Chapter 7 Animalia Part 3 PDF

CHAPTER 7 ANIMALIA PART 3  LESSON OUTCOMES To ex plain the characteri stics and class ificat ion of De uter os to mia To des cribe the s tructur e, characteris tics and class ificat ion of Echinodermata To des cribe the s tructur e, characteris tics and class ificat...

CHAPTER 7 ANIMALIA PART 3  LESSON OUTCOMES To ex plain the characteri stics and class ificat ion of De uter os to mia To des cribe the s tructur e, characteris tics and class ificat ion of Echinodermata To des cribe the s tructur e, characteris tics and class ificat ion of He micho rdata To des cribe the s tructur e, characteris tics and class ificat ion of Chor data  DEUTEROSTOME ANIMALS Characteristics: Zygote cells cleave by radial mechanism Cells are indeterminate Coelom forms from enterocoelus mechanism The second blastopore develops into mouth  DEUTEROSTOME DEVELOPMENT Asteroidea Ophiuroidea Echinoidea Echinodermata Crinoidea Holothuroidea Concentricycloidea Deuterostomes Hemichordata Cephalaspidomorphi Urochordata Chondrichthyes Chordata Cephalochordata Osteichthyes Vertebrata Amphibia Reptilia Aves Mammalia  PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA  E chinoder mat a means ‘s piny-s kinned’, the s pi ny r efer to t he spines that proje ct outw ar d from the endos keleton. Some gro up have pince r-lik e mo difie d s pines called pedicellari ae on t he body s ur face w here they ke ep the sur face free of de br is.  E ndos kel eto n consi sts of calcium carbonate plate s and s pine s. The s keleton i s e ndos kel eto n be cause it is cover ed by a thin, ciliated epider mis.  Complete dige sti ve s ys te m but don’t have excretor y or gans ( tube fe et).  N er vous sys tem consi sts of ner ve rings w ith radiat ing ner ves around the mouth.  They have s epar ate sexes to carr y sex ual re pr oductio n involve s t he re lease of game te s by s epar ate male s and females into the se awater – exter nal fe rt iliz at ion.  S ea st ar s and mos t o the r e chinoder ms ar e s ess ile or s low -movi ng mar ine animal s.  PHYLUM ECHINODERMATA – UNIQUE CHARACTERISTIC Unique to echinoderms, is the water vascular system, a network of hydraulic canals branching into numerous tiny extensions called tube feet. These function in locomotion, feeding, excretion and gas exchange. Each of the tube feet receives fluid from the main system of canals. A rounded muscular sac, ampulla, at the base of the foot, stores fluid and is used to operate the tube foot, Adult echinoderms have radial symmetry as a secondary adaptation. However, echinoderm larvae begin with a bilateral symmetry.  CLASS ASTEROIDEA – SEA STARS The body consists of a central disk which radiated mostly into 5 arms/rays. The oral part at each arm is well equipped with pairs of tube feet; mouth is located at the center. The gas exchanges process is done by delicate dermal gills. Lifestyle as predators and scavengers that feed on mollusks, annelids and small crustaceans. Sea stars can regenerate lost arms and, in a few cases, even regrow an entire body from a single arm.  CLASS OPHIUROIDEA – BRITTLE STAR Basket stars and brittle stars have a distinct central disk and long, flexible arms. Their body resembles sea stars but their arms are longer and slender. Their tube feet are lack of suckers. They move by twisting and lashing of their arms. Some species are suspension feeders, and others are scavengers or predators.  CLASS ECHINOIDEA – SEA URCHINS Includes sea urchins and sand dollars Sand dollars have smaller spine compared to sea urchins. They have no arms, but they do have five rows of tube feet that are used for locomotion. Their skeletal plates are flattened and fused to form a solid shell known as a test. The flattened body is adapted for burrowing in the sand The body of sea urchins are covered with spines that dangerously can penetrate flesh and difficult to remove. The spines also help in locomotion as well as their tube feet. They ate algae by scraping the sea floor with their calcareous teeth.  CLASS CRINOIDEA Sea lilies and sea feathers are attached to the substratum by stalks. They develop a numbers of branched, feathery arms extend upward. Feathery arm contains tube feet coated with mucus to trap preys and for locomotion. Suspension feeder. Oral surface or mouth located at the upper side of the disk body.  CLASS HOLOTHUROIDEA – SEA CUCUMBER Sand burrower and can lives in muddy seawater Lack of spines and the endoskeleton is reduced to microscopic plates embedded in the body wall. The body shape is elongated, flexible and looks like muscular sac. Their mouth is surrounded by tentacles that are modified tube feet. Lack of tube feet therefore, circulatory system is well-developed to serve in transportation of gasses and nutrients. Eat on algae by grazing habit or trap the food particle between slimy tentacles. The unique habit of this group is they exhibit evisceration; in which the internal organ systems are ejected from their body under unfavorable condition. The lost body parts can be regenerated.  CLASS CONCENTRICYCLODEA Sea daisies were firstly discovered in 1986. Their armless bodies are disk-shaped with five-fold symmetry. Inhabit bacteria-rich wood sunk in the deep water. They are small until less than 1 cm in diameter! Their disk-body shape appears to have two ring canals with the tube feet projecting from the outer one. Sea daisies absorb nutrients through the membrane surrounding their body. The shape of life: Echinodermata https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9_S-dASjQ-w  PHYLUM HEMICHORDATA – ACORN WORM They have a characteristic ring of cilia surrounding the mouth. Their three part body consists of a proboscis, collar, and trunk and each part contains a coelomic cavity. Hemichordates means ‘half chordate’ and these animals do share several, but not all, chordate characteristics. Hemichordates only have pharyngeal gill slits and dorsal nerve cord. The most familiar of existing hemichordates are acorn worms, animals that live buried in mud or sand with sizes ranges from a few centimeters to more than 2 m. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rllrcVMUsYE  PHYLUM CHORDATA 4 shared derived characteristics (unique): The presence of notochord; a dorsal longitudinal, firm but flexible rod located between the digestive tube and the nerve cord. It provides skeletal support throughout most of the length of the animal. Chordates have a dorsal tubular nerve cord located dorsally, hollow and single plane. The nerve cord of the chordate embryo develops into the central nervous system: the brain and spinal cord. Chordates have pharyngeal slits during some time in their life cycle. Through evolution process, the pharyngeal gill slits are adapted to allow the flow of water through mouth and exit without crossing the digestive tract. It becomes suspension-feeding devices or for gas exchange (in aquatic vertebrates), jaw support, hearing, and other functions during vertebrate evolution. Larvae of chordate exhibits a muscular postanal tail that extends from posterior to the anus. The chordate tail contains skeletal elements and muscles. It provides much of the propulsive force in many aquatic species.  Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. Phylum Chordata consists of subphyla: 1. Urochordata 2. Cephalochordata 3. Vertebrata  SUBPHYLUM UROCHORDATA Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. resemble chordates during their larval stage tunicate larva uses its tail muscles and notochord to swim through the water in search of a suitable substrate on which it can settle, guided by cues from light- and gravity-sensitive cells. undergo a radical metamorphosis to form a sessile adult with few chordate characteristics. Its tail and notochord are reabsorbed, its nervous system degenerates, and its organs rotate 90 degrees. Leaving only pharyngeal slits. Tunicates are suspension feeders  SUBPHYLUM CEPHALOCHORDATA  La ncel ets or Amphiox us ar e b lad e- l ike i n sha pe.  The notochor d; dor sa l, h oll ow ner ve cor d; numerous gi ll s li ts; an d post-an al t ail al l per si st in l ar va and ad ult s tage.  La ncel ets ar e up to 5 cm long. They l ive with t heir pos ter ior en d bur ied i n the san d an d the an teri or end expos ed for feedi ng.  La ncel ets ar e su spens ion feeders , feedin g by tra ppi ng t iny par ti cl es on mucou s nets secreted a cr oss th e ph ar yngeal s li ts..  They a re weak swimmer s but t heir swi mmi ng mech ani sm r esembles th at of fis hes th rough the coordi nated contr action of s er ia l muscle blocks ( somi tes ).  SUBPHYLUM VERTEBRATA  In the majority of ver te brate s, the notoc ord has evolved to be come ve r te bral c olumn that e nclose s the spinal cord.  Ve rtebrates show e volution of he ad that promote for active pre dation.  The e volution of cranium with brain (craniates) and the anterior se nsor y organs are evidence of a high deg ree of cephalization.  In c raniates, a group of e mbryonic ce lls calle d the neural crest forms near the dor sal marg ins of the closing neural tube.  Neural cre st cells disperse throug h the body and contribute to the formation of structure s, such as te e th, bones and car tilages of the skull, the dermis of the face , neurons and the se nsor y capsule s of the e ye s and other sense organs. Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.  CLASSIFICATION OF VERTEBRATA  Aquat ic ver tebra tes have devel oped ad apta ti ons as sociated wit h fa ster swi mmin g, i ncludi ng fi ns st if fened by fi n rays.  In aq uat ic cran ia tes , t he ph ar yngeal s li ts evol ved i nto gil l sl its to i ncr ease effi ci ency i n gas excha nge.  Gil l sl its a re ass oci ated with muscles an d ner ves th at al low wa ter to be pumped thr ough the gil l sl its.  Thi s pumpi ng s ucks i n food and fa ci li tates gas excha nge. Ver tebr ates ar e cla ssi fied i nto foll owi ng c la sses:  Ceph ala spi domorphi : Agna tha (jawl es s)  Ch ondr ichthyes  Osteicht hyes  Amp hib ia Gnasthomes (with jaw)  Rept il ia  Aves  Ma mmal ia  AGNATHA – CLASS CEPHALASPIDOMORPHI  Incl ude 35 species o f jawle ss lampreys inhabiting bot h mar ine and fr es hw ater enviro nme nt s.  Mo st lampr ey s are par as ites that feed by clampi ng a round, jaw les s mouth onto a fis h. They use their ras ping tongues to penetr ate the s ki n of thei r fis h pr ey and inge st the prey’s bloo d.  L ar vae of lampr ey s l ive as s us pe ns ion - feeding and par tially buri ed in s ediment o f s treams for 7 years.  The ske letons o f lampreys ar e made o f cart ilage.  Unlike mos t ve rte br ate car til age , lamprey car tilage do es no t have coll age n. Ins te ad, i t is a s tiff pr otein matrix.  The notochord per sis ts as the mai n axial s kele to n in adult l ampreys.  GNATHOSTOMES - VERTEBRATES WITH JAWS Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc.  T he g nathostomes have true jaws, hinged structures that enable ve r te brate s to g rasp food f irmly.  Ac cording to one hypothe sis, g nathostome jaws evolved by modification of the ske letal rods that had previously supported the ante rior phar ynge al gill slits.  CLASS CHONDRICHTHYES  Ch ondr ichtyes have a fl exi ble endoskeleton of ca r ti lage r ath er tha n bon e.  All h ave well-devel oped jaws an d pa ir ed fi ns.  The st reaml ined bodi es of sh arks ena ble them to be swif t, but not maneuvera ble, s wimmer s.  Buoya ncy mech ani sm i s provided by l ow -dens it y oi ls i n the la rge l iver but n ot as effi ci ent as a ir s acs in bony fis hes.  Con tin ual s wimmi ng ensur es buoya ncy an d al low wa ter flows in to th e mouth a nd out th rough th e gi ll s for ga s exchan ge.  Mos t sha rks ar e carn ivores th at swal low thei r prey whol e by usi ng power ful j aws a nd sh arp teeth to tea r fl es h of prey a nimal s.  In contr ast , th e l argest s har ks; ba ski ng s har ks / wha le sha rks) and r ays are sus pensi on feed er s t hat consume pla nkton.  Pla coi d scal es SHARKS ANATOMY  CHONDRICHTHYES - SHARKS  Sha rks have sever al r ows of teeth th at grad ual ly move to the fron t of t he mout h as ol d teeth a nd los t.  Compl ete digest ion sys tem wit h a sp ir al val ve in i ntesti ne, a corkscrew -sh aped ri dge t hat i ncreas es su r face ar ea and pr olon gs t he p ass age of food al ong di ges tive tra ct.  Sha rk eggs ar e fer ti li zed in ter na ll y..  Ovipa rous sh arks en cas e t heir eggs tha t are fer til iz ed i ntern all y in pr otecti ve ca ses an d l ay them ou tsi de t he mother ’s body to complete thei r devel opmen t.  Ovovi vipa rous sh arks r etai n thei r fer ti li zed eggs wit hi n the mot her to complete thei r devel opmen t.  A few s har ks ar e vi vipa rous, wher e th e developi ng of fsp ri ng develops wi thi n the mot her’ s uteru s. CHONDRICHTHYES – RAYS, SKATES  Rays ar e clos ely rel ated to sh arks , but t hey have a ver y di ffer en t li festyl e.  Rays a re fl at-bottom dwel ler s th at feed on moll usks a nd cr ust acea ns.  The enl ar ged pector al fi ns of rays a re used l ike wi ngs to pr opel the an imal t hrou gh t he water.  The ta il of many rays i s whi pli ke an d bear venomous bar bs for defens e agai ns t thr eats.  CLASS OSTEICHTHYES – BONY FISHES  The ext ant cla sses of bony fis hes ar e t he r ay -fi nned fis hes, t he lobe -fi nned fi shes an d l ungfis hes.  All b ony fi shes ha ve an oss ifi ed en doskeleton wit h a har d ma tr ix of calciu m phos pha te.  Bony fi sh es b reat he by dr awin g wa ter over four or fi ve pa ir s of gil ls l ocated i n cha mb er s cover ed by a protective fla p, th e opercul um.  Wa ter is dr awn in to t he mout h, th rough th e ph ar ynx, and out between the gil ls by movemen ts of the operculu m an d mus cl es s urr oundi ng the gi ll chamber s.  Mos t fish es have a n inter nal , ai r -fi ll ed s ac, the swi m bl adder f aci li ta tin g i n buoyancy mechan ism.  ANATOMY OF OSTEICHTHYES Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. The skin of bony fishes is often covered with thin, flattened bony scales: cosmoid, ganoid, cycloid, and ctenoid. Glands in the skin secrete mucus that reduces drag in swimming. Lateral line system, is the sensory organ to detect movement, vibration and pressure  REPRODUCTION OF OSTEICHTHYES The reproduction of aquatic osteichthyes varies. Oviparous fish, reproducing by external fertilization after the female sheds large numbers of small eggs. The male then lay its sperm on top of the egg to fertilize them. Viviparous fish, internal fertilization and birthing characterize other species. Many species of ray-finned fishes migrate from seawater to fresh water at some point in their evolution – Anadromous fish Such as salmon, make a round-trip from fresh water to seawater and back to fresh water during their life cycle.  GNATHOSTOME WITH FOUR LIMBS - TETRAPODS  most significant character of tetrapods is the four limbs, whic h allow the m to support the ir we ight on land.  The fee t of te trapods have digits that allow them to transmit muscle-g ene rate d forces to the ground whe n they walk.  Living tetrapods do not have pharynge al gill slits.  The e ars are adapte d to the de te ction of airborne sounds.  CLASS AMPHIBIA  Sal aman ders , frogs, a nd ca eci li ans a re the th ree exta nt amph ibi an or ders ( c old- bl ooded ani ma ls ). Ecthot hermic an imal s.  r ep resented by about 4 ,80 0 species of sa la ma nder s (order Urodela , “ tai led ones ”), fr ogs (order Anur a, “ tai l-l es s ones” ), and caeci li ans (order Apoda, “ legless on es”).  Amp hib ian mean s “two li ves , ” a reference to the met amorph osis f rom a n aqua ti c st age, th e ta dpol e, to th e ter rest ri al ad ult.  Tadpol es ar e aq uat ic h er bi vor es wi th gil ls an d a l atera l li ne system, a nd they s wim by un dula ti ng t heir ta il s.  Dur ing meta mor phos is, the ta dpol e devel ops l egs , the la teral li ne d isa ppear s, an d lun gs r epla ce gil ls.  Adult f rogs are carn ivorous hu nters  THE LIFE CYCLE OF AMPHIBIANS Life cycle of a frog Life cycle of a caecilian Tadpole Adult Habitat Aquatic Land & Aquatic Nutrition Herbivores Carnivores using sticky long tongue Respiration Gills Lungs and moist skin Sensory organ Lateral line is present Lateral line disappear during metamorphosis  REPRODUCTION OF AMPHIBIANS  Amp hib ian eggs are l ack of sh el l an d dehydr ate qui ckl y i n dr y a ir.  Mos t speci es have exter na l fer ti li zat ion , wi th eggs sh ed i n pon ds or swamps or at l east i n mois t envi ron ment s.  Some di spl ay va ri ous types of pa rent al care an d lay rela ti vel y few eggs.  In some speci es, mal es or femal es may hou se eggs on th ei r ba ck , i n th eir mouth, or even in th eir stomach.  Some s peci es a re ovovi vipa rous or vi vipa rous.  Groups of amph ibi an ar e cons ider ed as bi ologi cal ind icator as t heir mois t skin can not tolera te wi th any pol lut ant s.  AMNIOTES WITH AMNIOTIC EGGS  Evolution of the amniotic egg ex pande d the success of tetrapod ve r te brate s on land.  A mniotic e g gs have a shell that retains water and can be laid in a dr y place.  Other adaptations to accommodate terrestrial life, including less- pe rmeable skin and the incre asing use of the rib cag e to ve ntilate the lung s.  Inside the she ll of the amniotic eg g are several extraembr yonic me mbrane s that f unction in g as e xchang e , waste storag e , and the transfe r of stored nutrie nts to the e mbryo.  The amniotic e gg is name d for one of the se me mbranes, the amnion, which e nclose s a fluid -filled “private pond” that bathes the e mbryo and acts as a hydraulic shock absorber.  The c alc areous shells of bird egg s are inflexible, while the leathery e gg s of many re ptile s are f le xible.  Inc lude class of Reptilia , Aves and Mammalia. AMNIOTIC EGGS  CLASS REPTILIA Reptilia Crocodilia Rynchocephalia Squamata Chelonia (crocodiles & (tuatara) (snakes & lizards) (Turtles & tortoise) alligators) The reptile clade includes tuatara, lizards, snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds, as well as extinct groups such as dinosaurs.  CLASS REPTILIA  Reptil es from cl as s Reptil ia have seve ral adaptations fo r te rre str ial life.  S cale s co ntaining the pr otein ke ratin waterpro of the sk in, preventing dehydration in dr y air.  Crocodile s, which are adapte d to water, have evol ved mor e perme able scales called s cutes.  Res piration s ys te m through lungs.  Reptil es us e cloaca for excr etor y s ys te m. Cloaca is pos te rior opening fo r intes tinal urinar y and ge nit al tract for cer tain specie s. How ever, tur tles can us e t he mois t s urfaces of their cloaca for gas exchange.  S exual reproduction w ith internal fer tili zatio n.  S ome species o f liz ard s and snakes are vi vipar ous, wit h the ir extraembr yonic membranes formi ng a pl acenta that e nables the e mbr yo to obtain nut rients fro m its mother.  EGGS OF REPTILES Most reptiles are oviparous and lay Turtle eggs Lizard eggs shelled amniotic eggs on land. The eggs are leathery and flexible. Snake eggs Alligator eggs  ADAPTATIONS IN REPTILES Lizards and chameleons ✓ Flicking and sticky long tongue. ✓ Camouflage ✓ Tails break off when under threatened and can be regenerated Turtles ✓ Boxlike shell made up of upper and lower shields that are fused to the vertebrae, clavicles, and ribs. Crocodiles and alligators ✓ breathing air through upturned nostrils. ✓ Strong flexible tails for lashing the preys Snake ✓ long cylindrical body, full with keratinous scales and legless. ✓ Carnivorous - using powerful muscular constriction or the presence of poisonous venom.  CLASS AVES  A lmost every par t of a typical bird’s anatomy is modified in some way to reduce weight and enhance flight.  O ne adaptation to reduce weig ht is the abse nce of some organs. Example, females have only one ovar y.  Modern birds are toothless and g rind their food in a muscular gizzard near the stomach. The types of beak determine the diet.  The skeletons of birds are air -filled and honeycombed bones to reduce weight and make them light, flexible, but strong.  A bird’s feather s have a hollow, air-f ille d shaft that is light and strong  Feathers are made of beta -keratin and impermeable.  CLASS AVES - CHARACTERISTICS  The shape and arrangeme nt of feather s form wings into air foils.  Powe r fo r flapping the w ings co mes from contractions of t he pectoral mus cl es rich w ith mitochondria.  Flight prov ides an es cape mechanis m and e nables b ird s to migr ate gr eat dist ances to explo it dif fe rent fo od re source s and se as onal bree di ng ar eas.  Be cause flying requires high e ne rgy wit h an active metabo lis m, birds ar e endothermi c, us ing their ow n metabo lic heat to maint ain a const ant body te mpe ratur e ( warm -bloo de d animals).  E fficie nt res pirato r y s yste m by us ing lungs and cir culator y s ys te ms w ith a four-chamber ed hear t ke ep tis sues w ell supp lie d wi th oxyge n and nutr ients.  Bi rds have excell ent vi sio n ( eyes) and coo rdinati on, s uppor te d by w ell-develo pe d ar eas o f the brain.  Bi rds r eproduce s exually and e ng age in e labor ate court ship rit uals.  Af ter eggs are laid, the avian embr yo i s k ept warm through broo ding by t he mother, father, or both, dependi ng on the species.  EXAMPLE: FLYING BIRDS  Mo st living birds in the subclass of Neonithes are flying birds.  EXAMPLE: FLIGHTLESS BIRDS Ostrich Emu Kiwi Most birds can fly, but Neornithes includes a few flightless birds, the ratites, which lack both a breastbone and large pectoral muscles (include the ostrich, kiwi, and emu).  EXAMPLE: FLIGHTLESS BIRDS The penguins make up the flightless birds from the order Sphenisciformes. They have powerful pectoral muscles, which they use in swimming.  CLASS MAMMALIA All mammalian mothers use mammary glands to nourish their babies with milk. All mammals also have hair, made of keratin and a layer of fat under the skin retains metabolic heat, contributing to endothermy in mammals (warm-blooded animals). Mammals generally have larger brains than other vertebrates of equivalent size. Feeding adaptations of the jaws and teeth are other important mammalian traits. Unlike the uniform conical teeth of most reptiles, the teeth of mammals come in a variety of shapes and sizes adapted for processing many kinds of foods. Modern mammals are split into three groups: monotremes (egg-laying mammals), marsupials (mammals with pouches), and eutherian (placental) mammals.  CLASS MAMMALIA - MONOTREMS Echidna Platypus Monotremes—the platypuses and the echidnas—are the only living mammals that lay eggs. The reptile-like egg contains enough yolk to nourish the developing embryo. Monotremes have hair, and females produce milk in specialized glands. After hatching, the baby sucks milk from the mother’s fur because she lacks nipples.  CLASS MAMMALIA - MARSUPIALS Koala Kangaroo Opposum Marsupials include opossums, kangaroos, bandicoots, and koalas. In contrast to monotremes, marsupials have a higher metabolic rate, have nipples that produce milk, and give birth to live young. A marsupial is born very early in development and, in most species, completes its embryonic development while nursing within a maternal pouch, the marsupium.  CLASS MAMMALIA - EUTHERIANS Eutherian mammals (placental) have a longer period of pregnancy. Young eutherians complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta. Eutherians are commonly called placental mammals because their placenta is more complex than those of marsupials and provides a more intimate and long- lasting association between mother and young. THE END OF ANIMALIA