Altered States of Consciousness PDF

ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS SLEEP 2 Dreaming 3 hypnosis 4 MEDITATION 5 Psychoactive Drugs 6 Agenda: Nov 5: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS Consciousness Sleep Sleep Disorders Dreaming...

ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS SLEEP 2 Dreaming 3 hypnosis 4 MEDITATION 5 Psychoactive Drugs 6 Agenda: Nov 5: STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS Consciousness Sleep Sleep Disorders Dreaming Hypnosis and Meditation Psychoactive Drugs Nov 9: Motivation, Stress, & Health 7  CONSCIOUSNESS Moment-to-moment awareness of ourselves and our environment. Consciousness is the awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at a given time. 9 Consciousness is the awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at a given time. 10 Consciousness is the awareness of sensations, thoughts, and feelings being experienced at a given time. 11 CONSCIOUSNESS › Our subjective understanding: 1. the environment around us 2. our private internal world unobservable to others. 12 WAKING CONSCIOUSNESS We are awake and aware of our ALTERED STATES OF thoughts, emotions, CONSCIOUSNESS and perceptions. Any state we experience that is different to a normal state Level of Awareness Self Control ALTERED Time Orientation 13  1. SLEEP STAGES OF SLEEP RAPID EYE MOVEMENT (REM) SLEEP WHY DO WE SLEEP? SLEEP DISTURBANCES 14  Why Do We Sleep? › Physiological need › Basic need like food or water › Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs › Sleep is required for normal functioning, and ultimately for survival 15 Circadian Rhythm: Life Cycles Biological processes that occur regularly on approximately a 24-hour cycle Latin circa diem = around the day Sleep/wake cycle Involves Bodily functions: ✓ Body temperature ✓ Hormone production ✓ Blood pressure 17 How Much Sleep Is Necessary? › No set amount is required › Most people: Between 7-8 hours/night › The amount varies a great deal. 18  Stages of Sleep 1-4: NON-REM (Rapid Eye Movement) Stage 3: Stage 1: Stage 2: Stage 4: First Light Sleep Delta Delta Sleep Spindles Waves Waves 19  Stage 3: Stage 1: Stage 2: Stage 4: First Light Sleep Delta Delta Sleep Spindles Waves Waves transition between wakefulness and sleep deeper sleep slower brain rapid, low-amplitude slower, brain waves waves deepest stage more regular waves includes momentary interruptions of greater peaks and sharply pointed, spiky waves (sleep when we are least lasts only a few minutes spindles) responsive to outside valleys in waves stimulation difficult to awaken a person from sleep 2 Images sometimes appear, as if we than stage were viewing still photos (although not as stage 2 progresses dreaming) 20  Stages of Sleep 5: REM (Rapid Eye Movement) fifth stage of sleep – active type of sleep about 20% of sleep time Increased heart rate, blood pressure, breathing, erections in males Rapid back-and-forth eye movement Major muscles appear to be paralyzed Most dreams occur in REM, experienced (not necessarily remembered) by everyone 21  People typically average four to five REM Stagesduring periods of Sleep 5: these become longer the night, REM (Rapid Eye as the Movement) night wears on. 22  People typically average four to five REM Stagesduring periods of Sleep 5: these become longer the night, REM (Rapid Eye as the Movement) night wears on. 23  People typically average four to five REM Stagesduring periods of Sleep 5: these become longer the night, REM (Rapid Eye as the Movement) night wears on. 24  People typically average four to five REM Stagesduring periods of Sleep 5: these become longer the night, REM (Rapid Eye as the Movement) night wears on. 25 Sleep Deprivation Disrupts homeostasis or internal equilibrium Disrupts ability to concentrate or focus attention People who lack sleep: ❑ Become aggressive ❑ Withdraw from social interaction ❑ May become moody, depressed ❑ Easily irritated ❑ Productivity decreased ❑ Immune system weakened 26 Causes of Sleep Deprivation Sleep disorders People wanting to stay awake Worry, anxiety, stress, depression Drug usage Work Shift Having Children 27 Sleep Disorders Sleep patterns and Sleep Activity Disturbances 28 Nightmares and Night Terrors NIGHTMARES Bad dreams Occur during REM sleep Common in children than adults N IGH T TERR O RS States of Panic Occur during deepest phase of Non-REM sleep Person might get out of bed, scream, have difficulty breathing 29  Somnambulism or Sleepwalking Repeated episodes of rising from bed during sleep and walking about Often in children but reappear in adulthood during periods of stress While sleepwalking, the person has a blank face, is unresponsive Amnesia for the episode 30 REM-Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD) The loss of muscle tone that causes normal REM-paralysis is absent Allows the person to "act out" his or her dreams Characterized vivid, intense, and violent actions Dream-enacting behaviors include talking, yelling, punching, kicking, sitting, jumping from bed, arm flailing, and grabbing 45% = cause associated with alcohol or sedative-hypnotic withdrawal 31 Circadian Rhythm Sleep Disorder Persistent and recurrent pattern of sleep disruption leading to excessive sleepiness Due to mismatch: Sleep-Wake schedule required by the person’s environment and the person’s Circadian pattern 32 Narcolepsy Attributed to irresistible attacks of refreshing sleep that occur daily for over @ least 3 months Recurrent intrusion of REM sleep Brief episodes of Catalepsy – loss of muscle tone 33 Insomnia or Hypersomnia INSOMNIA Difficulty going to sleep or staying asleep; Early Onset, Middle Onset, Late Onset Manifested for @ least a month; Sign of depression HYPERSOMNIA Excessive sleepiness manifested in prolonged sleep episodes (night or day) Like an infant who is always sleeping; Sign of depression 34 Sleep Apnea Causes the person to stop breathing while asleep Muscles involving breathing do not receive signals from brain properly Oxygen level of blood drops, may be fatal 35  2. DREAMING 36 Throughout the night, we dream most often during REM sleep, when activity in many brain areas is highest. 37  Dreams: A normal part of sleep Subjective to the person having them Common elements frequently occur in everyone’s dreams Theme Males Females Aggression 47 44 Friendliness 38 42 Sexuality 12 4 Misfortune 36 33 Success 15 8 Failure 15 10 Source: Schneiger; A., & Domhoff, G.W. (2002). 38 The Function and Meaning of Dreaming 39 1) UNCONSCIOUS WISH FULFILLMENT THEORY ”dreams represent unconscious wishes of the dreamer” - Freud Manifest content of dreams elements of the dream which we remember Latent content of dreams actual wishes, deeper, disguised, true meaning 40  2) DREAMS-FOR-SURVIVAL THEORY Dreams permit information that is critical for our daily survival Information to be reconsidered and reprocessed during sleep Keep on running, people are chasing you, you use a gun to defend yourself, you know karate, etc 41 3) CONGITIVE THEORY Dreams are like Imagery what we Memory are Speech thinking Problem-solving everyday 42 4) DAY RESIDUE Dreams elements are directly related to things going on in our lives during the day Traumatic Experience = strong earthquake, devastating typhoons, landslides, violence, war re-experienced 43  5) ACTIVATION-SYNTHESIS THEORY Brain produces stimulates BUT the It is a clue to random memories scenario a the dreamer’s electrical lodged in dreamer fears, energy during various portions produces is not emotions, REM sleep of the brain random. concerns 44  3. HYPNOSIS 45 HYPNOSIS ✓ A trancelike state of heightened susceptibility to the suggestions of others ✓ People do not lose all will of their own ✓ People cannot be hypnotized against their will ✓ More easily hypnotized if high ability to concentrate and become absorbed in what you are doing 46 Hypnotic Suggestibility › hypnotic suggestibility is an individual trait, one that is relatively stable. › It reflects the general tendency to respond to hypnosis and hypnotic suggestions. › BUCKET AND BALLOON 48  4. MEDITATION 49 MEDITATION ✓ A learned technique for refocusing attention that brings about an altered state of consciousness ✓ Repetition of a mantra to guide your focus ✓ Oxygen usage decreases, heart rate and blood pressure decline, brain-wave patterns change ✓ Means of bringing about deep relaxation ✓ Practiced in many cultures 51  5. PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS 52  DRUGS Any substance that alters consciousness 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 Drug Categories PSYCHOACTIVE DRUGS ADDICTIVE DRUGS Induce an altered state of produce a biological or consciousness. psychological influence a person’s dependence emotions, perceptions, withdrawal leads to and behavior cravings that for some, may be nearly irresistible Biological addiction Psychological addiction 60 Why do people use drugs? 61  Classification of drugs Stimulants – mental alertness Cocaine Amphetamines Depressants - relaxation Alcohol Barbiturates Inhalants Rugby Acetone Hallucinogens Cannabis LSD Stimulants: Drug Highs › Stimulants: drugs that have an arousal effect on the central nervous system, causing a rise in heart rate, blood pressure, and muscular tension › Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines (speed), methamphetamine, cocaine, crack 63 64 Depressants: Drug Lows › Depressants: drugs that slow down the nervous system by causing neurons to fire more slowly › Alcohol, barbiturates, rohypnol (the “date rape drug”) 65 66 Narcotics: Relieving Pain and Anxiety › Narcotics: drugs that increase relaxation and relieve pain and anxiety › Morphine, heroin 67 68 Hallucinogens: Psychedelic Drugs › Hallucinogens: drugs that are capable of producing hallucinations (changes in the perceptual process) › Marijuana, MDMA (ecstasy), LSD (acid) 69 70  ALTERED STATES OF CONSCIOUSNESS 72