Chapter 2-The School as an Organization PDF

Ed 103 School as an Organization T h e Te a c h e r a n d T h e C o m m u n i t y , S c h o o l Culture and Organizational Leadership The School as an Organization  According to Kashyap , ever since the dawn of civilization, people have always formed organizations to...

Ed 103 School as an Organization T h e Te a c h e r a n d T h e C o m m u n i t y , S c h o o l Culture and Organizational Leadership The School as an Organization  According to Kashyap , ever since the dawn of civilization, people have always formed organizations to combine effort for accomplishment of their common goal.  Organization Theory According to an article "Organization Theory,"(n.d.), "organization is basically defined as an assembly of people working together to achieve common objectives through division of labor. ⚬ School's VMGO is a declaration of the school's objectives which serves as a guide for planning and decision making. There are several theories that explain the structure of organization, and these are classified as classical or modern organizational theories which deal with formal organizational concepts. Among these are Taylor's scientific management approach, Weber's bureaucratic approach, and Fayol's administrative approach. Taylor’s Scientific Management "Scientific Management was based on idea of systematization where attempts were made to enhance efficiency of procedures to be best via scientific analyses and experiments" Four Principles of Scientific Management Science, not rule of thumb - develop a science of each element of man's work, which replaces the old rule-of-thumb Scientific selection of the worker - scientifically select and then train, teach and develop the workman, whereas in the past he chose his own work and trained himself the best he could Four Principles of Scientific Management Management and labor cooperation rather than conflict – heartily cooperate with the men so as to ensure all of the work being done is in accordance with the principles of science which has been developed Scientific training of the worker - workers should be trained by experts using scientific method. Concepts suggested by Taylor in order to increase the level of trust: ⚬ the advantages of productivity improvement should go to workers; physical stress and anxiety should be eliminated as much as possible; capabilities of worker should be developed through training and the traditional boss' concept should be eliminated 14 principles of management Fayol’s Administrative Theory 1. Division of Work - tasks are divided among employees according to their field of expertise or field of specialization. 2. Authority and Responsibility - the management has the authority to give orders to subordinates that comes with corresponding responsibility 3. Discipline - is about the core values anchored on the vision and mission of an organization to form of good conduct which essential to the successful operation of the organization. 4. Unity of Command - all orders received must come from one manager only otherwise it will cause confusion to employees. 5. Unity of Direction - this ensures that all actions are property coordinated and requires employees to perform and carry out activities as one team leading to the same objectives using one plan. 6. Subordinate of individual Interest - is about prioritization of organization's interest over personal interest which applies to all members of the organization, 7. Remuneration - is about rewards and compensations to efforts that have been made which could be in a form of monetary or non-monetary that keeps employees motivated and productive. 8. The Degree of Centralization - this implies the concentration of decision-making authority at the top management. 9. Scalar Chain - is about the hierarchical structure that is always present at any type organization. There should be a clear line of in the area of authority from the top management down to the lowest level. 10. Order - this pertains to the order and safety of employees in order to function properly at work 11. Equity - this implies equal treatment among members of the organization 12. Stability of Tenure of Personnel - this is about the proper deployment and management of personnel by providing employees the opportunity to be considered for tenured position based on their performance. 13. Initiative - this allows employees to express ideas that will help benefit the company. 14. Esprit de Corps - this promotes unity among employees, develops morale in the workplace, and creates atmosphere of mutual trust and understanding. Max Weber He believed that the most efficient way to set up an organization is through bureaucracy which is way better than the traditional structure that is characterized by many rules, standardized process, procedures and requirements, number of desks, meticulous division of labor and responsibility, clear hierarchies and professional, almost impersonal interaction between employees. Three Types of Power that can be found in an organization ⚬ Traditional authority - based on historically created legitimacy where authority is "hereditary and based on dependent subordinates ⚬ Legal, rule-oriented authority - the bureaucratic type of authority, based on normative rules for career, hierarchy etc. ⚬ Charismatic authority - the personal authority, based on a type of 'seduction and hence, the devotion of supporters. Salient Features of Max Weber’s Bureaucratic Theory 1. Task Specialization- division of labor wherein individual tasks are divided into separate jobs which allows to manage tasks easily. 2. Hierarchy of Authority- Managers are organized into hierarchical layers, where each layer of management is responsible for its staff and overall performance. Salient Features of Max Weber’s Bureaucratic Theory 3.Formal Selection- All employees are selected on the basis of technical skills and competencies, which have been acquired through training, education and experience and are paid accordingly. 4. Rules and Requirements- Formal rules and requirements are required to ensure uniformity, so that employees know exactly what is expected of them. Salient Features of Max Weber’s Bureaucratic Theory 5. Impersonal- Regulations and clear requirements create distant and impersonal relationships between employees, with the additional advantage of preventing nepotism or involvement from outsiders or politics. 6. Career Orientation- Employees of a bureaucratic organization are selected on the basis of their expertise.  School Leadership  Important aspects of school leader’s role 1. Developing a deep understanding of how to support teachers - school leaders should understand the need of teachers that will capacitate them in order to become effective teachers 2. Managing the curriculum in ways that promote student learning – learners have different learning styles; hence curriculum shall be carefully managed accordingly by planning for appropriate strategies in curriculum  Important aspects of school leader’s role 1. Developing a deep understanding of how to support teachers - school leaders should understand the need of teachers that will capacitate them in order to become effective teachers 2. Managing the curriculum in ways that promote student learning – learners have different learning styles; hence curriculum shall be carefully managed accordingly by planning for appropriate strategies in curriculum  Important aspects of school leader’s role 3. Developing the ability to transform schools into more effective organization to foster powerful teaching and learning for all students - transformational leadership is one of the leadership theories that requires leaders to have passion and energy to achieve great things.  Roles that Teacher Leaders may assume: Grade Level/Subject Coordinator Department Chair Coordinator Curriculum and Assessment Specialist Mentor Coach serves as mentor for co- teachers Facilitator facilitates professional development The School as an Educational Organization ⚬The establishment of a basic education school in the Philippines requires a School Principal Administrator, Academic Non- Teaching Personnel (registrar, librarian, school physician, school dentist, school nurse, school office staff, guidance counselor, support staff, etc.), and teaching staff  Administrator/Principal ⚬ school administrators who work in elementary, junior high school, and senior high school are known as Principals who are responsible for leading the entire organization of school; and ⚬ in charge of managing the major administrative tasks and supervising all the teachers and students. Teaching Personnel/Faculty Members ⚬ licensed teachers assigned to teach in different subject areas in different grade levels and are responsible for managing classroom environment, facilitating instruction and assessment of student learning Academic Non- teaching Personnel ⚬ assigned to support to help maintain a positive learning environment and to keep the school clean and safe from harm; and Students ⚬ primary stakeholders that benefits the school; and they make teaching profession a challenging work for teachers and serve as bridge in connecting with parents and the community. Community ⚬ location where the school is situated; and ⚬ partnership between the school and the community help strengthens the relationship of teachers with parents, government officials, and private organizations that help promote school programs and projects. Question: ⚬How can students contribute to strengthening the partnership between the school and the community? What role do you think you play in this relationship?" Sample Organizational Chart of a Public Basic Education School Reforms in the Department of Education ⚬The mandate of the Department of Education Culture and Sports (DECS) was then refocused to basic education which covers elementary, secondary, and non-formal education, including culture and sports (DepEd, n.d.) ⚬In 2001, Republic Act No. 9155 otherwise known as the "Governance of Basic Education Act," was passed transforming the name of DECS to the Department of Education (DepEd) and redefining the roles of its offices from the national level down to the school level. ⚬The RA 9155 provided the overall framework for school head empowerment by strengthening their leadership roles and school-based management within the context of transparency and local accountability (DepEd, n.d).  THE ENHANCED BASIC EDUCATION Issues that influenced the implementation of the K to 12 programs highlighted by SECO (2011): Net elementary participation rates have declined from 90.1 percent in 2002 to 88 percent in 2010. Fewer children of school age proceed to high school and an even smaller number pursue college education. Access to education is unequal, with the poor having significantly lower participation rates than the non-poor.  THE ENHANCED BASIC EDUCATION 3. The results of Functional Literacy, Education and Mass Media Survey (FLEMMS) showed that out-of- school with ages 6 to 15 years old do not attend classes. 4. Low score in the country's national assessment test. 5. The result of international test such as Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMMS) shows that Philippines is among the worst participating countries. THE ENHANCED BASIC EDUCATION Salient features of the K to 12 highlighted by DepEd: 1. Strengthening of the Kindergarten in the Philippines 2. Making the curriculum relevant to learners 3. Building proficiency 4. Ensuring integrated and seamless learning 5. Gearing up for the future 6. Nurturing the holistically developed Filipino INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF KINDERGARTEN In 2011, Republic Act No. 10517 otherwise known as the "Kindergarten Education Act," was passed institutionalizing the kindergarten into the basic education system. The passing of the said law is in consonance with the Millennium Development Goals on achieving Education for All (EFA) by year 2015. Kindergarten was applied to elementary school system being the first stage of compulsory and mandatory formal education and was made an integral part of the basic education system of the country. RA 10517 also provided equal opportunities for all children to avail of accessible mandatory and compulsory kindergarten education that effectively promotes physical, social, affective, cognitive, and creative-aesthetic development that will prepare them for formal elementary schooling.  CONTEXTUALIZED CURRICULUM Curriculum was also made seamless using spiral progression concept by teaching the simplest concept to more complicated concept through grade levels which will ensure a mastery of knowledge and skills after each level.