandish, formed out of frustration) 26 slaves executed for the plan (one is Gabriel) Virgnia passes a law that freed slaves must leave Virginia or they will be enslaved 8.3 - Jefferson in Power Cuts all american taxes and keeps only tariffs on imports Wants to decrease size and power of the government Judicial Review Marbury vs Madison established judicial review - The supreme court can rule laws unconstitutional The Louisiana Purchase The french by back louisiana from Spain French (Napoleon) need money for war with England (don’t have money to defend Louisiana) → sell it to US for 15 million Send Louis and Clark to explore Louis and Clark Explore new features and resources - Features: Rocky Mountains, Grand Canyon - Resources: lumber, gold, plants, animals Send samples of plants and animals to White House (prairie dogs) The Barbary Wars First American war (as a country) Barbary - north coast of Africa - Not a lot of resources in Northern Africa (pirates for income) - Charged countries a yearly not to be attacked by their pirates Tried to increase cost for America → war Only real battle: Battle of Tripoli (we won) The Embargo War between France and England Both steal American merchant ships and kidnap American sailors - Impressment: kidnap sailors and force them to fight for you Jefferson passes The Embargo - American ships can’t go to foreign ports - → destroys American merchants and port cities (America is dependent on foreign trade) - France and England doesn’t not Passes the Non-Intercourse Acts - Will trade with anyone but France and England - Helps only a bit and bad economy continues Madison and Pressure for War People believe we need to fight England so they’ll leave us alone (warhawks) Henry Clay (speaker of the house) and John C. Calhoun Leads to War of 1812 The 4th amendments states: “The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures, shall not be violated...but upon probable cause.” With the Bill of Rights being more than 225 years old, there are surely situations today the founding fathers would not have been able to foresee. As the government attempts to better identify individuals linked to illegal activity (including terrorism), should the government be able to collect information related to your online activity (web history, online purchases, etc.), or should those things be protected under the 4th amendment?