Chapter 4: Life is Cellular PPT PDF
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Prof. Calkins
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This presentation covers the fundamental concepts of cells, including their structure, function, and the processes that occur within them. Topics include cellular components such as DNA, the cell membrane, and organelles, alongside a brief discussion of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
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Chapter 4: Life is Cellular Prof. Calkins Recap: Define CELL: The smallest and most basic unit of life Cells Cells: the smallest and most basic unit of life Microscopic, self-contained units enclosed by a protective membrane The smallest unit of living thing b...
Chapter 4: Life is Cellular Prof. Calkins Recap: Define CELL: The smallest and most basic unit of life Cells Cells: the smallest and most basic unit of life Microscopic, self-contained units enclosed by a protective membrane The smallest unit of living thing because they carry out the features of life The human body is composed of approximately 100 trillion (1014) cells Single celled or Multicellul ar Recap: What are the 6 main features of LIFE? 1. Are made of cells 2. Reproduce 3. Undergo metabolism 4. Sense and respond to the environment 5. Maintain homeostasis 6. Evolve Cell Theory 1. Every living organism is composed of one or more cells. 2. All cells living today came from a preexisting cell. One of the unifying principles of biology DNA DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid Acts as a set of instructions for building an organism Contained in almost every cell of every living organism Passes information from parents to offspring for cell reproduction Life, no matter how simple or how complex, uses this inherited genetic code to direct the structure, function, and behavior of every cell. DNA Review: Subunits of nucleic acids are…. Nucleotides DNA is made up of many nucleotides held together in a structure called the double helix, a ladder-like assembly twisted along its length into a spiral There are FOUR nucleotides used to build DNA Adenine (A) Thymine (T) Guanine (G) Cytosine (C) DNA Genes are segments of DNA that codes for a distinct genetic characteristic Ex: eye color, blood type… The order that the nucleotides A,T,G & C are in make up different genes. Genome a cell’s complete set of genetic information (all of its DNA) Recap: There are four biomolecules that make up living things… which category does DNA belong to? a. Carbohydrates b. Lipids c. Nucleic acids d. Proteins Recap: Put the following in order from smallest to largest: a. DNA, nucleotide, Gene b. Nucleotide, Gene, DNA c. Gene, DNA, nucleotide d. Gene, nucleotide, DNA Recap: Define Gene: segment of DNA that codes for a distinct genetic characteristic The Plasma Membrane Plasma membrane: the barrier separating a cell from it’s external environment Made of two layers of phospholipids Phospholipids: a molecule with BOTH an attraction to water, AND a water-repellent factor hydrophilic, or water- LOVING head hydrophobic or water- FEARING tail Diffusion The movement of a substance from an area of HIGH concentration to LOW concentration across a membrane Diffusion uses NO ENERGY, and happens on it’s own This is how molecules get into our cells across the cell membrane Osmosis The diffusion of water Water moves from HIGH to LOW Or…. We can say it FOLLOWS molecules Selective Permeability Our cell’s plasma membranes allow some substances to pass through while others do not Prokaryotes vs. Eukaryotes Cells can be divided into one of two cell types Prokaryotes are simpler cells with NO membrane bound- organelles Ex: bacteria Eukaryotes are larger and more complex cells with membrane-bound organelles Ex. Animal cells, plant cells Recap: What is the difference between a prokaryote and a eukaryote? Eukaryotes are larger, more complex and have membrand- bound organelles What’s in a Cell? Cells contain specialized compartments called organelles, which each have their own specific function Like the cell’s organs Breakout rooms Group 1: Nucleus Group 2 Endoplasmic Reticulum (smooth and rough) Group 3: Golgi Apparatus Group 4:Lysosomes Group 5: Cytoskeleton Group 6: Mitochondria AND Chloroplast Nucleus Control center Houses DNA Nuclear membrane which allows things to enter and exit the nucleus to relay messages from DNA Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Smooth ER makes lipids and hormones Rough ER responsible for protein production With the aide of ribosomes which stud the surface of the Rough ER and help thread proteins together Golgi Apparatus Modifies proteins and lipids that come from the ER Can transport proteins across cell membrane Lysosomes “recycling center” Breaks down and removes waste from the cell Cytoskeleton Provide the cell with structural support Aide in cell replication Mitochondria Powerhouse of the cell Transforms sugar into usable energy (called ATP) Chloroplast Powerhouse of the PLANT cell Contain chlorophyll that transforms sunlight into energy Recap: Chloroplast 1. Location of cell’s DNA Golgi Apparatus 2. Site of Protein synthesis Lysosome 3. Site of lipid synthesis Mitochondrion 4. Modifies proteins and lipids and directs them to their correct locations Nucleus 5. Breaks down waste Rough Endoplasmic 6. Site of energy Reticulum production Smooth Endoplasmic 7. Site of Photosynthesis Reticulum In Class Assignment Choose a Headline topic for your research paper (due by end of class today! See blackboard content > writing assignment > Choose a headline
