Chapter 7 Study Guide Answers – Part 2 PDF

Chapter 7 Study Guide Answers – Part 2 Learning Objective 7.3a: Metabolic Catabolism 1. Three Types of Metabolic Catabolism: - Aerobic Respiration: - Requires oxygen. - Completely oxidizes glucose. - Produces the **most ATP** (about **36-38 ATP** per glucose molecule). - Stages: Glycolysis → Kre...

Chapter 7 Study Guide Answers – Part 2 Learning Objective 7.3a: Metabolic Catabolism 1. Three Types of Metabolic Catabolism: - Aerobic Respiration: - Requires oxygen. - Completely oxidizes glucose. - Produces the **most ATP** (about **36-38 ATP** per glucose molecule). - Stages: Glycolysis → Krebs Cycle → Electron Transport Chain (ETC). - Anaerobic Respiration: - Does **not require oxygen**. - Uses other molecules (e.g., nitrate or sulfate) as final electron acceptors instead of oxygen. - Produces **less ATP** than aerobic respiration (**2-36 ATP** depending on the organism and pathway). - Stages: Similar to aerobic respiration, but with a different electron acceptor. - Fermentation: - Occurs without oxygen. - **Incompletely oxidizes glucose**. - Produces the **least ATP** (about **2 ATP** per glucose molecule). - Converts glucose to pyruvate, and pyruvate is converted to lactic acid (lactic acid fermentation) or ethanol (alcohol fermentation). 2. Which Catabolism Pathway Produces the Most/Least ATP? -Most ATP: Aerobic respiration (36-38 ATP). - Least ATP: Fermentation (2 ATP). 3. Which Catabolism Pathway Relies on Oxygen? - **Aerobic respiration** relies on oxygen as the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain. 4. Which Catabolism Incompletely Oxidizes Glucose? - **Fermentation** incompletely oxidizes glucose because it only uses glycolysis, followed by the conversion of pyruvate to either lactic acid or ethanol, without fully breaking down glucose. 5. Which Catabolism Completely Oxidizes Glucose Without Oxygen? - **Anaerobic respiration** completely oxidizes glucose without oxygen, using other molecules as electron acceptors, but it’s less efficient than aerobic respiration. **Learning Objective 7.3b: Glucose and Glycolysis** 1. Importance of Glucose for Energy: - Glucose is the **primary source of energy** for cells. It is a **simple sugar** that cells can break down to release energy, which is stored as **ATP**. Glucose powers many cellular processes, including growth, movement, and repair. 2. Function of Glycolysis: - **Glycolysis** is the process by which **glucose** (a six-carbon molecule) is broken down into two molecules of **pyruvate** (a three-carbon molecule). It generates a small amount of **ATP** and **NADH** and occurs in the **cytoplasm** of both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. 3. **Chemical Formula for Glucose**: - **C6H12O6** 4. First Enzyme in Glycolysis: Glucokinase: - Enzyme Name: **Glucokinase** (or hexokinase in some tissues). - **Function**: Glucokinase catalyzes the **phosphorylation of glucose** (adding a phosphate group), turning glucose into **glucose-6-phosphate**. This traps glucose inside the cell and marks the first step in glycolysis. 5. Which Cells Use Glycolysis? - **All cells** can use glycolysis, including both **prokaryotic** and **eukaryotic** cells. It’s a universal process that doesn’t require oxygen, so it works in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions. 6. Where Does Glycolysis Occur? - In both prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells, glycolysis occurs in the **cytoplasm**. It does not require organelles like mitochondria, making it a simple, universal pathway. 7. Why is Glucose the Only Sugar That Enters Glycolysis? - **Glucose** is the only sugar that can directly enter glycolysis because it is recognized by the enzyme **glucokinase**. The enzyme has a specific **lock-and-key** interaction with glucose, meaning other sugars need to be modified (converted to glucose or glucose-like molecules) before they can enter the glycolytic pathway. Learning Objective 7.3c: Glycolysis, Krebs Cycle, and Electron Transport Chain **Glycolysis** 1. Three Metabolic Processes Start with Glycolysis: - Aerobic respiration, anaerobic respiration, and fermentation all begin with glycolysis, which is the first step in breaking down glucose for energy. 2. Function of Glycolysis: - Glycolysis breaks down one molecule of **glucose (6-carbon sugar)** into two molecules of **pyruvate (3-carbon molecules)**, generating some ATP and NADH in the process. 3. Glycolysis Turns Glucose into Two Pyruvate: - Glucose is a **6-carbon sugar**, and it is split into two **3-carbon pyruvates** during glycolysis. 4. Conservation of Carbons in Glycolysis: - During glycolysis, the **6 carbons** in glucose are conserved and split into two **3-carbon** pyruvate molecules. This can be remembered as 6 = 2 x 3. 5. Energy Input to Start Glycolysis: - Glycolysis requires an initial input of **2 ATPs** to break the glucose molecule into two 3-carbon pyruvates. This input is necessary to start the reaction. 6. Gross and Net ATP/NADH Production in Glycolysis (Using Table 7.2): - Gross (Total): Glycolysis produces a total of **4 ATPs** and **2 NADHs**. Net ATP/NADH Production: - Net ATP: Since 2 ATPs are used to start glycolysis, the net gain is **2 ATPs**. - Net NADH: **2 NADHs** are produced during glycolysis (since no NADH is used to start the process, this is also the net amount). 7. Gross vs. Net Output: - Gross output is the total amount produced (4 ATP), and net output is the total produced minus what was used (net ATP = 2 ATP after subtracting the 2 ATP used to start glycolysis). **Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain(ETC)** 1. Respiration Processes Using Krebs Cycle and ETC: - Both aerobic and anaerobic respiration use the Krebs cycle and the electron transport chain (ETC) to produce energy (ATP). 2. Conversion of Pyruvate to Acetyl-CoA: - Before pyruvate can enter the Krebs cycle, it is converted into Acetyl-CoA (a 2-carbon molecule). In this process, **1 CO2** is lost from each pyruvate, reducing it from a 3-carbon molecule to a 2-carbon molecule. 3. Role of CoA: - CoA (Coenzyme A) attaches to the remaining 2- carbon Acetyl molecule, forming **Acetyl-CoA**, which can then enter the Krebs cycle. 4. First Step of the Krebs Cycle: - Acetyl-CoA (2 carbons)combines with oxaloacetate (4 carbons)to form citrate (6 carbons). - The CoA is released after this first step. 5. Krebs Cycle as a Carbon Cycle: - In the Krebs cycle, citrate (6 carbons) is gradually converted back to oxaloacetate (4 carbons). During this process, two **CO2 molecules** are released (hence losing 2 carbons). 6. Products of the Krebs Cycle (Per Acetyl-CoA): - For each **Acetyl-CoA** entering the Krebs cycle, the following are produced: - 3 NADH - 1 FADH2 - 1 ATP - 2 CO2 7. Two Krebs Cycles for Each Glucose: - Since one glucose produces two pyruvates in glycolysis, and each pyruvate is converted into one Acetyl-CoA, two Krebs cycles occur for each glucose molecule. 8. NADH and FADH2 in the Krebs Cycle: - **NADH** and **FADH2** are electron carriers that gain energy in the Krebs cycle. They then carry this energy to the **electron transport chain (ETC)**.  Electron Transport Chain (ETC) 1. Electron Carriers (NADH and FADH2): - The **NADH** and **FADH2** produced in the Krebs cycle deliver high-energy electrons to the ETC. 2. ETC Location: - In bacteria , the ETC is located in the cell membrane. - In eukaryotic cells , the ETC is located in the inner membrane of mitochondria. 3. ETC Function: - The ETC takes a hydrogen atom (H) from either NADH or FADH2 and pumps protons (H+) across the membrane, creating a proton gradient (proton motive force). 4. ATP Production via ATP Synthase: - The protons (H+) that accumulate on one side of the membrane move back through an enzyme called ATP Synthase, which uses this movement to generate ATP. 5. Role of Oxygen in Aerobic Respiration: - In aerobic respiration, oxygen is the final electron acceptor at the end of the ETC. It combines with hydrogen (H+) to form **water (H2O)**. 6. Proton Motive Force: - The proton motive force is the energy stored as a result of the proton gradient across the membrane. This gradient drives the production of ATP through ATP Synthase. 7. Terminal Electron Acceptors: - In aerobic respiration, oxygen is the terminal electron acceptor, which helps maintain the hydrogen gradient. - In anaerobic respiration, other molecules (such as nitrate or sulfate) act as the terminal electron acceptors. 8. Oxidative Phosphorylation: - Oxidative phosphorylation refers to the production of ATP in the ETC, where energy from electrons is used to add a phosphate group to ADP, forming ATP. 9. ATP Production Per NADH: - Each NADH produces 3 ATPs in the ETC. 10. ATP Production Per FADH2: - Each FADH2 produces 2 ATPs in the ETC. 11. Anaerobic Respiration: - In anaerobic respiration, the terminal electron acceptor is not oxygen but other molecules like nitrate (NO3−) or sulfate (SO42−).  PNEUMONIA - caused by streptococcus - Gram + - Winter and spring Pneumonia: is in ammation and uid in your lungs caused by a bacterial, viral or fungal infection. It makes it dif cult to breathe and can cause a fever and cough with yellow, green or bloody mucus. The u, COVID-19 and pneumococcal disease are common causes of pneumonia. Alveoli: Tiny air sacs at the end of the bronchioles (tiny branches of air tubes in the lungs). The alveoli are where the lungs and the blood exchange oxygen and carbon dioxide during the process of breathing in and breathing out. Community acquired: refers to pneumonia contracted by a person outside of the healthcare system. In contrast, hospital-acquired pneumonia is seen in patients who have recently visited a hospital or who live in long-term care facilities. 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